1
|
Hobbs MJ, Ketheesan N, Eastwood K, Massey P, Ranmuthugala G, Norton R, Quirk FH. Q Fever awareness and risk profiles among agricultural show attendees. Aust J Rural Health 2022; 30:601-607. [PMID: 35816572 PMCID: PMC9796403 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess awareness and risk of Q fever among agricultural show attendees. SETTING University of New England's Farm of the Future Pavilion, 2019, Sydney Royal Agricultural Show. PARTICIPANTS Participants were ≥18 years, fluent in English, Australian residents, and gave their informed consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants reported whether they had ever heard of Q fever and then completed the 'Q Tool' (www.qfevertool.com), which was used to assess participants' demographics and risk profiles. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between these factors. RESULTS A total of 344 participants were recruited who, in general, lived in major NSW cities and were aged 40-59 years. 62% were aware of Q fever. Living in regional/remote areas and regular contact with livestock, farms, abattoirs and/or feedlots increased the likelihood of Q fever awareness. Direct or indirect contact with feral animals was not associated with Q fever awareness after controlling for the latter risk factors. 40% of participants had a high, 21% a medium, and 30% a low risk of exposure. Slightly less than 10% reported a likely existing immunity or vaccination against Q fever. Among those who were not immune, living in a regional or remote area and Q fever awareness were independently associated with increased likelihood of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of Q fever was relatively high. Although 61% of participants had a moderate to high risk of exposure to Q fever, they had not been vaccinated. This highlights the need to explore barriers to vaccination including accessibility of providers and associated cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Hobbs
- New England Institute of Healthcare Research, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,School of Rural Medicine, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- New England Institute of Healthcare Research, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,School of Science and Technology, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia
| | - Keith Eastwood
- Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia,Population HealthHunter New England Local Health DistrictNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Peter Massey
- Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,Population HealthHunter New England Local Health DistrictNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Geetha Ranmuthugala
- New England Institute of Healthcare Research, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,School of Rural Medicine, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia
| | - Robert Norton
- Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,Townsville Hospital Health Service, Queensland HealthDouglasQldAustralia,School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Frances H. Quirk
- New England Institute of Healthcare Research, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,School of Rural Medicine, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia,Q Fever Research Consortium, UNEArmidaleNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Exposure of South African Abattoir Workers to Coxiella burnetii. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7020028. [PMID: 35202223 PMCID: PMC8879252 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abattoir workers may contract Q fever by inhalation of Coxiella burnetii bacteria in aerosols generated by slaughtering livestock, or in contaminated dust. We estimated the seroprevalence of C. burnetii and examined the associated factors in a survey of South African abattoir workers. Coxiella burnetii seropositivity was determined by detection of IgG antibodies against C. burnetii phase II antigen. Logistic regression, adjusted for clustering and sampling fraction, was employed to analyze risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. Among 382 workers from 16 facilities, the overall seroprevalence was 33% (95% confidence interval (CI): 28–38%) and ranged from 8% to 62% at the facility level. Prolonged contact with carcasses or meat products (odds ratio (OR): 4.6, 95% CI: 1.51–14.41) and prior abattoir or butchery work experience (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.13–3.17) were associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. In contrast, increasing age and livestock ownership were inversely associated. Precautions to protect abattoir personnel from Q fever are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahaman MR, Marshall H, Milazzo A, Crabb D, Bi P. Q fever prevention and vaccination: Australian livestock farmers' knowledge and attitudes to inform a One Health approach. One Health 2021; 12:100232. [PMID: 33748388 PMCID: PMC7960538 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock farmers are at risk of Q fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans from animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. Australia bears substantial Q fever burden, particularly among farmers. A One Health approach engages cross-sectoral collaboration among animal, human and environmental health and is the preferred framework for Q fever prevention. METHODS Cattle, sheep and goat farmers were invited to participate in an online survey in 2019 to gauge perceptions about Q fever and its prevention. Participants were recruited via membership newsletters and social media. Descriptive analyses and logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS A total of 351 farmers completed the survey. Most respondents (80%) had been farming for ≥20 years, with sheep and beef cattle their primary stock. 71% reported knowledge of Q fever, and 85% identified transmission through contaminated dust inhalation was highly likely. The majority of respondents (97%) were aware of Q fever vaccine, and 95% agreed it was effective in preventing disease, yet 42% remained unvaccinated. Reported barriers to vaccination included poor access to a trained doctor and time and cost related to vaccination. Most farmers (≥91%) believed that subsidized vaccination and improved awareness would promote higher uptake. CONCLUSION While Q fever knowledge among respondents was good, their practices related to airborne transmission prevention were poor. Livestock farmers would benefit from adherence to dust and aerosol transmission prevention practices. One Health partnership between government and industry is needed to promote Q fever awareness and address low vaccination rates among livestock farmers by funding vaccination programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezanur Rahaman
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Women's and Children's Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adriana Milazzo
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Deane Crabb
- Livestock SA, Unit 5, 780 South Road, Glandore, South Australia 5037, Australia
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woldeyohannes SM, Perkins NR, Baker P, Gilks CF, Knibbs LD, Reid SA. Q fever vaccine efficacy and occupational exposure risk in Queensland, Australia: A retrospective cohort study. Vaccine 2020; 38:6578-6584. [PMID: 32798141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Q-VAX® is a vaccine used to prevent Q fever. Administration of the vaccine is complicated by the need to ensure, using intradermal and serological tests, that individuals have no prior immunity. Previous studies suggest that the vaccine is highly efficacious and long-lasting in adults. However, there has been no systematic follow-up of vaccine efficacy and the longevity of immunity using population-level data. We aimed to investigate the vaccine failure rate and duration of immunity in previously vaccinated individuals. We formulated a retrospective cohort study design within a linked data. We used a Q fever vaccination registry linked to Q fever notifications and hospital admissions (1991-2016) in the state of Queensland, which has Australia's highest incidence of Q fever. Q-VAX® failure was defined as occurrence of Q fever > 14 days' after vaccination. The incidence of Q fever in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals was 5.40 (95% CI: 3.65, 7.72) and 89.50 (95% CI: 70.50, 112.00]) per 100,000 person-years of follow-up, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for Q fever was 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10) in non-immune vaccinated compared with immune unvaccinated individuals. The overall vaccine effectiveness was found to be 94.37% suggesting that Q-VAX® is highly effective at preventing Q fever. However, the greater incidence observed in unvaccinated individuals considered immune during the pre-vaccination screening may suggest that pre-vaccination screening is sub-optimal among this study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M Woldeyohannes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel R Perkins
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Baker
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Charles F Gilks
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Simon A Reid
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woldeyohannes SM, Gilks CF, Baker P, Perkins NR, Reid SA. Seroprevlance of Coxiella burnetii among abattoir and slaughterhouse workers: A meta-analysis. One Health 2018; 6:23-28. [PMID: 30302365 PMCID: PMC6175780 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever caused by the gram negative bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, is an occupational hazard for those who live and work in rural settings and those who are in contact with animals, especially abattoir and slaughterhouse workers. Australia is the only country to register a vaccine to prevent Q fever (Q-vax®, Seqirus, Australia) that is used in high risk populations. Seroprevalence studies conducted to determine the burden of Q fever (C. burnetii infection) in different settings have demonstrated high levels of heterogeneity with estimates of the percent positive ranging from 30% to 70%. There is a need for a more systematic evaluation of the findings of these studies in order to provide summary estimates of the seroprevalence in different settings. We searched for published articles using PubMed, MEDLINE-EMBASE, and Scopus databases using search terms obtained from an initial review of published reports of recent Q fever outbreaks. Data on the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection (Q fever) was extracted from the selected studies and a random effects meta-analysis was performed with stratification by outbreak status, year, country and serological techniques used. Results were visualised with a forest plot with 95% CI and measures of heterogeneity (I 2) for the random effects model. A total of 19 articles that met the search criteria were included. The reported seroprevalence rate ranged from 4.7% to 91.7% among abattoir and slaughterhouse workers. No inter-group heterogeneity was observed (p = 0.956), supporting the pooling of all studies into one pooled measure. The pooled estimate of seropositivity for C. burnetii infection in people working in abattoirs and slaughterhouses was 26% (95% CI: 18-35%) regardless of the evidence of an "outbreak", the time of year or country. Seropositivity for C burnetii was independent of a person's age and years of occupational experience. Within abattoirs and slaughterhouses, slaughtering of cattle, sheep and goats are the most important risk factors associated with seropositivity and for those who showed over symptoms upon infection. We recommend that vaccination programmes are directed towards people employed in the meat processing industry to mitigate the significant health and economic impacts of Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M. Woldeyohannes
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Charles F. Gilks
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peter Baker
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nigel R. Perkins
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Simon A. Reid
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cruz R, Esteves F, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Santos C, Ferreira AS, Mega C, Coelho AC, Vala H, Mesquita JR. A Nationwide Seroepidemiologic Study on Q Fever Antibodies in Sheep of Portugal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:601-604. [PMID: 29969389 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Q fever is an almost global zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Human infections can produce acute and chronic disease that can lead to abortions and stillbirths in pregnant women, usually infected by the inhalation of C. burnetii-contaminated aerosols or through consumption of contaminated products. Sheep are one of the primary animal reservoirs with disease being associated with vast shedding of bacteria in placentas, feces, milk, and birth fluids. Although almost neglected in the past, recent outbreaks of sheep origin have alerted the public and the scientific community. MATERIALS AND METHODS An epidemiologic survey to estimate the seroprevalence of Q fever antibodies was performed in a representative number of sheep of all regions of continental Portugal (n = 1068), using a commercial ELISA (ID Screen Q Fever Indirect Multi-species Kit; IDvet™, Montpellier, France). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An anti-C. burnetii seroprevalence of 11.4% (95% confidence interval 9.6-13.5) was found, with a clear distinction between the Center region with highest seroprevalence, and the rest of the territory. Sheep traditional farming is widely present in Portugal and is part of the cultural and gastronomical background of the country. This close proximity to small ruminants may contribute to the zoonotic transfer to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cruz
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernando Esteves
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carmen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana S Ferreira
- 2 Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mega
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana C Coelho
- 3 Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal .,4 Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- 1 Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu , Viseu, Portugal .,5 Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malo JA, Colbran C, Young M, Vasant B, Jarvinen K, Viney K, Lambert SB. An outbreak of Q fever associated with parturient cat exposure at an animal refuge and veterinary clinic in southeast Queensland. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42:451-455. [PMID: 29644762 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the source of a Q fever outbreak in humans at an animal refuge and veterinary clinic in southeast Queensland from October to December 2016. METHODS Case interviews and a retrospective cohort study of animal refuge and veterinary clinic staff using a self-administered questionnaire related to clinical history of Q fever, Q fever vaccination status and workplace activities during the exposure period. RESULTS Seven cases (six confirmed, one probable) were identified. Forty-three questionnaires were completed (92% response rate). Workplace activities associated with the greatest risk of illness were the disposal of deceased cats or dogs (RR, 14.0; 95%CI, 1.9-104.1) and participating in euthanasia of cats or dogs (RR, 4.6; 95%CI, 1.3-16.9). Five feline birthing events occurred at the animal refuge from 25 September to 19 October 2016, each with subsequent euthanasia of the queen cat and litter. All cases had likely exposure to a specific queen cat and her litter that were euthanised the same day as the birthing event. CONCLUSIONS A parturient cat was the most likely source of the outbreak. Implications for public health: Occupational groups and others with regular exposure to feline or canine parturient products should receive Q fever vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Malo
- Queensland Health - Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | | | | | - Bhakti Vasant
- Metro South Public Health Unit, Queensland.,Metro North Public Health Unit, Queensland
| | | | - Kerri Viney
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Queensland Health - Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland.,UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bond KA, Franklin LJ, Sutton B, Firestone SM. Q-Vax Q fever vaccine failures, Victoria, Australia 1994-2013. Vaccine 2017; 35:7084-7087. [PMID: 29132996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Q-Vax®, a whole cell formalin inactivated vaccine, is currently the only licensed Q fever vaccine for humans world-wide. Efficacy is high, although vaccine failures have been described for those vaccinated within the incubation of a naturally acquired infection. In Australia, it is widely used to prevent occupational acquisition of Q fever and is the mainstay for outbreak control. A retrospective review of all notified cases of acute Q fever to the Victorian department of health, 1993-2013, revealed 34 of 659 cases were previously vaccinated and 10 cases were positive on pre-vaccination screening, precluding vaccination. Twenty-one cases described high-risk exposures for C. burnetii prior to and within 15 days post vaccination and are likely to have been vaccinated within the incubation period of a natural infection. Thirteen cases described symptom onset more than 15 days post vaccination and thus may represent the first described series of Q-Vax vaccine failures following appropriate vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Bond
- Communicable Disease Section, Health Protection Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Franklin
- Communicable Disease Section, Health Protection Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Sutton
- Communicable Disease Section, Health Protection Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
SLOAN-GARDNER TS, MASSEY PD, HUTCHINSON P, KNOPE K, FEARNLEY E. Trends and risk factors for human Q fever in Australia, 1991-2014. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:787-795. [PMID: 27927265 PMCID: PMC9507770 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian abattoir workers, farmers, veterinarians and people handling animal birthing products or slaughtering animals continue to be at high risk of Q fever despite an effective vaccine being available. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data were analysed for the period 1991-2014, along with enhanced risk factor data from notified cases in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, to examine changes in the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia. The national Q fever notification rate reduced by 20% [incident rate ratio (IRR) 0·82] following the end of the National Q fever Management Program in 2006, and has increased since 2009 (IRR 1·01-1·34). Highest rates were in males aged 40-59 years (5·9/100 000) and 87% of Q fever cases occurred in New South Wales and Queensland. The age of Q fever cases and proportion of females increased over the study period. Based on the enhanced risk factor data, the most frequently listed occupation for Q fever cases involved contact with livestock, followed by 'no known risk' occupations. More complete and comparable enhanced risk factor data, at the State/Territory and national levels, would aid in further understanding of the epidemiology of Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. SLOAN-GARDNER
- Office of Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, ACT, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - P. D. MASSEY
- Hunter New England Population Health, NSW, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | | | - K. KNOPE
- Office of Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, ACT, Australia
| | - E. FEARNLEY
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Meadows S, Jones-Bitton A, McEwen SA, Jansen J, Patel SN, Filejski C, Menzies P. Coxiella burnetii(Q Fever) Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors in Sheep and Goat Farm Workers in Ontario, Canada. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:643-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Meadows
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott A. McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Jansen
- Veterinary Science and Policy, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Elora, Canada
| | - Samir N. Patel
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Njeru J, Henning K, Pletz MW, Heller R, Neubauer H. Q fever is an old and neglected zoonotic disease in Kenya: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:297. [PMID: 27048480 PMCID: PMC4822290 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Q fever is a neglected zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The knowledge of the epidemiology of Q fever in Kenya is limited with no attention to control and prevention programs. The purpose of this review is to understand the situation of Q fever in human and animal populations in Kenya in the past 60 years, and help identify future research priorities for the country. Methods Databases were searched for national and international scientific studies or reports on Q fever. We included studies and reports published between 1950 and 2015 if they reported on Q fever prevalence, incidence, and infection control programs in Kenya. Data were extracted with respect to studies on prevalence of Coxiella infections, study design, study region, the study populations involved, and sorted according to the year of the study. Results We identified 15 studies and reports which qualified for data extraction. Human seroprevalence studies revealed evidence of C. burnetii infections ranging from 3 to 35.8 % in all regions in which surveys were made and two Q fever outbreak episodes. Coxiella burnetii infections found in cattle 7.4–51.1 %, sheep 6.7–20 %, camels 20–46 %, and goats 20–46 % revealed variation based on ecoregions and the year of study. Farming and lack of protective clothing were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. However, high quality data is lacking on Q fever awareness, underlying cultural-economic factors influencing C. burnetii infection, and how the pathogen cycles may be embedded in livestock production and management systems in the economically and ecologically different Kenyan regions. We found no studies on national disease incidence estimates or disease surveillance and control efforts. Conclusion Coxiella burnetii infections are common in human and in a wide range of animal populations but are still unrecognized and underestimated thus presenting a significant human and animal health threat in Kenya. The factors influencing pathogen transmission, persistence and spread are poorly understood. Integrated disease surveillance and prevention/control programs are needed in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Njeru
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonosis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07740, Jena, Germany. .,Centre for Microbiology Research (CMR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 19464-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - K Henning
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonosis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - M W Pletz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - R Heller
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - H Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonosis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burns P, Liu HL, Kuthiala S, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Durosier LD, Cao M, Frasch MG. Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings. J Vis Exp 2015:e52581. [PMID: 26555084 DOI: 10.3791/52581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronically instrumented pregnant sheep has been used as a model of human fetal development and responses to pathophysiologic stimuli such as endotoxins, bacteria, umbilical cord occlusions, hypoxia and various pharmacological treatments. The life-saving clinical practices of glucocorticoid treatment in fetuses at risk of premature birth and the therapeutic hypothermia have been developed in this model. This is due to the unique amenability of the non-anesthetized fetal sheep to the surgical placement and maintenance of catheters and electrodes, allowing repetitive blood sampling, substance injection, recording of bioelectrical activity, application of electric stimulation and in vivo organ imaging. Here we describe the surgical instrumentation procedure required to achieve a stable chronically instrumented non-anesthetized fetal sheep model including characterization of the post-operative recovery from blood gas, metabolic and inflammation standpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Burns
- Département de sciences cliniques, CHUV, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC
| | - Hai Lun Liu
- Département d'obstetriques et de gynécologie, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal
| | - Shikha Kuthiala
- Département d'obstetriques et de gynécologie, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Département de sciences cliniques, CHUV, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC
| | - André Desrochers
- Département de sciences cliniques, CHUV, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC
| | - Lucien Daniel Durosier
- Département d'obstetriques et de gynécologie, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal
| | - Mingju Cao
- Département d'obstetriques et de gynécologie, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal
| | - Martin G Frasch
- Département d'obstetriques et de gynécologie, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Centre de recherche, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche en reproduction animale (CRRA), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC;
| |
Collapse
|