1
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Qin C, Michon F, Onuki Y, Ishishita Y, Otani K, Kawai K, Fries P, Gazzola V, Keysers C. Predictability alters information flow during action observation in human electrocorticographic activity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113432. [PMID: 37963020 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The action observation network (AON) has been extensively studied using short, isolated motor acts. How activity in the network is altered when these isolated acts are embedded in meaningful sequences of actions remains poorly understood. Here we utilized intracranial electrocorticography to characterize how the exchange of information across key nodes of the AON-the precentral, supramarginal, and visual cortices-is affected by such embedding and the resulting predictability. We found more top-down beta oscillation from precentral to supramarginal contacts during the observation of predictable actions in meaningful sequences compared to the same actions in randomized, and hence less predictable, order. In addition, we find that expectations enabled by the embedding lead to a suppression of bottom-up visual responses in the high-gamma range in visual areas. These results, in line with predictive coding, inform how nodes of the AON integrate information to process the actions of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Qin
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic Michon
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiyuki Onuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishishita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keisuke Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Keysers
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Garcia-Pelegrin E, Miller R, Wilkins C, Clayton NS. Manual action expectation and biomechanical ability in three species of New World monkey. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1803-1808.e2. [PMID: 37019106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Being able to anticipate another's actions is a crucial ability for social animals because it allows for coordinated reactions. However, little is known regarding how hand morphology and biomechanical ability influences such predictions. Sleight of hand magic capitalizes on the observer's expectations of specific manual movements,1,2 making it an optimal model to investigate the intersection between the ability to manually produce an action and the ability to predict the actions of others. The French drop effect involves mimicking a hand-to-hand object transfer by pantomiming a partially occluded precision grip. Therefore, to be misled by it, the observer ought to infer the opposing movement of the magician's thumb.3 Here, we report how three species of platyrrhine with inherently distinct biomechanical ability4,5,6-common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Humboldt's squirrel monkeys (Saimiri cassiquiarensis), and yellow-breasted capuchins (Sapajus xanthosternos)-experienced this effect. Additionally, we included an adapted version of the trick using a grip that all primates can perform (power grip), thus removing the opposing thumb as the causal agent of the effect. When observing the French drop, only the species with full or partial opposable thumbs were misled by it, just like humans. Conversely, the adapted version of the trick misled all three monkey species, regardless of their manual anatomy. The results provide evidence of a strong interaction between the physical ability to approximate a manual movement and the predictions primates make when observing the actions of others, highlighting the importance of physical factors in shaping the perception of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Garcia-Pelegrin
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117572, Singapore; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Rachael Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Clive Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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3
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Kosugi A, Saga Y, Kudo M, Koizumi M, Umeda T, Seki K. Time course of recovery of different motor functions following a reproducible cortical infarction in non-human primates. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1094774. [PMID: 36846141 PMCID: PMC9947718 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1094774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in human stroke research is interpatient variability in the extent of sensorimotor deficits and determining the time course of recovery following stroke. Although the relationship between the extent of the lesion and the degree of sensorimotor deficits is well established, the factors determining the speed of recovery remain uncertain. To test these experimentally, we created a cortical lesion over the motor cortex using a reproducible approach in four common marmosets, and characterized the time course of recovery by systematically applying several behavioral tests before and up to 8 weeks after creation of the lesion. Evaluation of in-cage behavior and reach-to-grasp movement revealed consistent motor impairments across the animals. In particular, performance in reaching and grasping movements continued to deteriorate until 4 weeks after creation of the lesion. We also found consistent time courses of recovery across animals for in-cage and grasping movements. For example, in all animals, the score for in-cage behaviors showed full recovery at 3 weeks after creation of the lesion, and the performance of grasping movement partially recovered from 4 to 8 weeks. In addition, we observed longer time courses of recovery for reaching movement, which may rely more on cortically initiated control in this species. These results suggest that different recovery speeds for each movement could be influenced by what extent the cortical control is required to properly execute each movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Kosugi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Saga
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kudo
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Kazuhiko Seki ✉
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4
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Healy SD. Adding the neuro to cognition: from food storing to nest building. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:249-260. [PMID: 36482117 PMCID: PMC9876861 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Typically, investigations of animal cognition couple careful experimental manipulations with examination of the animal's behavioural responses. Sometimes those questions have included attempts to describe the neural underpinnings of the behavioural outputs. Over the past 25 years, behaviours that involve spatial learning and memory (such as navigation and food storing) has been one context in which such dual or correlated investigations have been both accessible and productive. Here I review some of that work and where it has led. Because of the wealth of data and insights gained from that work and song learning before it, it seems that it might also be useful to try to add some neurobiology to other systems in animal cognition. I finish then, with a description of recent work on the cognition and neurobiology of avian nest building. It is still relatively early days but asking questions about the cognition of nest building has already shown both neural correlates of nest building and that learning and memory play a much greater role in this behaviour than previously considered. While it is not yet clear how putting these components together will be synergistic, the examples of song learning and food storing provide encouragement. Perhaps this might be true for other behaviours too?
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Healy
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.
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5
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Davis M, Wang Y, Bao S, Buchanan JJ, Wright DL, Lei Y. The Interactions Between Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex during Human Grasping Behaviors. Neuroscience 2021; 485:1-11. [PMID: 34848261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Afferent inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are differentially processed during precision and power grip in humans. However, it remains unclear how S1 interacts with the primary motor cortex (M1) during these two grasping behaviors. To address this question, we measured short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), reflecting S1-M1 interactions via thalamo-cortical pathways, using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during precision and power grip. The TMS coil over the hand representation of M1 was oriented in the posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction to activate distinct sets of corticospinal neurons. We found that SAI increased during precision compared with power grip when AP, but not PA, currents were applied. Notably, SAI tested in the AP direction were similar during two-digit than five-digit precision grip. The M1 receives movement information from S1 through direct cortico-cortical pathways, so intra-hemispheric S1-M1 interactions using dual-site TMS were also evaluated. Stimulation of S1 attenuated M1 excitability (S1-M1 inhibition) during precision and power grip, while the S1-M1 inhibition ratio remained similar across tasks. Taken together,our findings suggest that distinct neural mechanisms for S1-M1 interactions mediate precision and power grip, presumably by modulating neural activity along thalamo-cortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Davis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Yiyu Wang
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Shancheng Bao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - John J Buchanan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - David L Wright
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Yuming Lei
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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6
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Viaro R, Maggiolini E, Farina E, Canto R, Iriki A, D'Ausilio A, Fadiga L. Neurons of rat motor cortex become active during both grasping execution and grasping observation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4405-4412.e4. [PMID: 34433079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In non-human primates, a subset of frontoparietal neurons (mirror neurons) respond both when an individual executes an action and when it observes another individual performing a similar action.1-8 Mirror neurons constitute an observation and execution matching system likely involved in others' actions processing3,5,9 and in a large set of complex cognitive functions.10,11 Here, we show that the forelimb motor cortex of rats contains neurons presenting mirror properties analogous to those observed in macaques. We provide this evidence by event-related potentials acquired by microelectrocorticography and intracortical single-neuron activity, recorded from the same cortical region during grasping execution and observation. Mirror responses are highly specific, because grasping-related neurons do not respond to the observation of either grooming actions or graspable food alone. These results demonstrate that mirror neurons are present already in species phylogenetically distant from primates, suggesting for them a fundamental, albeit basic, role not necessarily related to higher cognitive functions. Moreover, because murine models have long been valued for their superior experimental accessibility and rapid life cycle, the present finding opens an avenue to new empirical studies tackling questions such as the innate or acquired origin of sensorimotor representations and the effects of social and environmental deprivation on sensorimotor development and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emma Maggiolini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuele Farina
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosario Canto
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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7
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Mylavarapu R, Prins NW, Pohlmeyer EA, Shoup AM, Debnath S, Geng S, Sanchez JC, Schwartz O, Prasad A. Chronic recordings from the marmoset motor cortex reveals modulation of neural firing and local field potentials overlap with macaques. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34225263 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The common marmoset has been increasingly used in neural interfacing studies due to its smaller size, easier handling, and faster breeding compared to Old World non-human primate (NHP) species. While assessment of cortical anatomy in marmosets has shown strikingly similar layout to macaques, comprehensive assessment of electrophysiological properties underlying forelimb reaching movements in this bridge species does not exist. The objective of this study is to characterize electrophysiological properties of signals recorded from the marmoset primary motor cortex (M1) during a reach task and compare with larger NHP models such that this smaller NHP model can be used in behavioral neural interfacing studies.Approach and main results.Neuronal firing rates and local field potentials (LFPs) were chronically recorded from M1 in three adult, male marmosets. Firing rates, mu + beta and high gamma frequency bands of LFPs were evaluated for modulation with respect to movement. Firing rate and regularity of neurons of the marmoset M1 were similar to that reported in macaques with a subset of neurons showing selectivity to movement direction. Movement phases (rest vs move) was classified from both neural spiking and LFPs. Microelectrode arrays provide the ability to sample small regions of the motor cortex to drive brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). The results demonstrate that marmosets are a robust bridge species for behavioral neuroscience studies with motor cortical electrophysiological signals recorded from microelectrode arrays that are similar to Old World NHPs.Significance. As marmosets represent an interesting step between rodent and macaque models, successful demonstration that neuron modulation in marmoset motor cortex is analogous to reports in macaques illustrates the utility of marmosets as a viable species for BMI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanamurthy Mylavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL United States of America
| | - Noeline W Prins
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Eric A Pohlmeyer
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Alden M Shoup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL United States of America
| | - Shubham Debnath
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Shijia Geng
- Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Odelia Schwartz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL United States of America.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL United States of America
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8
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Bakola S, Burman KJ, Bednarek S, Chan JM, Jermakow N, Worthy KH, Majka P, Rosa MGP. Afferent Connections of Cytoarchitectural Area 6M and Surrounding Cortex in the Marmoset: Putative Homologues of the Supplementary and Pre-supplementary Motor Areas. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:41-62. [PMID: 34255833 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical projections to the caudomedial frontal cortex were studied using retrograde tracers in marmosets. We tested the hypothesis that cytoarchitectural area 6M includes homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas (SMA and pre-SMA) of other primates. We found that, irrespective of the injection sites' location within 6M, over half of the labeled neurons were located in motor and premotor areas. Other connections originated in prefrontal area 8b, ventral anterior and posterior cingulate areas, somatosensory areas (3a and 1-2), and areas on the rostral aspect of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Although the origin of afferents was similar, injections in rostral 6M received higher percentages of prefrontal afferents, and fewer somatosensory afferents, compared to caudal injections, compatible with differentiation into SMA and pre-SMA. Injections rostral to 6M (area 8b) revealed a very different set of connections, with increased emphasis on prefrontal and posterior cingulate afferents, and fewer parietal afferents. The connections of 6M were also quantitatively different from those of the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor areas, and cingulate motor area 24d. These results show that the cortical motor control circuit is conserved in simian primates, indicating that marmosets can be valuable models for studying movement planning and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bakola
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sylwia Bednarek
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Natalia Jermakow
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Monash University Node, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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9
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Tia B, Pifferi F. Oscillatory Activity in Mouse Lemur Primary Motor Cortex During Natural Locomotor Behavior. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:655980. [PMID: 34220457 PMCID: PMC8249816 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.655980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In arboreal environments, substrate orientation determines the biomechanical strategy for postural maintenance and locomotion. In this study, we investigated possible neuronal correlates of these mechanisms in an ancestral primate model, the gray mouse lemur. We conducted telemetric recordings of electrocorticographic activity in left primary motor cortex of two mouse lemurs moving on a branch-like small-diameter pole, fixed horizontally, or vertically. Analysis of cortical oscillations in high β (25–35 Hz) and low γ (35–50 Hz) bands showed stronger resting power on horizontal than vertical substrate, potentially illustrating sensorimotor processes for postural maintenance. Locomotion on horizontal substrate was associated with stronger event-related desynchronization than vertical substrate, which could relate to locomotor adjustments and/or derive from differences in baseline activity. Spectrograms of cortical activity showed modulation throughout individual locomotor cycles, with higher values in the first than second half cycle. However, substrate orientation did not significantly influence these variations. Overall, these results confirm that specific cortical mechanisms are solicited during arboreal locomotion, whereby mouse lemurs adjust cortical activity to substrate orientation during static posture and locomotion, and modulate this activity throughout locomotor cycles.
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10
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Chen CY, Matrov D, Veale R, Onoe H, Yoshida M, Miura K, Isa T. Properties of visually guided saccadic behavior and bottom-up attention in marmoset, macaque, and human. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:437-457. [PMID: 33356912 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades are stereotypic behaviors whose investigation improves our understanding of how primate brains implement precise motor control. Furthermore, saccades offer an important window into the cognitive and attentional state of the brain. Historically, saccade studies have largely relied on macaques. However, the cortical network giving rise to the saccadic command is difficult to study in macaques because relevant cortical areas lie in deep sulci and are difficult to access. Recently, a New World monkey. the marmoset, has garnered attention as an alternative to macaques because of advantages including its smooth cortical surface. However, adoption of the marmoset for oculomotor research has been limited due to a lack of in-depth descriptions of marmoset saccade kinematics and their ability to perform psychophysical tasks. Here, we directly compare free-viewing and visually guided behavior of marmoset, macaque, and human engaged in identical tasks under similar conditions. In the video free-viewing task, all species exhibited qualitatively similar saccade kinematics up to 25° in amplitude although with different parameters. Furthermore, the conventional bottom-up saliency model predicted gaze targets at similar rates for all species. We further verified their visually guided behavior by training them with step and gap saccade tasks. In the step paradigm, marmosets did not show shorter saccade reaction time for upward saccades whereas macaques and humans did. In the gap paradigm, all species showed similar gap effect and express saccades. Our results suggest that the marmoset can serve as a model for oculomotor, attentional, and cognitive research while we need to be aware of their difference from macaque or human.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We directly compared the results of a video free-viewing task and visually guided saccade tasks (step and gap) among three different species: marmoset, macaque, and human. We found that all species exhibit qualitatively similar saccadic kinematics and saliency-driven saccadic behavior albeit with different parameters. Our results suggest that the marmoset possesses similar neural mechanisms to macaque and human for saccadic control, and it is an appropriate model to study neural mechanisms for active vision and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Denis Matrov
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Veale
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; .,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Cléry JC, Hori Y, Schaeffer DJ, Gati JS, Pruszynski JA, Everling S. Whole brain mapping of somatosensory responses in awake marmosets investigated with ultra-high-field fMRI. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1900-1913. [PMID: 33112698 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00480.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied New World primate that is becoming an important model to study brain functions. Despite several studies exploring the somatosensory system of marmosets, all results have come from anesthetized animals using invasive techniques and postmortem analyses. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility for getting high-quality and reproducible somatosensory mapping in awake marmosets with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We acquired fMRI sequences in four animals, while they received tactile stimulation (via air-puffs), delivered to the face, arm, or leg. We found a topographic body representation with the leg representation in the most medial part, the face representation in the most lateral part, and the arm representation between leg and face representation within areas 3a, 3b, and 1/2. A similar sequence from leg to face from caudal to rostral sites was identified in areas S2 and PV. By generating functional connectivity maps of seeds defined in the primary and second somatosensory regions, we identified two clusters of tactile representation within the posterior and midcingulate cortex. However, unlike humans and macaques, no clear somatotopic maps were observed. At the subcortical level, we found a somatotopic body representation in the thalamus and, for the first time in marmosets, in the putamen. These maps have similar organizations, as those previously found in Old World macaque monkeys and humans, suggesting that these subcortical somatotopic organizations were already established before Old and New World primates diverged. Our results show the first whole brain mapping of somatosensory responses acquired in a noninvasive way in awake marmosets.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used somatosensory stimulation combined with functional MRI (fMRI) in awake marmosets to reveal the topographic body representation in areas S1, S2, thalamus, and putamen. We showed the existence of a body representation organization within the thalamus and the cingulate cortex by computing functional connectivity maps from seeds defined in S1/S2, using resting-state fMRI data. This noninvasive approach will be essential for chronic studies by guiding invasive recording and manipulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine C Cléry
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuki Hori
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph S Gati
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Tia B, Takemi M, Kosugi A, Castagnola E, Ricci D, Ushiba J, Fadiga L, Iriki A. Spectral Power in Marmoset Frontal Motor Cortex during Natural Locomotor Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:1077-1089. [PMID: 33068002 PMCID: PMC7786367 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During primate arboreal locomotion, substrate orientation modifies body axis orientation and biomechanical contribution of fore- and hindlimbs. To characterize the role of cortical oscillations in integrating these locomotor demands, we recorded electrocorticographic activity from left dorsal premotor, primary motor, and supplementary motor cortices of three common marmosets moving across a branch-like small-diameter pole, fixed horizontally or vertically. Animals displayed behavioral adjustments to the task, namely, the horizontal condition mainly induced quadrupedal walk with pronated/neutral forelimb postures, whereas the vertical condition induced walk and bound gaits with supinated/neutral postures. Examination of cortical activity suggests that β (16–35 Hz) and γ (75–100 Hz) oscillations could reflect different processes in locomotor adjustments. During task, modulation of γ ERS by substrate orientation (horizontal/vertical) and epoch (preparation/execution) suggests close tuning to movement dynamics and biomechanical demands. β ERD was essentially modulated by gait (walk/bound), which could illustrate contribution to movement sequence and coordination. At rest, modulation of β power by substrate orientation underlines its role in sensorimotor processes for postural maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banty Tia
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mitsuaki Takemi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akito Kosugi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.,Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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14
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Common marmoset as a model primate for study of the motor control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 64:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Lanzilotto M, Ferroni CG, Livi A, Gerbella M, Maranesi M, Borra E, Passarelli L, Gamberini M, Fogassi L, Bonini L, Orban GA. Anterior Intraparietal Area: A Hub in the Observed Manipulative Action Network. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1816-1833. [PMID: 30766996 PMCID: PMC6418391 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge regarding the processing of observed manipulative actions (OMAs) (e.g., grasping, dragging, or dropping) is limited to grasping and underlying neural circuitry remains controversial. Here, we addressed these issues by combining chronic neuronal recordings along the anteroposterior extent of monkeys’ anterior intraparietal (AIP) area with tracer injections into the recorded sites. We found robust neural selectivity for 7 distinct OMAs, particularly in the posterior part of AIP (pAIP), where it was associated with motor coding of grip type and own-hand visual feedback. This cluster of functional properties appears to be specifically grounded in stronger direct connections of pAIP with the temporal regions of the ventral visual stream and the prefrontal cortex, as connections with skeletomotor related areas and regions of the dorsal visual stream exhibited opposite or no rostrocaudal gradients. Temporal and prefrontal areas may provide visual and contextual information relevant for manipulative action processing. These results revise existing models of the action observation network, suggesting that pAIP constitutes a parietal hub for routing information about OMA identity to the other nodes of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lanzilotto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Livi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maranesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Lauretta Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Gamberini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bonini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Guy A Orban
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
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16
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Umeda T, Koizumi M, Katakai Y, Saito R, Seki K. Decoding of muscle activity from the sensorimotor cortex in freely behaving monkeys. Neuroimage 2019; 197:512-526. [PMID: 31015029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable advances have recently been made in the development of Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) technologies for restoring or enhancing motor function. However, the application of these technologies may be limited to patients in static conditions, as these developments have been largely based on studies of animals (e.g., non-human primates) in constrained movement conditions. The ultimate goal of BMI technology is to enable individuals to move their bodies naturally or control external devices without physical constraints. Here, we demonstrate accurate decoding of muscle activity from electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals in unrestrained, freely behaving monkeys. We recorded ECoG signals from the sensorimotor cortex as well as electromyogram signals from multiple muscles in the upper arm while monkeys performed two types of movements with no physical restraints, as follows: forced forelimb movement (lever-pull task) and natural whole-body movement (free movement within the cage). As in previous reports using restrained monkeys, we confirmed that muscle activity during forced forelimb movement was accurately predicted from simultaneously recorded ECoG data. More importantly, we demonstrated that accurate prediction of muscle activity from ECoG data was possible in monkeys performing natural whole-body movement. We found that high-gamma activity in the primary motor cortex primarily contributed to the prediction of muscle activity during natural whole-body movement as well as forced forelimb movement. In contrast, the contribution of high-gamma activity in the premotor and primary somatosensory cortices was significantly larger during natural whole-body movement. Thus, activity in a larger area of the sensorimotor cortex was needed to predict muscle activity during natural whole-body movement. Furthermore, decoding models obtained from forced forelimb movement could not be generalized to natural whole-body movement, which suggests that decoders should be built individually and according to different behavior types. These results contribute to the future application of BMI systems in unrestrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan.
| | - Masashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan
| | - Yuko Katakai
- Administrative Section of Primate Research Facility, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan; The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050003, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Administrative Section of Primate Research Facility, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan.
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17
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Fox DM, Mundinano IC, Bourne JA. Prehensile kinematics of the marmoset monkey: Implications for the evolution of visually-guided behaviors. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1495-1507. [PMID: 30680739 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the primate lineage, there is a wide diversity of prehensile capacity that is thought to stem from individual species foraging patterns. While many studies have explored primates with precise hand grips, such as higher apes, few have considered primates that lack opposition movements. The New World marmoset monkey occupies an intriguing niche, displaying adept control of their hand movements yet their absence of opposable digits results in relatively imprecise grasping actions when compared with those observed in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. The marmoset monkey offers a unique composition of ancestral primate corticospinal organization combined with skilled hand use to explore the evolution and development of visually-guided actions. In this study, four adult marmosets were trained to perform a series of visually-guided tasks, designed to assess their control over locating and retrieving objects of differing dimensions. Two of these animals received a neonatal lesion of the inferior pulvinar (unilateral), a thalamic nucleus previously demonstrated to be involved in visuomotor development. The kinematics of their reaching and grasping patterns were recorded for offline analysis. Predictive modeling revealed that maximum grip aperture, time to reach peak velocity and hand use were reliable predictors of distinguishing between cohorts. A consistent feature observed across all tasks was that they do not precisely scale their grip according to the dimensions of the target object which may be attributed to their lack of independent digit control. Therefore, the marmoset monkey represents a previously understudied position in the evolution of primate reach and grasp behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Fox
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inaki-Carril Mundinano
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Development of stereotaxic recording system for awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2018; 135:37-45. [PMID: 29317247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset has been proposed as a potential alternative to macaque monkey as a primate model for neuroscience and medical research. Here, we have newly developed a stereotaxic neuronal recording system for awake marmosets under the head-fixed condition by modifying that for macaque monkeys. Using this system, we recorded neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex of awake marmosets and successfully identified the primary motor cortex by intracortical microstimulation. Neuronal activities of deep brain structures, such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum, in awake marmosets were also successfully recorded referring to magnetic resonance images. Our system is suitable for functional mapping of the brain, since the large recording chamber allows access to arbitrary regions over almost the entire brain, and the recording electrode can be easily moved stereotaxically from one site to another. In addition, our system is desirable for neuronal recording during task performance to assess motor skills and cognitive function, as the marmoset sits in the marmoset chair and can freely use its hands. Moreover, our system can be used in combination with cutting-edge techniques, such as two-photon imaging and optogenetic manipulation. This recording system will contribute to boosting neuroscience and medical research using marmosets.
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19
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Isa T. Using the common marmoset for neurophysiological studies of neocortical functions. J Physiol 2017; 595:7013. [PMID: 29034468 DOI: 10.1113/jp275115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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20
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Takemi M, Castagnola E, Ansaldo A, Ricci D, Fadiga L, Taoka M, Iriki A, Ushiba J. Rapid Identification of Cortical Motor Areas in Rodents by High-Frequency Automatic Cortical Stimulation and Novel Motor Threshold Algorithm. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:580. [PMID: 29089866 PMCID: PMC5651028 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical stimulation mapping is a valuable tool to test the functional organization of the motor cortex in both basic neurophysiology (e.g., elucidating the process of motor plasticity) and clinical practice (e.g., before resecting brain tumors involving the motor cortex). However, compilation of motor maps based on the motor threshold (MT) requires a large number of cortical stimulations and is therefore time consuming. Shortening the time for mapping may reduce stress on the subjects and unveil short-term plasticity mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to establish a cortical stimulation mapping procedure in which the time needed to identify a motor area is reduced to the order of minutes without compromising reliability. We developed an automatic motor mapping system that applies epidural cortical surface stimulations (CSSs) through one-by-one of 32 micro-electrocorticographic electrodes while examining the muscles represented in a cortical region. The next stimulus intensity was selected according to previously evoked electromyographic responses in a closed-loop fashion. CSS was repeated at 4 Hz and electromyographic responses were submitted to a newly proposed algorithm estimating the MT with smaller number of stimuli with respect to traditional approaches. The results showed that in all tested rats (n = 12) the motor area maps identified by our novel mapping procedure (novel MT algorithm and 4-Hz CSS) significantly correlated with the maps achieved by the conventional MT algorithm with 1-Hz CSS. The reliability of the both mapping methods was very high (intraclass correlation coefficients ≧0.8), while the time needed for the mapping was one-twelfth shorter with the novel method. Furthermore, the motor maps assessed by intracortical microstimulation and the novel CSS mapping procedure in two rats were compared and were also significantly correlated. Our novel mapping procedure that determined a cortical motor area within a few minutes could help to study the functional significance of short-term plasticity in motor learning and recovery from brain injuries. Besides this advantage, particularly in the case of human patients or experimental animals that are less trained to remain at rest, shorter mapping time is physically and mentally less demanding and might allow the evaluation of motor maps in awake individuals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Takemi
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Ansaldo
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy.,Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Miki Taoka
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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