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Shaw DM, Harrell JW. Integrating physiological monitoring systems in military aviation: a brief narrative review of its importance, opportunities, and risks. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:2242-2254. [PMID: 36946542 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2194592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Military pilots risk their lives during training and operations. Advancements in aerospace engineering, flight profiles, and mission demands may require the pilot to test the safe limits of their physiology. Monitoring pilot physiology (e.g. heart rate, oximetry, and respiration) inflight is in consideration by several nations to inform pilots of reduced performance capacity and guide future developments in aircraft and life-support system design. Numerous challenges, however, prevent the immediate operationalisation of physiological monitoring sensors, particularly their unreliability in the aerospace environment and incompatibility with pilot clothing and protective equipment. Human performance and behaviour are also highly variable and measuring these in controlled laboratory settings do not mirror the real-world conditions pilots must endure. Misleading or erroneous predictive models are unacceptable as these could compromise mission success and lose operator trust. This narrative review provides an overview of considerations for integrating physiological monitoring systems within the military aviation environment.Practitioner summary: Advancements in military technology can conflictingly enhance and compromise pilot safety and performance. We summarise some of the opportunities, limitations, and risks of integrating physiological monitoring systems within military aviation. Our intent is to catalyse further research and technological development.Abbreviations: AGS: anti-gravity suit; AGSM: anti-gravity straining manoeuvre; A-LOC: almost loss of consciousness; CBF: cerebral blood flow; ECG: electrocardiogram; EEG: electroencephalogram; fNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy; G-forces: gravitational forces; G-LOC: gravity-induced loss of consciousness; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; LSS: life-support system; NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; PE: Physiological Episode; PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2: partial pressure of oxygen; OBOGS: on board oxygen generating systems; SpO2: peripheral blood haemoglobin-oxygen saturation; STANAG: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Standardisation Agreement; UPE: Unexplained Physiological Episode; WBV: whole body vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Shaw
- Aviation Medicine Unit, Royal New Zealand Air Force Base Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John W Harrell
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
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Gao Y, Han H, Du J, He Q, Jia Y, Yan J, Dai H, Cui B, Yang J, Wei X, Yang L, Wang R, Long R, Ren Q, Yang X, Lu J. Early changes to the extracellular space in the hippocampus under simulated microgravity conditions. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:604-617. [PMID: 34185240 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The smooth transportation of substances through the brain extracellular space (ECS) is crucial to maintaining brain function; however, the way this occurs under simulated microgravity remains unclear. In this study, tracer-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DECS-mapping techniques were used to image the drainage of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) from the ECS of the hippocampus in a tail-suspended hindlimb-unloading rat model at day 3 (HU-3) and 7 (HU-7). The results indicated that drainage of the ISF was accelerated in the HU-3 group but slowed markedly in the HU-7 group. The tortuosity of the ECS decreased in the HU-3 group but increased in the HU-7 group, while the volume fraction of the ECS increased in both groups. The diffusion rate within the ECS increased in the HU-3 group and decreased in the HU-7 group. The alterations to ISF drainage and diffusion in the ECS were recoverable in the HU-3 group, but neither parameter was restored in the HU-7 group. Our findings suggest that early changes to the hippocampal ECS and ISF drainage under simulated microgravity can be detected by tracer-based MRI, providing a new perspective for studying microgravity-induced nano-scale structure abnormities and developing neuroprotective approaches involving the brain ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Gao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jichen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.,Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace Clinical College, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qingyuan He
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace Clinical College, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace Clinical College, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ren Long
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
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Xing C, Gao Y, Wang X, Xing W, Liu Y, Lei Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Yuan L, Gao F. Cuff-Method Thigh Arterial Occlusion Counteracts Cerebral Hypoperfusion Against the Push-Pull Effect in Humans. Front Physiol 2021; 12:672351. [PMID: 34220534 PMCID: PMC8243772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.672351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acute transition from negative (−Gz) to positive (+ Gz) gravity significantly impairs cerebral perfusion in pilots of high-performance aircraft during push—pull maneuver. This push—pull effect may raise the risk for loss of vision or consciousness. The aim of the present study was to explore effective countermeasures against cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the push—pull effect. Twenty healthy young volunteers (male, 21 ± 1 year old) were tested during the simulated push–pull maneuver by tilting. A thigh cuff (TC) pressure of 200 mmHg was applied before and during simulated push—pull maneuver (−0.87 to + 1.00 Gz). Beat-to-beat cerebral and systemic hemodynamics were measured continuously. During rapid −Gz to + Gz transition, mean cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was decreased, but to a lesser extent, in the TC bout compared with the control bout (−3.1 ± 4.9 vs. −7.8 ± 4.4 cm/s, P < 0.001). Similarly, brain-level mean blood pressure showed smaller reduction in the TC bout than in the control bout (−46 ± 12 vs. −61 ± 13 mmHg, P < 0.001). The systolic CBFV was lower but diastolic CBFV was higher in the TC bout. The systemic blood pressure response was blunted in the TC bout, along with similar heart rate increase, smaller decrease, and earlier recovery of total peripheral resistance index than control during the gravitational transition. These data demonstrated that restricting thigh blood flow can effectively mitigate the transient cerebral hypoperfusion induced by rapid shift from −Gz to + Gz, characterized by remarkable improvement of cerebral diastolic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyang Xing
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinpei Wang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Xing
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunnan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujia Lei
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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