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Maggioni D, Schuchert P, Ostrovsky AN, Schiavo A, Hoeksema BW, Pica D, Piraino S, Arrigoni R, Seveso D, Montalbetti E, Galli P, Montano S. Systematics and character evolution of capitate hydrozoans. Cladistics 2024; 40:107-134. [PMID: 38112464 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Capitate hydrozoans are a morphologically and ecologically diverse hydrozoan suborder, currently including about 200 species. Being grouped in two clades, Corynida and Zancleida, these hydrozoans still show a number of taxonomic uncertainties at the species, genus and family levels. Many Capitata species established symbiotic relationships with other benthic organisms, including bryozoans, other cnidarians, molluscs and poriferans, as well as with planktonic dinoflagellates for mixotrophic relationships and with bacteria for thiotrophic ectosymbioses. Our study aimed at providing an updated and comprehensive phylogeny reconstruction of the suborder, at modelling the evolution of selected morphological and ecological characters, and at testing evolutionary relationships between the symbiotic lifestyle and the other characters, by integrating taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary data. The phylogenetic hypotheses here presented shed light on the evolutionary relationships within Capitata, with most families and genera being recovered as monophyletic. The genus Zanclea and family Zancleidae, however, were divided into four divergent clades, requiring the establishment of the new genus Apatizanclea and the new combinations for species in Zanclea and Halocoryne genera. The ancestral state reconstructions revealed that symbiosis arose multiple times in the evolutionary history of the Capitata, and that homoplasy is a common phenomenon in the group. Correlations were found between the evolution of symbiosis and morphological characters, such as the perisarc. Overall, our results highlighted that the use of genetic data and a complete knowledge of the life cycles are strongly needed to disentangle taxonomic and systematic issues in capitate hydrozoans. Finally, the colonization of tropical habitat appears to have influenced the evolution of a symbiotic lifestyle, playing important roles in the evolution of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maggioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences (BtBs), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Faafu Magoodhoo Island, 12030, Maldives
| | | | - Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Andrea Schiavo
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Bert W Hoeksema
- Marine Evolution and Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 2333 CR, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Pica
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, Amendolara, 87071, Italy
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Science (CoNISMa), Rome, 00196, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Genoa Marine Centre (GMC), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa, 16126, Italy
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Faafu Magoodhoo Island, 12030, Maldives
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Enrico Montalbetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Faafu Magoodhoo Island, 12030, Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Faafu Magoodhoo Island, 12030, Maldives
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
- Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Faafu Magoodhoo Island, 12030, Maldives
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, 90133, Italy
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Morphological Modifications and Injuries of Corals Caused by Symbiotic Feather Duster Worms (Sabellidae) in the Caribbean. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some coral-associated invertebrates are known for the negative impact they have on the health of their hosts. During biodiversity surveys on the coral reefs of Curaçao and a study of photo archives of Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Eustatius, the Caribbean split-crown feather duster worm Anamobaea sp. (Sabellidae) was discovered as an associate of 27 stony coral species (Scleractinia spp. and Millepora spp.). The worm was also found in association with an encrusting octocoral (Erythropodium caribaeorum), a colonial tunicate (Trididemnum solidum), various sponge species, and thallose algae (mainly Lobophora sp.), each hypothesized to be secondary hosts. The worms were also common on dead coral. Sabellids of the genera Bispira and Sabellastarte were all found on dead coral. Some of them appeared to have settled next to live corals or on patches of dead coral skeleton surrounded by living coral tissue, forming pseudo-associations. Associated Anamobaea worms can cause distinct injuries in most host coral species and morphological deformities in a few of them. Since Anamobaea worms can form high densities, they have the potential to become a pest species on Caribbean coral reefs when environmental conditions become more favorable for them.
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Maggioni D, Garese A, Huang D, Hoeksema BW, Arrigoni R, Seveso D, Galli P, Berumen ML, Montalbetti E, Pica D, Torsani F, Montano S. Diversity, host specificity and biogeography in the Cladocorynidae (Hydrozoa, Capitata), with description of a new genus. Cladistics 2021; 38:13-37. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maggioni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza Milano 20126 Italy
- Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Faafu Magoodhoo Island 12030 Republic of Maldives
| | - Agustín Garese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences Tropical Marine Science Institute and Centre for Nature‐based Climate Solutions National University of Singapore Singapore 117558 Singapore
| | - Bert W. Hoeksema
- Taxonomy, Systematics and Geodiversity Group Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden 2300 RA The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen 9700 CC The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM) Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Villa Comunale Napoli 80121 Italy
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza Milano 20126 Italy
- Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Faafu Magoodhoo Island 12030 Republic of Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza Milano 20126 Italy
- Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Faafu Magoodhoo Island 12030 Republic of Maldives
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Enrico Montalbetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza Milano 20126 Italy
- Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Faafu Magoodhoo Island 12030 Republic of Maldives
| | - Daniela Pica
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies University of Salento Lecce 73100 Italy
- CoNISMa – Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Roma 00196 Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torsani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza Milano 20126 Italy
- Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center University of Milano‐Bicocca Faafu Magoodhoo Island 12030 Republic of Maldives
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Maggioni D, Schiavo A, Ostrovsky AN, Seveso D, Galli P, Arrigoni R, Berumen ML, Benzoni F, Montano S. Cryptic species and host specificity in the bryozoan-associated hydrozoan Zanclea divergens (Hydrozoa, Zancleidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106893. [PMID: 32562820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zanclea divergens is a tropical hydrozoan living in symbiotic association with bryozoans and currently reported from Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Maldives. Here, we used an integrative approach to assess the morpho-molecular diversity of the species across the Indo-Pacific. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on seven mitochondrial and nuclear loci revealed four well-supported molecular lineages corresponding to cryptic species, and representing a Pacific clade, an Indian clade, and two Red Sea clades. Since the general polyp morphology was almost identical in all samples, the nematocyst capsules were measured and analysed to search for possible fine-scale differences, and their statistical treatment revealed a significant difference in terms of length and width among the clades investigated. All Zanclea divergens specimens were specifically associated with cheilostome bryozoans belonging to the genus Celleporaria. The Pacific and Indian clades were associated with Celleporaria sp. and C. vermiformis, respectively, whereas both Red Sea lineages were associated with C. pigmentaria. Nevertheless, the sequencing of host bryozoans revealed that one of the Red Sea hydrozoan clades is associated with two morphologically undistinguishable, but genetically divergent, bryozoan species. Overall, our results show that Z. divergens is a species complex composed of morphologically cryptic lineages showing partially disjunct distributions and host specificity. The presence of two sympatric lineages living on the same host species reveal complex dynamics of diversification, and future research aimed at understanding their diversification process will likely improve our knowledge on the mechanisms of speciation among currently sympatric cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maggioni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives.
| | - Andrea Schiavo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives
| | - Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Benzoni
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives
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Green Fluorescence Patterns in Closely Related Symbiotic Species of Zanclea (Hydrozoa, Capitata). DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescence is a common phenomenon in marine invertebrates and is caused by green fluorescent proteins. Many hydrozoan species display fluorescence in their polyps and/or medusa stages, and in a few cases patterns of green fluorescence have been demonstrated to differ between closely related species. Hydrozoans are often characterized by the presence of cryptic species, due to the paucity of available morphological diagnostic characters. Zanclea species are not an exception, showing high genetic divergence compared to a uniform morphology. In this work, the presence of green fluorescence and the morpho-molecular diversity of six coral- and bryozoan-associated Zanclea species from the Maldivian coral reefs were investigated. Specifically, the presence of green fluorescence in polyps and newly released medusae was explored, the general morphology, as well as the cnidome and the interaction with the hosts, were characterized, and the 16S rRNA region was sequenced and analyzed. Overall, Zanclea species showed a similar morphology, with little differences in the general morphological features and in the cnidome. Three of the analyzed species did not show any fluorescence in both life stages. Three other Zanclea species, including two coral-associated cryptic species, were distinguished by species-specific fluorescence patterns in the medusae. Altogether, the results confirmed the morphological similarity despite high genetic divergence in Zanclea species and indicated that fluorescence patterns may be a promising tool in further discriminating closely related and cryptic species. Therefore, the assessment of fluorescence at a large scale in the whole Zancleidae family may be useful to shed light on the diversity of this enigmatic taxon.
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