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Ansari AR, Arshad M, Masood S, Huang HB, Zhao X, Li N, Sun Z, Cui L, Hu Y, Liu HZ. Salmonella infection may alter the expression of toll like receptor 4 and immune related cells in chicken bursa of Fabricius. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:59-64. [PMID: 29763725 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), eosinophils and mast cells play significant role in host immunity during several pathogenic infections. However in vivo tissue expression of TLR4 and distribution pattern of eosinophils and mast cells in chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) infection is poorly studied. Therefore, herein, following immunostaining, we found localization of TLR4 in follicular cortex and medulla and its expression was statistical increased after 36 h and 72 h of STm stimulation. Chromotrope 2R staining revealed that eosinophils were mostly distributed in follicular cortex, inter-follicular spaces and in or around blood vessels and their number in BF were statistical increased after 72 h of STm stimulation. The presence of eosinophils was confirmed using immunostaining with anti-rabbit eosinophil cationic protein antibody. Toluidine blue stained mast cells were mostly distributed in connective tissues between inter-follicular spaces while some were also present in follicular cortex of BF. However, STm stimulation illustrated non-significant effect on the number of mast cells or their de-granulation, instead their number were gradually decreased in BF with advancement in age of chickens. Hence, this study provided novel information about in vivo tissue distribution of TLR4, eosinophils and mast cells in BF during STm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hai-Bo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ningya Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Ansari AR, Li NY, Sun ZJ, Huang HB, Zhao X, Cui L, Hu YF, Zhong JM, Karrow NA, Liu HZ. Lipopolysaccharide induces acute bursal atrophy in broiler chicks by activating TLR4-MAPK-NF-κB/AP-1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108375-108391. [PMID: 29312537 PMCID: PMC5752450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms that induce atrophy of the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in young chicks. LPS treatment resulted in ∼36% decrease in bursal weight within 36 h (P < 0.01). Histological analysis showed infiltration of eosinophilic heterophils and nucleated oval shaped RBCs in or near blood vessels of the BF from LPS-treated chicks. Scanning electron micrographs showed severe erosion and breaks in the mucosal membrane at 12 h and complete exuviation of bursal mucosal epithelial cells at 36 h. We observed decreased cell proliferation (low PCNA positivity) and increased apoptosis (high TUNEL and ssDNA positivity) in the BF 12-72 h after LPS treatment. RNA-seq analysis of the BF transcriptome showed 736 differentially expressed genes with most expression changes (637/736) 12 h after LPS treatment. KEGG pathway analysis identified TLR4-MAPK-NF-κB/AP-1 as the key signaling pathway affected in response to LPS stimulation. These findings indicate LPS activates the TLR4-MAPK-NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathway that mediates acute atrophy of the chicken bursa of Fabricius by inducing inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Basic Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS) Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ning-Ya Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Sun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Bo Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ya-Fang Hu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ju-Ming Zhong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Grasa L, Gonzalo S, De Martino A, Murillo MD. The lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O127:B8 induces inflammation and motility disturbances in rabbit ileum. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
<p>The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from <em>Escherichia coli </em>O127:B8 on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the histology, and motor function in rabbit ileum. Rabbits were injected intravenously with saline or LPS (100 μg/kg, 2 h). The mRNA expression and localization of TLR4 were determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Histological damage induced by LPS was evaluated in sections of ileum stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Contractility studies of ileum were performed in an organ bath. The mRNA expression of TLR4 decreased in the muscular but not in the mucosal layer of rabbits treated with LPS. TLR4 was localised in both the mucosal and muscular layers of rabbit ileum. LPS induced intestinal inflammation and altered the spontaneous contractions and the serotonin-, acetylcholine- and KCl-induced contractions. In conclusion, LPS from <em>E. coli </em>O127:B8 induced a decrease in the mRNA expression of TLR4, an inflammatory response, and changes in the contractility of rabbit ileum.</p>
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Abstract
AbstractBornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
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Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Mixed exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and seafood proteases augments inflammatory signalling in an airway epithelial cell model (A549). Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1866-1874. [PMID: 26149191 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715590914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood industry workers exhibit increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms due to exposure to bioaerosols containing a mixture of bioactive agents. In this study, a human pulmonary epithelial cell model (A549) was exposed to mixtures of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonists H-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val-NH2 (SLIGKV-NH2), purified salmon ( Salmo salar) trypsin or purified king crab ( Paralithodes camtschaticus) trypsin. The inflammatory response was measured based on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation of transcription in a luciferase reporter gene assay and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that mixtures of SLIGKV-NH2 or trypsins with LPS augmented the activation of NF-κB and secretion of IL-8. The effect on IL-8 secretion was synergistic when both trypsins and LPS were used in the lower concentration range. The results demonstrate that exposure to mixtures of agents that are relevant to seafood industry workplaces may lead to increased inflammatory signalling compared with exposure to the individual agents alone. Furthermore, the results indicate that synergism may occur with the combined exposure to seafood trypsins and LPS and is most likely to occur when exposure to either agent is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada S Bhagwat
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anett K Larsen
- 3 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Berit E Bang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Grasa L, Abecia L, Forcén R, Castro M, de Jalón JAG, Latorre E, Alcalde AI, Murillo MD. Antibiotic-Induced Depletion of Murine Microbiota Induces Mild Inflammation and Changes in Toll-Like Receptor Patterns and Intestinal Motility. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:835-48. [PMID: 25896428 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We examine the impact of changes in microbiota induced by antibiotics on intestinal motility, gut inflammatory response, and the function and expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs). Alterations in mice intestinal microbiota were induced by antibiotics and evaluated by q-PCR and DGGE analysis. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments of the intestine were performed in control and antibiotic-treated mice. TLR expression was determined in the intestine by q-RT-PCR. Fecal parameter measurements, intestinal transit, and muscle contractility studies were performed to evaluate alterations in intestinal motility. Antibiotics reduced the total bacterial quantity 1000-fold, and diversity was highly affected by treatment. Mice with microbiota depletion had less Peyer's patches, enlarged ceca, and mild gut inflammation. Treatment with antibiotics increased the expression of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 in the ileum and TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR8 in the colon, and it reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR6 in the ileum and TLR2 and TLR9 in the colon. Antibiotics decreased fecal output, delayed the whole gut and colonic transit, and reduced the spontaneous contractions and the response to acetylcholine (ACh) in the ileum and colon. Activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reverted the reduction of the spontaneous contractions induced by antibiotics in the ileum. Activation of TLR4 by LPS and TLR5 by flagellin reduced the response to ACh in the ileum in control mice. Our results confirm the role of the microbiota in the regulation of TLRs expression and shed light on the microbiota connection to motor intestinal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Forcén
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Eva Latorre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alcalde
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Divina Murillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Lichtenberger LM, Bhattarai D, Phan TM, Dial EJ, Uray K. Suppression of contractile activity in the small intestine by indomethacin and omeprazole. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G785-93. [PMID: 25721304 PMCID: PMC4421016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00458.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat a number of conditions, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often used to prevent NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage; however, the effects of NSAIDs on intestinal motility are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of a prototypical NSAID, indomethacin, either alone or in conjunction with the PPI omeprazole, on intestinal motility. Rats were randomly divided into four groups treated with vehicle, omeprazole, indomethacin, or a combination of indomethacin and omeprazole. Intestinal motility and transit were measured along with inflammatory mediators in the intestinal smooth muscle, markers of mucosal damage, and bacterial counts in the intestinal wall. Indomethacin, but not omeprazole, caused mucosal injury indicated by lower gut bleeding; however, both omeprazole and indomethacin suppressed contractile activity and frequency in the distal part of the small intestine. Cotreatment with omeprazole did not reduce indomethacin-induced intestinal bleeding. Furthermore, although indomethacin caused increased inflammation as indicated by increased edema development and inflammatory mediators, cotreatment with omeprazole did not reduce inflammation in the intestinal smooth muscle or prevent the increased bacterial count in the intestinal wall induced by indomethacin. We conclude that both NSAID and PPI treatment suppressed contractile activity in the distal regions of the small intestine. The suppression of intestinal contractility was associated with increased inflammation in both cases; however, indomethacin and omeprazole appear to affect intestinal motility by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard M. Lichtenberger
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Tri M. Phan
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth J. Dial
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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Gonzalo S, Valero MS, Martínez de Salinas F, Vergara C, Arruebo MP, Plaza MÁ, Murillo MD, Grasa L. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 4, IκB Kinase, and the Proteasome in the Intestinal Alterations Caused by Sepsis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1223-31. [PMID: 25371155 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide decreases intestinal contractility and induces the production of cytokines, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. AIM The objective of the present study was to examine the role of Toll-like receptor 4, IκB kinase, and the proteasome in the intestinal alterations induced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS Sepsis was induced in rabbits by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide. Contractility studies of rabbit duodenum were performed in an organ bath. Expressions of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, IκB kinase-α, IκB kinase-β, IκB kinase-γ, and the proteasome mRNA were determined by RT-PCR on rabbit duodenum. RESULTS Neomycin and polymyxin B (Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitors), IKK NBD peptide (IκB kinase complex inhibitor), and MG-132 (proteasome inhibitor) blocked partially the effects of lipopolysaccharide on the acetylcholine-, prostaglandin E2-, substance P-, and KCl-induced contractions in the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of rabbit duodenum. Lipopolysaccharide increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in duodenal tissue, and this effect was partly reversed by neomycin, polymyxin B, IKK NBD peptide, and MG-132. IκB kinase-α, IκB kinase-β, IκB kinase-γ, and the proteasome mRNA expressions was not affected by lipopolysaccharide treatment. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 4, the IκB kinase complex, and the proteasome could be therapeutic targets in the treatment of sepsis symptoms in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gonzalo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, c/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Saragossa, Spain,
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Porfire AS, Leucuţa SE, Kiss B, Loghin F, Pârvu AE. Investigation into the role of Cu/Zn-SOD delivery system on its antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity in rat model of peritonitis. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:670-6. [PMID: 24948070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study evaluated the role of delivery system (solution, conventional liposomes and PEG-ylated liposomes) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis. METHODS Fifty male albino rats (Wistar-Bratislava) were divided into five groups (n=10). Control group received saline and the other four groups received intraperitoneal injections of LPS (5mg/kg). Among the LPS-injected groups, one was LPS control group and the other three groups received the endotoxin injection 30min after receiving the same dose of SOD (500U/kg, ip) in different delivery systems: saline solution (SOD-S), conventional liposomes (SOD-L) or PEG-ylated liposomes (SOD-PL). The animals were euthanized 6h after LPS injection, blood samples were collected and acute phase response (total and differential leukocytes count; tumor necrosis factor α), antioxidants (total antioxidants; reduced glutathione), oxidative stress (total oxidants; lipid peroxidation) and nitrosative stress (nitric oxide metabolites; nitrotyrosine) were evaluated. RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of LPS to rats induced a marked inflammatory and oxidative response in plasma. On the other hand, all SOD formulations had protective effect against endotoxin-induced inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, but PEG-ylated liposomes had the most significant activity. Thus, SOD-PL administration significantly reduced the effects of LPS on bone marrow acute phase response, the oxidative status and production of nitric oxide metabolites, while increasing the markers of antioxidant response in a significant manner. CONCLUSION SOD supplementation interferes both with inflammatory and oxidative pathways involved in LPS-induced acute inflammation, PEG-ylated liposomal formulation being of choice among the tested delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sorin E Leucuţa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bela Kiss
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina E Pârvu
- Department of Physiopathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Guarino MPL, Sessa R, Altomare A, Cocca S, Di Pietro M, Carotti S, Schiavoni G, Alloni R, Emerenziani S, Morini S, Severi C, Cicala M. Human colonic myogenic dysfunction induced by mucosal lipopolysaccharide translocation and oxidative stress. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:1011-6. [PMID: 23891549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of gastrointestinal motility is frequently observed in patients with severe infection. AIM To assess whether exposure of human colonic mucosa to pathogenic lipopolysaccharide affects smooth muscle contractility. METHODS Human colonic mucosa and submucosa were sealed between two chambers, with the luminal side facing upwards and covered with Krebs solution, with or without lipopolysaccharide from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O111:B4; 1,000 ng/mL), and with the submucosal side facing downwards into Krebs. The solution on the submucosal side was collected following 30-min mucosal exposure to Krebs without (N-undernatant) or with lipopolysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide undernatant). Undernatants were tested for lipopolysaccharide and hydrogen peroxide levels and for their effects on smooth muscle cells in the presence of catalase, indomethacin or MG132. RESULTS Smooth muscle cells incubated with N-undernatant had a maximal contraction of 32 ± 5% that was reduced by 62.9 ± 12% when exposed to lipopolysaccharide undernatant. Inhibition of contraction was reversed by catalase, indomethacin and MG132. Lipopolysaccharide levels were higher in the lipopolysaccharide undernatant (2.7 ± 0.7 ng/mL) than in N-undernatant (0.45 ± 0.06 ng/mL) as well as hydrogen peroxide levels (133.75 ± 15.9 vs 82 ± 7.5 nM respectively). CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure of colonic mucosa to pathogenic lipopolysaccharide impairs muscle cell contractility owing to both lipopolysaccharide mucosal translocation and production of free radicals.
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