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Gallina A, Abboud J, Blouin JS. Vestibular control of deep and superficial lumbar muscles. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:516-528. [PMID: 38230879 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00171.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The active control of the lumbar musculature provides a stable platform critical for postures and goal-directed movements. Voluntary and perturbation-evoked motor commands can recruit individual lumbar muscles in a task-specific manner according to their presumed biomechanics. Here, we investigated the vestibular control of the deep and superficial lumbar musculature. Ten healthy participants were exposed to noisy electrical vestibular stimulation while balancing upright with their head facing forward, left, or right to characterize the differential modulation in the vestibular-evoked lumbar extensor responses in generating multidirectional whole body motion. We quantified the activation of the lumbar muscles on the right side using indwelling [deep multifidus, superficial multifidus, caudal longissimus (L4), and cranial longissimus (L1)] and high-density surface recordings. We characterized the vestibular-evoked responses using coherence and peak-to-peak cross-covariance amplitude between the vestibular and electromyographic signals. Participants exhibited responses in all lumbar muscles. The vestibular control of the lumbar musculature exhibited muscle-specific modulations: responses were larger in the longissimus (combined cranio-caudal) compared with the multifidus (combined deep-superficial) when participants faced forward (P < 0.001) and right (P = 0.011) but not when they faced left. The high-density surface recordings partly supported this observation: the location of the responses was more lateral when facing right compared with left (P < 0.001). The vestibular control of muscle subregions within the longissimus or the multifidus was similar. Our results demonstrate muscle-specific vestibular control of the lumbar muscles in response to perturbations of vestibular origin. The lack of differential activation of lumbar muscle subregions suggests the vestibular control of these subregions is co-regulated for standing balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the vestibular control of the deep and superficial lumbar extensor muscles using electrical vestibular stimuli. Vestibular stimuli elicited preferential activation of the longissimus muscle over the multifidus muscle. We did not observe clear regional activation of lumbar muscle subregions in response to the vestibular stimuli. Our findings show that the central nervous system can finely tune the vestibular control of individual lumbar muscles and suggest minimal regional variations in the activation of lumbar muscle subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gallina
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Abboud
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Brouwer NP, Kingma I, van Dijk W, van Dieën JH. Can intermittent changes in trunk extensor muscle length delay muscle fatigue development? J Biomech 2024; 162:111881. [PMID: 38049364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle length changes may evoke alternating activity and consequently reduce local fatigue and pain during prolonged static bending. The aim of this study was to assess whether a postural intervention involving intermittent trunk extensor muscle length changes (INTERMITTENT) can delay muscle fatigue during prolonged static bending when compared to a near-isometric condition (ISOMETRIC) or when participants were allowed to voluntarily vary muscle length (VOLUNTARY). These three conditions were completed by 11 healthy fit male participants, in three separate sessions of standing with 30 ± 3 degrees trunk inclination until exhaustion. Conventional and high-density electromyography (convEMG and HDsEMG, respectively) were measured on the left and right side of the spine, respectively. The endurance time for INTERMITTENT was 33.6% greater than ISOMETRIC (95% CI: [3.8, 63.5]; p = 0.027) and 29.4% greater than VOLUNTARY (95% CI: [7.0, 51.7]; p = 0.010), but not different between ISOMETRIC and VOLUNTARY. The convEMG and HDsEMG amplitude coefficient of variation was significantly greater for INTERMITTENT versus ISOMETRIC. The rate of change in convEMG and HDsEMG spectral content did not reveal significant differences between conditions as found in endurance time. Additional regression analyses between endurance time and rate of change in convEMG (p > 0.05) and HDsEMG (R2 = 0.39-0.65, p = 0.005-0.039) spectral content indicated that HDsEMG better reflects fatigue development in low-level contractions. In conclusion, imposed intermittent trunk extensor muscle length changes delayed muscle fatigue development when compared to a near-isometric condition or when participants were allowed to voluntarily vary muscle length, possibly due to evoking alternating activity between/within trunk extensor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels P Brouwer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Idsart Kingma
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Marineau-Bélanger E, Vaurs M, Roy J, O'Shaughnessy J, Descarreaux M, Abboud J. Fatigue task-dependent effect on spatial distribution of lumbar muscles activity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 73:102837. [PMID: 37951033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify how spatial distribution of lumbar muscle activity is modulated by different fatigue tasks. Twenty healthy adults performed two different isometric trunk extension endurance tasks (the modified Sorensen test and the inverted modified Sorensen test) until exhaustion. During these tasks, bilateral superficial lumbar muscle activity was recorded using high-density electromyography. The spatial distribution of activation within these muscles was obtained using the centroid coordinates in the medio-lateral and cranio-caudal directions. The effects of task and endurance time (left and right sides) were investigated using repeated measures ANOVA. Results revealed a significant lateral shift of the centroid throughout the fatigue tasks on both sides and no difference between tasks. Significant task × time interaction effects were found for the cranio-caudal direction on both sides showing a significantly more caudal location of the centroid in the modified Sorensen test compared to the inverted test at the beginning of the tasks. Our findings suggest that spatial distribution of lumbar muscle activity is task-dependent in a pre-fatigue stage while an alternative but similar muscle recruitment strategy is used in both tasks to maintain performance in the later stages of muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Marineau-Bélanger
- Département d'Anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G8Z 4M3, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques, GRAN, Canada
| | - Martin Vaurs
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 Allée Jean Monnet, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Justin Roy
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G8Z 4M3, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques, GRAN, Canada
| | - Julie O'Shaughnessy
- Département de Chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G8Z 4M3, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques, GRAN, Canada
| | - Martin Descarreaux
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G8Z 4M3, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques, GRAN, Canada
| | - Jacques Abboud
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G8Z 4M3, Canada; Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques, GRAN, Canada.
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de Rond V, Hulzinga F, Baggen RJ, de Vries A, de Xivry JJO, Pantall A, Nieuwboer A. Lower back muscle activity during weight-shifting is affected by ageing and dual-tasking. Exp Gerontol 2023; 181:112271. [PMID: 37597710 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postural control deteriorates with age, especially under dual-task conditions. It is currently unknown how a challenging virtual reality weight-shifting task affects lower back muscle activity. Hence, this study investigated erector spinae neuromuscular control during mediolateral weight-shifting as part of an exergame during single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions in young and older adults. METHODS Seventeen young and 17 older adults performed mediolateral weight-shifts while hitting virtual wasps in a virtual environment with and without a serial subtraction task (DT). Center of mass position was recorded in real-time using 3D motion capturing. Electromyography recorded bilateral activation of the lumbar longissimus and iliocostalis muscles. RESULTS Weight-shifting (p < 0.03) and targeting the wasps (p < 0.005) deteriorated with age and DT. Relative muscle activation during both quiet stance and weight-shifting increased with age, while the DT-effect did not differ consistently between age-groups. However, bilateral muscle co-contraction decreased with DT in young adults only. When switching direction and targeting the wasps, variability of muscle activation increased with age and DT and proved related to worse targeting performance. These effects were mainly visible at the non-dominant body side. CONCLUSION Older adults showed a higher erector spinae muscle contribution to perform weight-shifts with increased variability at the end of a shift, whereby muscle activity was modulated less well in older than in young adults in response to DT. Hence, the current findings point to the potential for developing postural training in which older adults learn to fine-tune trunk muscle activity to improve weight-shifting and reduce fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle de Rond
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Femke Hulzinga
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Aijse de Vries
- Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Healthy Living, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Motor Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Pantall
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
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Abboud J, Ducas J, Marineau-Bélanger É, Gallina A. Lumbar muscle adaptations to external perturbations are modulated by trunk posture. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2191-2202. [PMID: 37247004 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if the recruitment of different regions within the lumbar extensor muscles in response to unexpected perturbations depends on trunk posture. METHODS In a semi-seated posture, healthy adult participants experienced unexpected posterior-anterior trunk perturbations in three different postures: neutral, trunk flexion and left trunk rotation. High-density surface electromyography was used to identify the regional distribution of activation within the lumbar erector spinae muscles. The effect of posture and side (left vs right) on muscle activity and centroid coordinates was investigated at baseline and in response to perturbations. RESULTS Higher muscle activity was observed in trunk flexion compared to neutral and rotation postures at baseline (multiple p < 0.001) and in response to the perturbation (multiple p < 0.01). At baseline, the centroid of the electromyographic amplitude distribution was localized more medially in trunk flexion compared to trunk neutral posture (p = 0.003), while activation was localized more laterally in response to the perturbation (multiple p < 0.05). When the trunk was rotated, the electromyographic amplitude distribution was localized more cranially on the left than the right side, both at baseline (p = 0.001) and in response to the perturbation (p = 0.001). Finally, a more lateral location of the centroid on the left side in rotation compared to neutral posture was observed in response to the perturbation (multiple p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Regional differences in the distribution of electromyographic amplitude indicate that different muscle regions were recruited in different trunk postures and in response to perturbations, possibly based on regional mechanical advantage of the erector spinae muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Abboud
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques GRAN, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada.
| | - Julien Ducas
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques GRAN, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Émile Marineau-Bélanger
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Affections Neuromusculosquelettiques GRAN, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Alessio Gallina
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Reliability of high-density surface electromyography for assessing characteristics of the thoracic erector spinae during static and dynamic tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 67:102703. [PMID: 36096034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish intra- and inter-session reliability of high-density surface electromyography (HDEMG)-derived parameters from the thoracic erector spinae (ES) during static and dynamic goal-directed voluntary movements of the trunk, and during functional reaching tasks. METHODS Twenty participants performed: 1) static trunk extension, 2) dynamic trunk forward and lateral flexion, and 3) multidirectional functional reaching tasks on two occasions separated by 7.5 ± 1.2 days. Muscle activity was recorded bilaterally from the thoracic ES. Root mean square (RMS), coordinates of the barycentre, mean frequency (MNF), and entropy were derived from the HDEMG signals. Reliability was determined with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation, and standard error of measurement. RESULTS Good-to-excellent intra-session reliability was found for all parameters and tasks (ICC: 0.79-0.99), whereas inter-session reliability varied across tasks. Static tasks demonstrated higher reliability in most parameters compared to functional and dynamic tasks. Absolute RMS and MNF showed the highest overall reliability across tasks (ICC: 0.66-0.98), while reliability of the barycentre was influenced by the direction of the movements. CONCLUSION RMS and MNF derived from HDEMG show consistent inter-session reliability in goal-directed voluntary movements of the trunk and reaching tasks, whereas the measures of the barycentre and entropy demonstrate task-dependent reliability.
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Abboud J, Lessard A, Descarreaux M. Superficial lumbar muscle recruitment strategies to control the trunk with delayed-onset muscle soreness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2573-2583. [PMID: 34095975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lumbar region offers various muscle recruitment strategies to achieve a task goal under varying conditions. For instance, trunk movement control can be reorganized under the influence of low back pain. How such task-modulation is obtained is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to characterize superficial lumbar muscle recruitment strategies under the influence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) during unexpected trunk perturbations. METHODS Healthy participants experienced a series of 15 sudden external perturbations with and without the influence of low back DOMS. During these perturbations, high-density surface electromyography was used to characterize recruitment strategies of superficial lumbar muscles, while kinematics sensors were used to characterize movements of the trunk. Lumbar muscle recruitment strategies, characterized by the amplitude of muscle activity amplitude, the latencies of the reflex activity and the spatial distribution of muscle activity, were compared across perturbations trials and with and without DOMS. RESULTS An attenuation of lumbar muscle activity amplitude was observed across perturbation trials without DOMS, but not with DOMS. The spatial distribution of muscle activity was similar with and without DOMS. No significant changes in reflex activity latency and trunk flexion movement were observed. CONCLUSIONS Following an unexpected trunk perturbation under DOMS effects, trunk movement are controlled using two different superficial lumbar muscles control strategies: keeping a constant level of their overall muscle activity and using a variable muscle recruitment pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Abboud
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Arianne Lessard
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Martin Descarreaux
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada
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Serafino F, Trucco M, Occhionero A, Cerone GL, Chiarotto A, Vieira T, Gallina A. Understanding regional activation of thoraco-lumbar muscles in chronic low back pain and its relationship to clinically relevant domains. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:432. [PMID: 33975570 PMCID: PMC8114502 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered regional activation of the lumbar extensors has been previously observed in individuals with low back pain (LBP) performing high-effort and fatiguing tasks. It is currently unknown whether similar alterations can be observed during low-effort functional tasks. Similarly, previous studies did not investigate whether side differences in regional activation are present in individuals with LBP. Finally, there is limited evidence of whether the extent of the alteration of regional activation is associated with clinical factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether individuals with LBP exhibit asymmetric regional activation of the thoraco-lumbar extensor muscles during functional tasks, and if the extent of neuromuscular control alteration is associated with clinical and psychosocial outcome domains. METHODS 21 participants with and 21 without LBP performed five functional tasks (gait, sit-to-stand, forward trunk flexion, shoulder flexion and anterior pelvic tilt). The spatial distribution of activation of the thoraco-lumbar extensor muscles was assessed bilaterally using high-density electromyography. For each side, the distribution of electromyographic (EMG) amplitude was characterized in terms of intensity, location and size. Indices of asymmetry were calculated from these features and comparisons between groups and tasks were performed using ANOVA. The features that significantly differed between groups were correlated with self-reported measures of pain intensity and other outcome domains. RESULTS Indices of asymmetry did not differ between participants with and without LBP (p > 0.11). The cranio-caudal location of the activation differed between tasks (p < 0.05), but not between groups (p = 0.64). Participants with LBP showed reduced EMG amplitude during anterior pelvic tilt and loading response phase during gait (both p < 0.05). Pearson correlation revealed that greater pain intensity was associated with lower EMG amplitude for both tasks (R<-0.5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite clear differences between tasks, individuals with and without LBP exhibited similar distributions of EMG amplitude during low-effort functional activities, both within and between sides. However, individuals with LBP demonstrated lower activation of the thoraco-lumbar muscles during gait and anterior pelvic tilt, especially those reporting higher pain intensity. These results have implications in the development or refinement of assessment and intervention strategies focusing on motor control in patients with chronic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Serafino
- Presidio Sanitario San Camillo, Torino, Italy.,Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, BO, Italy
| | - Marco Trucco
- Presidio Sanitario San Camillo, Torino, Italy.,Degree course of Physiotherapy, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Luigi Cerone
- Laboratory for the Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Politecnico of Torino, Torino, Italy.,PoliTo BIO Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiarotto
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taian Vieira
- Laboratory for the Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Politecnico of Torino, Torino, Italy.,PoliTo BIO Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Gallina
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Falla D, Gallina A. New insights into pain-related changes in muscle activation revealed by high-density surface electromyography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 52:102422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Héroux ME. Back up, did you just say 'localised activity in a human back muscle with possible functional implications'! J Physiol 2019; 598:211-212. [PMID: 31788801 DOI: 10.1113/jp279193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Héroux
- Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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