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Cangiano L, Asteriti S. An Ex Vivo Electroretinographic Apparatus for the mL-Scale Testing of Drugs to One Day and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11346. [PMID: 37511106 PMCID: PMC10380068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
When screening new drugs to treat retinal diseases, ex vivo electroretinography (ERG) potentially combines the experimental throughput of its traditional in vivo counterpart, with greater mechanistic insight and reproducible delivery. To date, this technique was used in experiments with open loop superfusion and lasting up to a few hours. Here, we present a compact apparatus that provides continuous and simultaneous recordings of the scotopic a-waves from four mouse retinas for much longer durations. Crucially, each retina can be incubated at 37 °C in only 2 mL of static medium, enabling the testing of very expensive drugs or nano devices. Light sensitivity and response kinetics of these preparations remain in the physiological range throughout incubation, displaying only very slow drifts. As an example application, we showed that barium, a potassium channel blocker used to abolish the glial component of the ERG, displayed no overt side effects on photoreceptors over several hours. In another example, we fully regenerated a partially bleached retina using a minimal quantity of 9-cis-retinal. Finally, we demonstrated that including antibiotic in the incubation medium extends physiological light responses to over one day. This system represents a necessary stepping stone towards the goal of combining ERG recordings with organotypically cultured retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cangiano
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Asteriti
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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A hybrid stochastic/deterministic model of single photon response and light adaptation in mouse rods. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3720-3734. [PMID: 34285774 PMCID: PMC8258797 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid stochastic/deterministic model of mouse rod phototransduction is presented. Rod photocurrent to photovoltage conversion in darkness is accurately characterized. Photoresponses to dim and bright stimuli and in various mutants are well reproduced. Recently debated molecular mechanisms of the phototransduction cascade are examined.
The phototransduction cascade is paradigmatic for signaling pathways initiated by G protein-coupled receptors and is characterized by a fine regulation of photoreceptor sensitivity and electrical response to a broad range of light stimuli. Here, we present a biochemically comprehensive model of phototransduction in mouse rods based on a hybrid stochastic and deterministic mathematical framework, and a quantitatively accurate description of the rod impedance in the dark. The latter, combined with novel patch clamp recordings from rod outer segments, enables the interconversion of dim flash responses between photovoltage and photocurrent and thus direct comparison with the simulations. The model reproduces the salient features of the experimental photoresponses at very dim and bright stimuli, for both normal photoreceptors and those with genetically modified cascade components. Our modelling approach recapitulates a number of recent findings in vertebrate phototransduction. First, our results are in line with the recently established requirement of dimeric activation of PDE6 by transducin and further show that such conditions can be fulfilled at the expense of a significant excess of G protein activated by rhodopsin. Secondly, simulations suggest a crucial role of the recoverin-mediated Ca2+-feedback on rhodopsin kinase in accelerating the shutoff, when light flashes are delivered in the presence of a light background. Finally, stochastic simulations suggest that transient complexes between dark rhodopsin and transducin formed prior to light stimulation increase the reproducibility of single photon responses. Current limitations of the model are likely associated with the yet unknown mechanisms governing the shutoff of the cascade.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ATP, adenosine-5′-triphosphate
- Arr, arrestin
- BG, background illumination
- CNG, cyclic nucleotide-gated (channel)
- CSM, completely substituted mutant of rhodopsin
- CV, coefficient of variation
- DM, deterministic model
- Dynamic modeling
- E, effector of the phototransduction cascade, activated PDE
- FFT, fast Fourier-transform
- GC, guanylate cyclase
- GCAPs, guanylate cyclase-activating proteins
- GDP, guanosine-5′-diphosphate
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- GTP, guanosine-5′-triphosphate
- Gt, G protein/transducin
- Gα, α-subunit of the G protein
- Gβγ, β- and γ-subunit of the G protein
- HSDM, hybrid stochastic/deterministic model
- Light adaptation
- MPR, multiple photon response
- PDE, phosphodiesterase 6
- Ph, photons
- Phototransduction
- R, rhodopsin
- RGS, regulator of G protein signaling
- RK, rhodopsin kinase
- ROS, rod outer segment
- Rec, recoverin
- Rn, activated rhodopsin that has been phosphorylated n times
- SD, standard deviation
- SPR, single photon response
- Stochastic simulation
- Systems biology
- TTP, time to peak
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- ΔJ, photocurrent
- ΔU, photovoltage
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Cangiano L, Asteriti S. Interphotoreceptor coupling: an evolutionary perspective. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1539-1554. [PMID: 33988778 PMCID: PMC8370920 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, signals generated by cones of different spectral preference and by highly sensitive rod photoreceptors interact at various levels to extract salient visual information. The first opportunity for such interaction is offered by electrical coupling of the photoreceptors themselves, which is mediated by gap junctions located at the contact points of specialised cellular processes: synaptic terminals, telodendria and radial fins. Here, we examine the evolutionary pressures for and against interphotoreceptor coupling, which are likely to have shaped how coupling is deployed in different species. The impact of coupling on signal to noise ratio, spatial acuity, contrast sensitivity, absolute and increment threshold, retinal signal flow and colour discrimination is discussed while emphasising available data from a variety of vertebrate models spanning from lampreys to primates. We highlight the many gaps in our knowledge, persisting discrepancies in the literature, as well as some major unanswered questions on the actual extent and physiological role of cone-cone, rod-cone and rod-rod communication. Lastly, we point toward limited but intriguing evidence suggestive of the ancestral form of coupling among ciliary photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cangiano
- Dept. of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Asteriti
- Dept. of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123, Pisa, Italy
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Barbato S, Marrocco E, Intartaglia D, Pizzo M, Asteriti S, Naso F, Falanga D, Bhat RS, Meola N, Carissimo A, Karali M, Prosser HM, Cangiano L, Surace EM, Banfi S, Conte I. MiR-211 is essential for adult cone photoreceptor maintenance and visual function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17004. [PMID: 29209045 PMCID: PMC5717140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that play an important role in the control of fundamental biological processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Their function in retinal cells is just beginning to be elucidated, and a few have been found to play a role in photoreceptor maintenance and function. MiR-211 is one of the most abundant miRNAs in the developing and adult eye. However, its role in controlling vertebrate visual system development, maintenance and function so far remain incompletely unexplored. Here, by targeted inactivation in a mouse model, we identify a critical role of miR-211 in cone photoreceptor function and survival. MiR-211 knockout (-/-) mice exhibited a progressive cone dystrophy accompanied by significant alterations in visual function. Transcriptome analysis of the retina from miR-211-/- mice during cone degeneration revealed significant alteration of pathways related to cell metabolism. Collectively, this study highlights for the first time the impact of miR-211 function in the retina and significantly contributes to unravelling the role of specific miRNAs in cone photoreceptor function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barbato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Elena Marrocco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Daniela Intartaglia
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Pizzo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sabrina Asteriti
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Naso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Danila Falanga
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Rajeshwari S Bhat
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Nicola Meola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, C.F. Møllers Allé 3 building 1130, 422-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Marianthi Karali
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Haydn M Prosser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Cangiano
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Surace
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy.
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy.
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