1
|
Kim J, Ndegwa E. One Health Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Virginia between 2007-2021. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:504. [PMID: 38927171 PMCID: PMC11201128 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria has become a critical global One Health issue, mainly attributed to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in human and agricultural settings. Regional and local AMR surveillance data is essential for implementing awareness and mitigation strategies. This article assesses AMR frequency in 1604 bacterial isolates consisting of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. isolated from diverse sources in Virginia, including farm animals, wildlife, environment, and food samples from 2007 to 2021. The results are based on the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assessment method of susceptibility to select antimicrobial agents, spanning nine distinct categories approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. Streptomycin (STR) and tetracycline (TCY) exhibited the highest frequency of resistance in E. coli (39.1%) and Salmonella (25.2%), respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was evident in 6.6% of E. coli and 10.9% of Salmonella isolates. Notably, 51% of E. coli and 36% of Salmonella isolates demonstrated resistance to more than one antimicrobial. None of the tested antimicrobials guaranteed effectiveness against the bacteria isolated from the surveyed sources and regions. The study found heightened MDR and distinct AMR patterns in bacteria isolated from food products compared to other sampled sources. These findings are vital for comprehending the current AMR landscape, prompting the development of strategies to mitigate the emergence of AMR bacteria, and advocating prudent antimicrobial use from a One Health perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Kim
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eunice Ndegwa
- Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, 1 Hayden Drive, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith JC, Varriano S, Roach K, Snipes Z, Dawson JL, Shealy J, Dunn LL, Snyder WE, Shariat NW. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from wild birds in fresh produce environments. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1272916. [PMID: 38029194 PMCID: PMC10662084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1272916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild birds pose a difficult food safety risk to manage because they can avoid traditional wildlife mitigation strategies, such as fences. Birds often use agricultural fields and structures as foraging and nesting areas, which can lead to defecation on crops and subsequent transfer of foodborne pathogens. To assess the food safety risk associated with these events, wild bird feces were collected from produce fields across the southeastern United States during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. In total 773 fecal samples were collected from 45 farms across Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee, and 2.1% (n = 16) of samples were Salmonella-positive. Importantly, 75% of Salmonella were isolated from moist feces, showing reduced Salmonella viability when feces dry out. 16S microbiome analysis showed that presence of culturable Salmonella in moist feces correlated to a higher proportion of the Enterobacteriaceae family. From the Salmonella-positive samples, 62.5% (10/16) contained multi-serovar Salmonella populations. Overall, 13 serovars were detected, including six most commonly attributed to human illness (Enteriditis, Newport, Typhimurium, Infantis, Saintpaul, and Muenchen). PCR screening identified an additional 59 Salmonella-positive fecal samples, which were distributed across moist (n = 44) and dried feces (n = 15). On-farm point counts and molecular identification from fecal samples identified 57 bird species, including for 10 Salmonella-positive fecal samples. Overall, there was a low prevalence of Salmonella in fecal samples, especially in dried feces, and we found no evidence of Salmonella transmission to proximal foliage or produce. Fecal samples collected in farms close together shared highly related isolates by whole genome sequencing and also had highly similar Salmonella populations with comparable relative frequencies of the same serovars, suggesting the birds acquired Salmonella from a common source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared C. Smith
- Departments of Population Health and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sofia Varriano
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kerrie Roach
- Department of Plant Industry, Clemson University Extension, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zach Snipes
- Department of Plant Industry, Clemson University Extension, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Joshua L. Dawson
- Fort Valley State University Extension, Fort Valley, GA, United States
| | - Justin Shealy
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia Extension, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Laurel L. Dunn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - William E. Snyder
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Departments of Population Health and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salmonella Prevalence Is Strongly Associated with Spatial Factors while Listeria monocytogenes Prevalence Is Strongly Associated with Temporal Factors on Virginia Produce Farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0152922. [PMID: 36728439 PMCID: PMC9973011 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01529-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of produce production environments complicates the development of universal strategies for managing preharvest produce safety risks. Understanding pathogen ecology in different produce-growing regions is important for developing targeted mitigation strategies. This study aimed to identify environmental and spatiotemporal factors associated with isolating Salmonella and Listeria from environmental samples collected from 10 Virginia produce farms. Soil (n = 400), drag swab (n = 400), and irrigation water (n = 120) samples were tested for Salmonella and Listeria, and results were confirmed by PCR. Salmonella serovar and Listeria species were identified by the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and partial sigB sequencing, respectively. Conditional forest analysis and Bayesian mixed models were used to characterize associations between environmental factors and the likelihood of isolating Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes (LM), and other targets (e.g., Listeria spp. and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport). Surrogate trees were used to visualize hierarchical associations identified by the forest analyses. Salmonella and LM prevalence was 5.3% (49/920) and 2.3% (21/920), respectively. The likelihood of isolating Salmonella was highest in water samples collected from the Eastern Shore of Virginia with a dew point of >9.4°C. The likelihood of isolating LM was highest in water samples collected in winter from sites where <36% of the land use within 122 m was forest wetland cover. Conditional forest results were consistent with the mixed models, which also found that the likelihood of detecting Salmonella and LM differed between sample type, region, and season. These findings identified factors that increased the likelihood of isolating Salmonella- and LM-positive samples in produce production environments and support preharvest mitigation strategies on a regional scale. IMPORTANCE This study sought to examine different growing regions across the state of Virginia and to determine how factors associated with pathogen prevalence may differ between regions. Spatial and temporal data were modeled to identify factors associated with an increased pathogen likelihood in various on-farm sources. The findings of the study show that prevalence of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes is low overall in the produce preharvest environment but does vary by space (e.g., region in Virginia) and time (e.g., season), and the likelihood of pathogen-positive samples is influenced by different spatial and temporal factors. Therefore, the results support regional or scale-dependent food safety standards and guidance documents for controlling hazards to minimize risk. This study also suggests that water source assessments are important tools for developing monitoring programs and mitigation measures, as spatiotemporal factors differ on a regional scale.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hudson LK, Andershock WE, Qian X, Gibbs PL, Orejuela K, Garman KN, Dunn JR, Denes TG. Phylogeny and Genomic Characterization of Clinical Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport Collected in Tennessee. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0387622. [PMID: 36602313 PMCID: PMC9927352 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03876-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport) is a clinically and epidemiologically significant serovar in the United States. It is the second most prevalent clinically isolated Salmonella serovar in the United States, and it can contaminate a wide variety of food products. In this study, we evaluated the population structure of S. Newport clinical isolates obtained by the Tennessee Department of Health during routine surveillance (n = 346), along with a diverse set of other global clinical isolates obtained from EnteroBase (n = 271). Most of these clinical isolates belonged to established lineages II and III. Additionally, we performed lineage-specific phylogenetic analyses and were able to identify 18 potential epidemiological clusters among the isolates from Tennessee, which represented a greater proportion of Tennessee isolates belonging to putative epidemiological clusters than the proportion of isolates of this serovar that are outbreak related. IMPORTANCE This study provides insight on the genomic diversity of one of the Salmonella serovars that most frequently cause human illness. Specifically, we explored the diversity of human clinical isolates from a localized region (Tennessee) and compared this level of diversity with the global context. Additionally, we showed that a greater proportion of isolates were associated with potential epidemiological clusters (based on genomic relatedness) than historical estimates. We also identified that one potential cluster was predicted to be multidrug resistant. Taken together, these findings provide insight on Salmonella enterica serovar Newport that can impact public health surveillance and responses and serve as a foundational context for the Salmonella research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Hudson
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Xiaorong Qian
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paula L. Gibbs
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly Orejuela
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - John R. Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas G. Denes
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gu G, Murphy CM, Hamilton AM, Zheng J, Nou X, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Effect of pesticide application on
Salmonella
survival on inoculated tomato leaves. J Food Saf 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Claire M. Murphy
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Alexis M. Hamilton
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition US Food and Drug Administration College Park Maryland USA
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Steven L. Rideout
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernandez SM, Maurer JJ, Yabsley MJ, Peters VE, Presotto A, Murray MH, Curry S, Sanchez S, Gerner-Smidt P, Hise K, Huang J, Johnson K, Kwan T, Lipp EK. Free-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodies. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:674973. [PMID: 34368271 PMCID: PMC8339271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding Salmonella enterica. The rate and frequency of bacterial shedding are not fully understood, and most studies have focused on captive vs. free-living chelonians and often in relation to an outbreak. Their ecology and significance as sentinels are important to understanding Salmonella transmission. In 2012-2013, Salmonella prevalence was determined for free-living aquatic turtles in man-made ponds in Clarke and Oconee Counties, in northern Georgia (USA) and the correlation between species, basking ecology, demographics (age/sex), season, or landcover with prevalence was assessed. The genetic relatedness between turtle and archived, human isolates, as well as, other archived animal and water isolates reported from this study area was examined. Salmonella was isolated from 45 of 194 turtles (23.2%, range 14-100%) across six species. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (36%) than adults (20%), higher in females (33%) than males (18%), and higher in bottom-dwelling species (31%; common and loggerhead musk turtles, common snapping turtles) than basking species (15%; sliders, painted turtles). Salmonella prevalence decreased as forest cover, canopy cover, and distance from roads increased. Prevalence was also higher in low-density, residential areas that have 20-49% impervious surface. A total of 9 different serovars of two subspecies were isolated including 3 S. enterica subsp. arizonae and 44 S. enterica subsp. enterica (two turtles had two serotypes isolated from each). Among the S. enterica serovars, Montevideo (n = 13) and Rubislaw (n = 11) were predominant. Salmonella serovars Muenchen, Newport, Mississippi, Inverness, Brazil, and Paratyphi B. var L(+) tartrate positive (Java) were also isolated. Importantly, 85% of the turtle isolates matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of human isolates, including those reported from Georgia. Collectively, these results suggest that turtles accumulate Salmonella present in water bodies, and they may be effective sentinels of environmental contamination. Ultimately, the Salmonella prevalence rates in wild aquatic turtles, especially those strains shared with humans, highlight a significant public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Valerie E Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, United States
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maureen H Murray
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology and the Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shannon Curry
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peter Gerner-Smidt
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelley Hise
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joyce Huang
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kasey Johnson
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tiffany Kwan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bardsley CA, Weller DL, Ingram DT, Chen Y, Oryang D, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:590303. [PMID: 33796083 PMCID: PMC8007860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.590303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed. The objectives here were to (i) compare die-off between 12 Salmonella strains following inoculation in amended soil and (ii) characterize any significant effects associated with soil-type, irrigation regimen, and amendment on Salmonella survival and die-off. Three greenhouse trials were performed using a randomized complete block design. Each strain (~4 log CFU/g) was homogenized with amended or non-amended sandy-loam or clay-loam soil. Salmonella levels were enumerated in 25 g samples 0, 0.167 (4 h), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, 210, 252, and 336 days post-inoculation (dpi), or until two consecutive samples were enrichment negative. Regression analysis was performed between strain, soil-type, irrigation, and (i) time to last detect (survival) and (ii) concentration at each time-point (die-off rate). Similar effects of strain, irrigation, soil-type, and amendment were identified using the survival and die-off models. Strain explained up to 18% of the variance in survival, and up to 19% of variance in die-off rate. On average Salmonella survived for 129 days in amended soils, however, Salmonella survived, on average, 30 days longer in clay-loam soils than sandy-loam soils [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 45, 15], with survival time ranging from 84 to 210 days for the individual strains during daily irrigation. When strain-specific associations were investigated using regression trees, S. Javiana and S. Saintpaul were found to survive longer in sandy-loam soil, whereas most of the other strains survived longer in clay-loam soil. Salmonella also survived, on average, 128 days longer when irrigated weekly, compared to daily (CI = 101, 154), and 89 days longer in amended soils, than non-amended soils (CI = 61, 116). Overall, this study provides insight into Salmonella survival following contamination of field soils by BSAAO. Specifically, Salmonella survival may be strain-specific as affected by both soil characteristics and management practices. These data can assist in risk assessment and strain selection for use in challenge and validation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. Bardsley
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - David T. Ingram
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - David Oryang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Rideout
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hudson LK, Constantine-Renna L, Thomas L, Moore C, Qian X, Garman K, Dunn JR, Denes TG. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10256. [PMID: 33240617 PMCID: PMC7682435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana is the fourth most reported serovar of laboratory-confirmed human Salmonella infections in the U.S. and in Tennessee (TN). Although Salmonella ser. Javiana is a common cause of human infection, the majority of cases are sporadic in nature rather than outbreak-associated. To better understand Salmonella ser. Javiana microbial population structure in TN, we completed a phylogenetic analysis of 111 Salmonella ser. Javiana clinical isolates from TN collected from Jan. 2017 to Oct. 2018. We identified mobile genetic elements and genes known to confer antibiotic resistance present in the isolates, and performed a pan-genome-wide association study (pan-GWAS) to compare gene content between clades identified in this study. The population structure of TN Salmonella ser. Javiana clinical isolates consisted of three genetic clades: TN clade I (n = 54), TN clade II (n = 4), and TN clade III (n = 48). Using a 5, 10, and 25 hqSNP distance threshold for cluster identification, nine, 12, and 10 potential epidemiologically-relevant clusters were identified, respectively. The majority of genes that were found to be over-represented in specific clades were located in mobile genetic element (MGE) regions, including genes encoding integrases and phage structures (91.5%). Additionally, a large portion of the over-represented genes from TN clade II (44.9%) were located on an 87.5 kb plasmid containing genes encoding a toxin/antitoxin system (ccdAB). Additionally, we completed phylogenetic analyses of global Salmonella ser. Javiana datasets to gain a broader insight into the population structure of this serovar. We found that the global phylogeny consisted of three major clades (one of which all of the TN isolates belonged to) and two cgMLST eBurstGroups (ceBGs) and that the branch length between the two Salmonella ser. Javiana ceBGs (1,423 allelic differences) was comparable to those from other serovars that have been reported as polyphyletic (929–2,850 allelic differences). This study demonstrates the population structure of TN and global Salmonella ser. Javiana isolates, a clinically important Salmonella serovar and can provide guidance for phylogenetic cluster analyses for public health surveillance and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Hudson
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Linda Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Christina Moore
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong Qian
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Katie Garman
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - John R Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Denes
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shaw KA, Wright K, Privett K, Holloman K, Levine S, McCombs K, Turner L, Holsinger C, Woolard D. Salmonellosis Outbreak After a Large-Scale Food Event in Virginia, 2017. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:668-675. [PMID: 32791024 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920944861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) identified an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Javiana infections in Virginia after a chili and chowder cook-off with 11 competitors and about 2500 attendees on September 30, 2017. The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of the outbreak and identify the most likely source of exposure. METHODS To identify people with suspected Salmonella infection, VDH used press releases and social media posts to recruit event attendees to take an online survey about foods eaten at the cook-off and any gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms experienced. VDH defined a case as reported GI illness that occurred within 1 week after eating food from the cook-off. Confirmed cases required a clinical specimen culture positive for Salmonella. Probable cases reported diarrhea or related clinical symptoms. "Not ill" people did not report GI illness. Investigators calculated unadjusted relative risks of illness and performed stratified analysis to address potential confounding. Available food samples were tested for Salmonella. Environmental health specialists interviewed food handlers and inspected restaurants where 3 competitors had prepared food. RESULTS Of 438 survey responses, 171 (39%) met the case definition. Of all chilies and chowders consumed, Chowder A was associated with the highest relative risk of illness (8.9; 95% CI, 5.7-13.7). A Chowder A sample tested positive for Salmonella serotype Javiana. The environmental investigation did not identify an original contamination source but did find deficiencies in maintaining safe cooking temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic and laboratory findings indicated that Chowder A was the most likely cause of outbreak. Recommendations to prevent future outbreaks include preparation of all food on-site to ensure safe temperatures during food preparation and service.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shaw
- 1242 Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly Wright
- 2396 Eastern Shore Health District, Virginia Department of Health, Accomac, VA, USA
| | - Keith Privett
- 2396 Eastern Shore Health District, Virginia Department of Health, Accomac, VA, USA
| | - Kelsey Holloman
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Seth Levine
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katherine McCombs
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Turner
- 2396 Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, Virginia Department of General Services, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Caroline Holsinger
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Diane Woolard
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Topalcengiz Z, Spanninger PM, Jeamsripong S, Persad AK, Buchanan RL, Saha J, LeJEUNE J, Jay-Russell MT, Kniel KE, Danyluk MD. Survival of Salmonella in Various Wild Animal Feces That May Contaminate Produce. J Food Prot 2020; 83:651-660. [PMID: 32221570 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Heightened concerns about wildlife on produce farms and possible introduction of pathogens to the food supply have resulted in required actions following intrusion events. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of Salmonella in feces from cattle and various wild animals (feral pigs, waterfowl, deer, and raccoons) in California, Delaware, Florida, and Ohio. Feces were inoculated with rifampin-resistant Salmonella enterica cocktails that included six serotypes: Typhimurium, Montevideo, Anatum, Javiana, Braenderup, and Newport (104 to 106 CFU/g). Fecal samples were stored at ambient temperature. Populations were enumerated for up to 1 year (364 days) by spread plating onto tryptic soy agar supplemented with rifampin. When no colonies were detected, samples were enriched. Colonies were banked on various sampling days based on availability of serotyping in each state. During the 364-day storage period, Salmonella populations decreased to ≤2.0 log CFU/g by day 84 in pig, waterfowl, and raccoon feces from all states. Salmonella populations in cattle and deer feces were 3.3 to 6.1 log CFU/g on day 336 or 364; however, in Ohio Salmonella was not detected after 120 days. Salmonella serotypes Anatum, Braenderup, and Javiana were the predominant serotypes throughout the storage period in all animal feces and states. Determination of appropriate risk mitigation strategies following animal intrusions can improve our understanding of pathogen survival in animal feces. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynal Topalcengiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49250, Turkey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-7319 [Z.T.]).,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Patrick M Spanninger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anil K Persad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.,Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Joyjit Saha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Jeff LeJEUNE
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Michele T Jay-Russell
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-8086 [M.T.J.R.])
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu G, Strawn LK, Zheng J, Reed EA, Rideout SL. Diversity and Dynamics of Salmonella enterica in Water Sources, Poultry Litters, and Field Soils Amended With Poultry Litter in a Major Agricultural Area of Virginia. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2868. [PMID: 31956319 PMCID: PMC6951424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Shore of Virginia (ESV) is a major agricultural region in Virginia and in the past has been linked to some tomato-associated outbreaks of salmonellosis. In this study, water samples were collected weekly from irrigation ponds and wells in four representative vegetable farms (Farms A–D, each farm paired with one pond and one well) and a creek as well. In addition, water samples from two sites in the Chesapeake Bay on the ESV were collected monthly. Poultry litter was sampled monthly from three commercial broiler farms. Soil samples were collected monthly after fertilization with poultry litter from 10 farms in 2014 and another 14 farms in 2015. A most probable number method was used to detect Salmonella enterica presence and concentration in collected samples. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmed by the cross-streaking method. Molecular serotyping was carried out to determine the Salmonella serovars. The average prevalence of Salmonella in pond, well, creek, and bay water samples was 19.3, 3.3, 24.2, and 29.2%, respectively. There were significant spatial and temporal differences for Salmonella incidence in various water sources. The prevalence of S. enterica in four tested ponds from farms A, B, C, and D were 16, 12, 22, and 27%, respectively. While the prevalence of S. enterica in irrigation wells was significantly lower, some well water samples tested positive during the study. Salmonella Newport was found to be the predominant serovar isolated from water samples. All poultry houses of the three tested broiler farms were Salmonella-positive at certain sampling points during the study with prevalence ranging from 14.3 to 35.4%. Salmonella was found to be able to survive up to 4 months in poultry litter amended soils from the tested farms in 2014, and up to 6 months in 2015. This research examined the dynamics of S. enterica in relationship to water source, poultry litter, and amended soil in a major agricultural area, and provides useful information for food safety risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven L Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sources of human infection by Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222108. [PMID: 31479476 PMCID: PMC6719869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is one of the major causes of diarrheal disease throughout the world. In recent years, an increase in human S. Javiana infection has been reported from the southern part of the United States. However, the sources and routes of transmission of this Salmonella serotype are not well understood. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to identify risk factors for human S. Javiana infection. Using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search in Web of Science, PubMed, and the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Searches returned 63 potential articles, of which 12 articles met all eligibility criteria and were included in this review. A review of the literature indicated that both food and non-food (such as animal contact) exposures are responsible for the transmission of S. Javiana infection to humans. Consumption of fresh produce (tomatoes and watermelons), herbs (paprika-spice), dairy products (cheese), drinking contaminated well water and animal contact were associated with human S. Javiana infections. Based on the findings of this study, control of human S. Javiana infection should include three factors, (a) consumption of drinking water after treatment, (b) safe animal contact, and (c) safe food processing and handling procedures. The risk factors of S. Javiana infections identified in the current study provide helpful insight into the major vehicles of transmission of S. Javiana. Eventually, this will help to improve the risk management of this Salmonella serotype to reduce the overall burden of NTS infection in humans.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu G, Strawn LK, Oryang DO, Zheng J, Reed EA, Ottesen AR, Bell RL, Chen Y, Duret S, Ingram DT, Reiter MS, Pfuntner R, Brown EW, Rideout SL. Agricultural Practices Influence Salmonella Contamination and Survival in Pre-harvest Tomato Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2451. [PMID: 30386314 PMCID: PMC6198144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2010 the Eastern Shore of Virginia was implicated in four Salmonella outbreaks associated with tomato. Therefore, a multi-year study (2012-2015) was performed to investigate presumptive factors associated with the contamination of Salmonella within tomato fields at Virginia Tech's Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Factors including irrigation water sources (pond and well), type of soil amendment: fresh poultry litter (PL), PL ash, and a conventional fertilizer (triple superphosphate - TSP), and production practices: staked with plastic mulch (SP), staked without plastic mulch (SW), and non-staked without plastic mulch (NW), were evaluated by split-plot or complete-block design. All field experiments relied on naturally occurring Salmonella contamination, except one follow up experiment (worst-case scenario) which examined the potential for contamination in tomato fruits when Salmonella was applied through drip irrigation. Samples were collected from pond and well water; PL, PL ash, and TSP; and the rhizosphere, leaves, and fruits of tomato plants. Salmonella was quantified using a most probable number method and contamination ratios were calculated for each treatment. Salmonella serovar was determined by molecular serotyping. Salmonella populations varied significantly by year; however, similar trends were evident each year. Findings showed use of untreated pond water and raw PL amendment increased the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots. Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium were the most frequently detected serovars in pond water and PL amendment samples, respectively. Interestingly, while these factors increased the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots (rhizosphere and leaves), all tomato fruits sampled (n = 4800) from these plots were Salmonella negative. Contamination of tomato fruits was extremely low (< 1%) even when tomato plots were artificially inoculated with an attenuated Salmonella Newport strain (104 CFU/mL). Furthermore, Salmonella was not detected in tomato plots irrigated using well water and amended with PL ash or TSP. Production practices also influenced the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots. Salmonella detection was higher in tomato leaf samples for NW plots, compared to SP and SW plots. This study provides evidence that attention to agricultural inputs and production practices may help reduce the likelihood of Salmonella contamination in tomato fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - David O Oryang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven Duret
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - David T Ingram
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark S Reiter
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Rachel Pfuntner
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven L Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Truitt LN, Vazquez KM, Pfuntner RC, Rideout SL, Havelaar AH, Strawn LK. Microbial Quality of Agricultural Water Used in Produce Preharvest Production on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1661-1672. [PMID: 30212229 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several produce-borne outbreaks have been associated with the use of contaminated water during preharvest applications. Salmonella has been implicated in a number of these outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of agricultural surface water used in preharvest production on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in accordance with the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule water standards. The study also examined the prevalence, concentration, and diversity of Salmonella in those water sources. Water samples (1 L) from 20 agricultural ponds were collected during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons ( n = 400). Total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. Population levels of each microorganism were calculated per 100-mL sample and log transformed, when necessary. Samples (250 mL) were also enriched for Salmonella. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed by PCR ( invA gene) and were serotyped. In 2016, the concentration of Salmonella in each sample was also estimated by most probable number (MPN). Indicator bacteria and environmental and meteorological factors were analyzed for their association with the detection of a Salmonella-positive water sample by using logistic regression analysis. Seventeen of the 20 ponds met the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule standards for production agricultural water. Three ponds did not meet the standards because the statistical threshold value exceeded the limit. Salmonella was detected in 19% of water samples in each year (38 of 200 in 2015 and 38 of 200 in 2016). Of the 118 Salmonella isolates serotyped, 14 serotypes were identified with the most prevalent being Salmonella Newport. E. coli concentration, farm, and total aerobic bacteria concentration were significantly associated with the likelihood of detecting a Salmonella-positive sample The average concentration of Salmonella in all samples was 4.44 MPN/100 mL, with the limit of detection being 3.00 MPN/100 mL. The highest concentration of Salmonella was 93.0 MPN/100 mL. These data will assist in a better understanding of the risks that production water poses to produce contamination events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven L Rideout
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia 23420
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- 4 Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-5460 [A.H.H.])
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crim SM, Chai SJ, Karp BE, Judd MC, Reynolds J, Swanson KC, Nisler A, McCullough A, Gould LH. Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport Infections in the United States, 2004-2013: Increased Incidence Investigated Through Four Surveillance Systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:612-620. [PMID: 30036085 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newport is the third most common Salmonella enterica serotype identified among the estimated 1.2 million human salmonellosis infections occurring annually in the United States. Risk factors for infection and food items implicated in outbreaks vary by antimicrobial resistance pattern. We conducted a descriptive analysis of data from four enteric disease surveillance systems capturing information on incidence, demographics, seasonality, geographic distribution, outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance of Newport infections over a 10-year period from 2004 through 2013. Incidence increased through 2010, then declined to rates similar to those in the early years of the study. Incidence was highest in the South and among children <5 years old. Among isolates submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 88% were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested (pansusceptible) and 8% were resistant to at least seven agents, including ceftriaxone. Rates of pansusceptible isolates were also highest in the South and among young children, particularly in 2010. Pansusceptible strains of Newport have been associated with produce items and environmental sources, such as creek water and sediment. However, the role of environmental transmission of Newport in human illness is unclear. Efforts to reduce produce contamination through targeted legislation, as well as collaborative efforts to identify sources of contamination in agricultural regions, are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Crim
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shua J Chai
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Beth E Karp
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael C Judd
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jared Reynolds
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista C Swanson
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amie Nisler
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - L Hannah Gould
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella spp. isolates from captive wildlife, their caretakers, feed and water in India. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1543-1549. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOccurrence of Salmonella spp. in captive wild animal species in India is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of different Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance patterns and genotypic relatedness of recovered isolates. A total of 370 samples including faecal (n = 314), feed and water (n = 26) and caretakers stool swabs (n = 30) were collected from 40 different wild animal species in captivity, their caretakers, feed and water in four zoological gardens and wildlife enclosures in India. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and genotyping was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Animal faecal samples were also subjected to direct PCR assay. Salmonella was detected in 10 of 314 (3.1%) faecal samples by isolation and 18 of 314 (5.7%) samples by direct PCR assay; one of 26 (3.8%) feed and water samples and five of 30 (16.7%) caretakers stool swabs by isolation. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from golden pheasants (25%; 2/8) and leopard (10%; 2/20). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (37.5%; 6/14), S. Kentucky (28.5%; 4/14) and S. Enteritidis (14.3%; 2/14) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. Seven (43.7%; 7/16) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and one isolate each among them exhibited penta and tetra multidrug-resistant types. Three S. Kentucky serotype were identified in a same golden pheasants cage, two from the birds and one from the feed. This serotype was also isolated from its caretaker. Similarly, one isolate each of S. Typhimurium were recovered from ostrich and its caretaker. These isolates were found to be clonally related suggesting that wildlife may serve as reservoir for infections to humans and vice versa. These results emphasise the transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination of feces to workers, visitors and other wildlife.
Collapse
|
17
|
Genome Sequences of 13 Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen Obtained from Wild Pigeons in Canada. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/20/e00392-18. [PMID: 29773622 PMCID: PMC5958246 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00392-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen phage types 2 and 99 obtained from the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, Canada, were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing. All isolates contained the Salmonella virulence plasmid despite the low pathogenicity of this lineage in their avian host.
Collapse
|
18
|
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Salmonella Strains Isolated from Wild Animals on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/19/e00329-18. [PMID: 29748400 PMCID: PMC5946047 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00329-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella infections pose a significant public health threat. Here, we announce two draft genomes of Salmonella strains isolated from wildlife harboring an alarming array of antibiotic resistance genes. Continued investigations of these genomes will provide insight into the possible attribution of AMR Salmonella infection of wild animals.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan H, Paudyal N, Li X, Fang W, Yue M. Multiple Food-Animal-Borne Route in Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella Newport to Humans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:23. [PMID: 29410657 PMCID: PMC5787089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of transmission routes of Salmonella among various food-animal reservoirs and their antibiogram is crucial for appropriate intervention and medical treatment. Here, we analyzed 3728 Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport) isolates collected from various food-animals, retail meats and humans in the United States between 1996 and 2015, based on their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) toward 27 antibiotics. Random Forest and Hierarchical Clustering statistic was used to group the isolates according to their MICs. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to identify the appropriate antibiotic and its cut-off value between human- and animal-population. Two distinct populations were revealed based on the MICs of individual strain by both methods, with the animal population having significantly higher MICs which correlates to antibiotic-resistance (AR) phenotype. Only ∼9.7% (267/2763) human isolates could be attributed to food-animal origins. Furthermore, the isolates of animal origin had less diverse antibiogram than human isolates (P < 0.001), suggesting multiple sources involved in human infections. CART identified trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to be the best classifier for differentiating the animal and human isolates. Additionally, two typical AR patterns, MDR-Amp and Tet-SDR dominant in bovine- or turkey-population, were identified, indicating that distinct food-animal sources could be involved in human infections. The AR analysis suggested fluoroquinolones (i.e., ciprofloxacin), but not extended-spectrum cephalosporins (i.e., ceftriaxone, cefoxitin), is the adaptive choice for empirical therapy. Antibiotic-resistant S. Newport from humans has multiple origins, with distinct food-animal-borne route contributing to a significant proportion of heterogeneous isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pan
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Narayan Paudyal
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Duvenage S, Korsten L. Assessment of foodborne pathogen presence in the peach supply chain and its potential risk to the end consumer. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Jurado-Tarifa E, Torralbo A, Borge C, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Ayats T, Carbonero A, García-Bocanegra I. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella strains isolated from decoys and raptors. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 48:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Flockhart L, Pintar K, Cook A, McEwen S, Friendship R, Kelton D, Pollari F. Distribution of Salmonella in Humans, Production Animal Operations and a Watershed in a FoodNet Canada Sentinel Site. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:41-52. [PMID: 27345363 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen, and production animals as well as water are known potential sources. This study helped provide insight into the epidemiology of Salmonella by comparing Salmonella strains found in humans to those detected in production animals and water in the same geographic area and time frame. Salmonella was found in 55% of broiler, 30% of swine, 13% of dairy, and 10% of beef manure samples and 23% of water samples. At the farm level, Salmonella was found on 93% of broiler, 81% of swine, 32% of beef and 30% of dairy farms. Salmonella strains of importance to public health were found in all sources tested; however, they appeared to be more common in the broilers. A number of the farms in this study were mixed farms, in that they had more than one production animal species on the farm. At both the sample and farm levels, beef-only farms had a significantly lower Salmonella prevalence (5% and 7%, respectively) than beef farms with additional production animal species (e.g. poultry) (12% and 42%, respectively) (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, a number of mixed farms had more than one commodity sampled for this study and similar Salmonella strains by phage type and PFGE were found in the poultry and the other sampled commodity on the farm. This information can help inform the evidence base needed to help target interventions and modify best practices in production agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Flockhart
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Pintar
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Cook
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S McEwen
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R Friendship
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D Kelton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - F Pollari
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bell RL, Zheng J, Burrows E, Allard S, Wang CY, Keys CE, Melka DC, Strain E, Luo Y, Allard MW, Rideout S, Brown EW. Ecological prevalence, genetic diversity, and epidemiological aspects of Salmonella isolated from tomato agricultural regions of the Virginia Eastern Shore. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:415. [PMID: 25999938 PMCID: PMC4423467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virginia is the third largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Tomatoes grown along the eastern shore of Virginia are implicated almost yearly in Salmonella illnesses. Traceback implicates contamination occurring in the pre-harvest environment. To get a better understanding of the ecological niches of Salmonella in the tomato agricultural environment, a 2-year study was undertaken at a regional agricultural research farm in Virginia. Environmental samples, including tomato (fruit, blossoms, and leaves), irrigation water, surface water and sediment, were collected over the growing season. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using modified FDA-BAM methods. Molecular assays were used to screen the samples. Over 1500 samples were tested. Seventy-five samples tested positive for Salmonella yielding over 230 isolates. The most commonly isolated serovars were S. Newport and S. Javiana with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis yielding 39 different patterns. Genetic diversity was further underscored among many other serotypes, which showed multiple PFGE subtypes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of several S. Newport isolates collected in 2010 compared to clinical isolates associated with tomato consumption showed very few single nucleotide differences between environmental isolates and clinical isolates suggesting a source link to Salmonella contaminated tomatoes. Nearly all isolates collected during two growing seasons of surveillance were obtained from surface water and sediment sources pointing to these sites as long-term reservoirs for persistent and endemic contamination of this environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Erik Burrows
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles Y. Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Keys
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - David C. Melka
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia TechPainter, VA, USA
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farias LFP, Oliveira CJB, Medardus JJ, Molla BZ, Wolfe BA, Gebreyes WA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enterica in Captive Wildlife and Exotic Animal Species in Ohio, USA. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:438-44. [PMID: 25388917 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, phenotypic and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella enterica recovered from captive wildlife host species and in the environment in Ohio, USA. A total of 319 samples including faecal (n = 225), feed (n = 38) and environmental (n = 56) were collected from 32 different wild and exotic animal species in captivity and their environment in Ohio. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and genotyping was performed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella was detected in 56 of 225 (24.9%) faecal samples; six of 56 (10.7%) environmental samples and six of 38 (15.8%) feed samples. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from giraffes (78.2%; 36/46), cranes (75%; 3/4) and raccoons (75%; 3/4). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (64.3%), S. Newport (32.1%) and S. Heidelberg (5.3%) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible (88.2%; 60 of 68), multidrug-resistant strains including penta-resistant type, AmStTeKmGm (8.8%; six of 68) were detected. Genotypic diversity was found among S. Typhimurium isolates. The identification of clonally related Salmonella isolates from environment and faeces suggests that indirect transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination is an important concern to workers, visitors and other wildlife. Results of this study show the diversity of Salmonella serovars and public health implications of human exposure from wildlife reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F P Farias
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J J Medardus
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B Z Molla
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B A Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Janecko N, Čížek A, Halová D, Karpíšková R, Myšková P, Literák I. Prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates in large corvid species of europe and north America between 2010 and 2013. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:292-300. [PMID: 25103698 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well understood that Salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. Surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of Salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars in wildlife species. A purposive survey was taken of large corvids roosting yearly between November and March in Europe and North America. Two thousand and seven hundred and seventy-eight corvid faecal specimens from 11 countries were submitted for Salmonella spp. culture testing. Presumptive positive isolates were further serotyped, susceptibility tested and analysed for antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 1.40% (39/2778) (CI = 1.01, 1.90) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar followed by S. Infantis, S. Montevideo and S. Typhimurium. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the proportion of Salmonella recovered in Europe versus North America. The most variability of serovars within a site was in Kansas, USA with five different serovars recovered. European sites were significantly more likely to yield Salmonella resistant to more than one antibiotic (OR 71.5, P < 0.001, CI = 3.77, 1358) than North American sites, where no resistance was found. Resistance to nalidixic acid, a quinolone, was recovered in nine isolates from four serovars in four different sites across Europe. Large corvids contribute to the transmission and dissemination of Salmonella and resistance genes between human and animal populations and across great distances. This information adds to the knowledge base of zoonotic pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance ecology in wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Janecko
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Strawn LK, Danyluk MD, Worobo RW, Wiedmann M. Distributions of Salmonella subtypes differ between two U.S. produce-growing regions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3982-91. [PMID: 24747908 PMCID: PMC4054229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00348-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella accounts for approximately 50% of produce-associated outbreaks in the United States, several of which have been traced back to contamination in the produce production environment. To quantify Salmonella diversity and aid in identification of Salmonella contamination sources, we characterized Salmonella isolates from two geographically diverse produce-growing regions in the United States. Initially, we characterized the Salmonella serotype and subtype diversity associated with 1,677 samples collected from 33 produce farms in New York State (NYS). Among these 1,677 samples, 74 were Salmonella positive, yielding 80 unique isolates (from 147 total isolates), which represented 14 serovars and 23 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types. To explore regional Salmonella diversity associated with production environments, we collected a smaller set of samples (n = 65) from South Florida (SFL) production environments and compared the Salmonella diversity associated with these samples with the diversity found among NYS production environments. Among these 65 samples, 23 were Salmonella positive, yielding 32 unique isolates (from 81 total isolates), which represented 11 serovars and 17 different PFGE types. The most common serovars isolated in NYS were Salmonella enterica serovars Newport, Cerro, and Thompson, while common serovars isolated in SFL were Salmonella serovars Saphra and Newport and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 50:r:z. High PFGE type diversity (Simpson's diversity index, 0.90 ± 0.02) was observed among Salmonella isolates across both regions; only three PFGE types were shared between the two regions. The probability of three or fewer shared PFGE types was <0.000001; therefore, Salmonella isolates were considerably different between the two sampled regions. These findings suggest the potential for PFGE-based source tracking of Salmonella in production environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Strawn
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Randy W Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evaluating gulls as potential vehicles of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (JJPX01.0061) contamination of tomatoes grown on the eastern shore of Virginia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:235-8. [PMID: 24141129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02809-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Newport pattern JJPX01.0061 has been identified as causing several multistate outbreaks in the last 10 years, primarily due to contamination of tomatoes grown in Virginia. The goal of this study was to evaluate gulls as a potential vehicle of S. Newport pattern 61 contamination for tomatoes grown on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Gull fecal samples were collected at four sites in eastern Virginia for 3 months (May to July) in 2012, resulting in 360 samples, among which Salmonella was isolated from 62 samples. Twenty-two serotypes and 26 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis DNA fingerprint patterns, including S. Newport pattern 61, were identified. All of the patterns that were isolated multiple times, with the exception of S. Newport patterns JJPX01.0030 and JJPX01.0061, were clustered in time and geographical location. These results strongly suggest that both patterns of S. Newport are endemic to sites on the Eastern Shore where gulls were sampled. This study provides additional information regarding the epidemiology of S. Newport pattern 61 in Virginia and how tomatoes sold interstate may become contaminated in the field.
Collapse
|