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Bizieff A, Cheng M, Chang K, Mohammed H, Ziari N, Nyangau E, Fitch M, Hellerstein MK. Changes in protein fluxes and gene expression in non-injured muscle tissue distant from an acute myotoxic injury in male mice. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38968395 DOI: 10.1113/jp286307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The response to acute myotoxic injury requires stimulation of local repair mechanisms in the damaged tissue. However, satellite cells in muscle distant from acute injury have been reported to enter a functional state between quiescence and active proliferation. Here, we asked whether protein flux rates are altered in muscle distant from acute local myotoxic injury and how they compare to changes in gene expression from the same tissue. Broad and significant alterations in protein turnover were observed across the proteome in the limb contralateral to injury during the first 10 days after. Interestingly, mRNA changes had almost no correlation with directly measured protein turnover rates. In summary, we show consistent and striking changes in protein flux rates in muscle tissue contralateral to myotoxic injury, with no correlation between changes in mRNA levels and protein synthesis rates. This work motivates further investigation of the mechanisms, including potential neurological factors, responsible for this distant effect. KEY POINTS: Previous literature demonstrates that stem cells of uninjured muscle respond to local necrotic muscle tissue damage and regeneration. We show that muscle tissue that was distant from a model of local necrotic damage had functional changes at both the gene expression and the protein turnover level. However, these changes in distant tissue were more pronounced during the earlier stages of tissue regeneration and did not correlate well with each other. The results suggest communication between directly injured tissue and non-affected tissues that are distant from injury, which warrants further investigation into the potential of this mechanism as a proactive measure for tissue regeneration from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Bizieff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Cheng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Chang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naveed Ziari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Bizieff A, Cheng M, Chang K, Mohammed H, Ziari N, Nyangau E, Fitch M, Hellerstein MK. Changes in protein fluxes in skeletal muscle during sequential stages of muscle regeneration after acute injury in male mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13172. [PMID: 38849371 PMCID: PMC11161603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in protein turnover play an important role in dynamic physiological processes, including skeletal muscle regeneration, which occurs as an essential part of tissue repair after injury. The inability of muscle tissue to recapitulate this regenerative process can lead to the manifestation of clinical symptoms in various musculoskeletal diseases, including muscular dystrophies and pathological atrophy. Here, we employed a workflow that couples deuterated water (2H2O) administration with mass spectrometry (MS) to systematically measure in-vivo protein turnover rates across the muscle proteome in 8-week-old male C57BL6/J mice. We compared the turnover kinetics of over 100 proteins in response to cardiotoxin (CTX) induced muscle damage and regeneration at unique sequential stages along the regeneration timeline. This analysis is compared to gene expression data from mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) from the same tissue. The data reveals quantitative protein flux signatures in response to necrotic damage, in addition to sequential differences in cell proliferation, energy metabolism, and contractile gene expression. Interestingly, the mRNA changes correlated poorly with changes in protein synthesis rates, consistent with post-transcriptional control mechanisms. In summary, the experiments described here reveal the signatures and timing of protein flux changes during skeletal muscle regeneration, as well as the inability of mRNA expression measurements to reveal changes in directly measured protein turnover rates. The results of this work described here provide a better understanding of the muscle regeneration process and could help to identify potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Bizieff
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Maggie Cheng
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Chang
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naveed Ziari
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark Fitch
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Division of Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Boehler JF, Brown KJ, Ricotti V, Morris CA. N-terminal titin fragment: a non-invasive, pharmacodynamic biomarker for microdystrophin efficacy. Skelet Muscle 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38229112 PMCID: PMC10790446 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-023-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple clinical trials to assess the efficacy of AAV-directed gene transfer in participants with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are ongoing. The success of these trials currently relies on standard functional outcome measures that may exhibit variability within and between participants, rendering their use as sole measures of drug efficacy challenging. Given this, supportive objective biomarkers may be useful in enhancing observed clinical results. Creatine kinase (CK) is traditionally used as a diagnostic biomarker of DMD, but its potential as a robust pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker is difficult due to the wide variability seen within the same participant over time. Thus, there is a need for the discovery and validation of novel PD biomarkers to further support and bolster traditional outcome measures of efficacy in DMD. METHOD Potential PD biomarkers in DMD participant urine were examined using a proteomic approach on the Somalogic platform. Findings were confirmed in both mdx mice and Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog plasma samples. RESULTS Changes in the N-terminal fragment of titin, a well-known, previously characterized biomarker of DMD, were correlated with the expression of microdystrophin protein in mice, dogs, and humans. Further, titin levels were sensitive to lower levels of expressed microdystrophin when compared to CK. CONCLUSION The measurement of objective PD biomarkers such as titin may provide additional confidence in the assessment of the mechanism of action and efficacy in gene therapy clinical trials of DMD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03368742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Boehler
- Solid Biosciences, 500 Rutherford Avenue 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Kristy J Brown
- Rejuvenate Bio, 11425 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Valeria Ricotti
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre/University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carl A Morris
- PHDL Consulting LLC, 43 Sylvanus Wood Lane, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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4
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Evans WJ, Cawthon PM. D 3Creatine Dilution as a Direct, Non-invasive and Accurate Measurement of Muscle Mass for Aging Research. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:3-8. [PMID: 37594505 PMCID: PMC10791786 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Initial definitions of sarcopenia included the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass that was presumed to be associated with late-life reduced functional capacity, disability and loss of independence. Because no method for determination of muscle mass was available for large cohort studies of aging men and women, lean body mass determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance was used as a surrogate measure of muscle mass. The data from these studies showed either no or a poor relationship between LBM and functional capacity and health related outcomes, leading to the conclusion of many that the amount of muscle may not be associated with these age-associated outcomes. It was assumed that some undefined index of muscle quality is the critical contributor. These studies also consistently showed that muscle strength is lost more quickly than lean mass. Total body muscle mass can now be measured directly, accurately and non-invasively using the D3creatine (D3Cr) dilution method. D3Cr muscle mass, but not DXA derived LBM, is strongly associated with functional capacity, falls and insulin resistance in older men and women. In addition, D3Cr muscle mass is associated with risk of disability, hip fracture and mortality. New and emerging data demonstrate that low muscle mass may serve as a diagnostic criterion for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Cheng E, Caan BJ, Cawthon PM, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, Shankaran M, Campbell KL, Binder AM, Sternfeld B, Meyerhardt JA, Schmitz KH, Cespedes Feliciano EM. D3-creatine dilution, computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing myopenia and physical function in colon cancer: A cross-sectional study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2768-2778. [PMID: 37899757 PMCID: PMC10751410 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low skeletal muscle mass (myopenia) is common in cancer populations and is associated with functional decline and mortality, but prior oncology studies did not assess total body skeletal muscle mass. Instead, they measured surrogates such as cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle at L3 from computed tomography (CT) or appendicular lean mass (ALM) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). D3-creatine (D3Cr) dilution is a non-invasive method to assess total body skeletal muscle mass, which has been examined in a variety of populations but not in cancer. To compare the associations of D3Cr muscle mass, CT CSA, and DXA ALM with myopenia and physical function, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 119 patients with colon cancer (2018-2022). METHODS For each technique (D3Cr, CT and DXA), myopenia was defined as the lowest sex-specific quartile of its measurement. Physical function was measured by the short physical performance battery and grip strength. We calculated Pearson correlations (r) among three techniques, computed Cohen's kappa coefficients (κ) to assess the agreement of myopenia, and estimated Pearson correlations (r) of three techniques with physical function. All analyses were sex-specific. RESULTS Sixty-one (51.3%) participants were male, the mean (standard deviation) age was 56.6 (12.9) years, and most (68.9%) had high physical function (short physical performance battery: ≥11 points). Correlations and myopenia agreement among three techniques were greater in men than women; for example, regarding D3Cr muscle mass versus CT CSA, r was 0.73 (P < 0.001) for men versus 0.45 (P < 0.001) for women, and κ was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.99) for men versus 0.24 (95% CI: -0.08, 0.52) for women. Among men, higher D3Cr muscle mass was significantly correlated with faster gait speed (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and stronger grip strength (r = 0.32, P < 0.05); similar correlations were observed for CT CSA and DXA ALM. However, among women, no measure of muscle or lean mass was significantly associated with physical function. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study using D3-creatine dilution method to assess muscle mass in a cancer population. Regardless of the techniques used for muscle or lean mass assessment, we observed stronger correlations, greater myopenia agreement, and more significant associations with physical function in men with colon cancer than women. D3Cr, CT and DXA are not interchangeable methods for assessing myopenia and physical function, especially in women with colon cancer. Future studies should consider relative advantages of these techniques and examine the D3-creatine dilution method in other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bette J. Caan
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peggy M. Cawthon
- San Francisco Coordinating CenterCalifornia Pacific Medical Center Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Division of GeriatricsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kristin L. Campbell
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Alexandra M. Binder
- Population Sciences in the Pacific ProgramUniversity of Hawaii Cancer CenterHonoluluHawaiiUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Barbara Sternfeld
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Kathryn H. Schmitz
- Division of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Johansson C, Hunt H, Signorelli M, Edfors F, Hober A, Svensson AS, Tegel H, Forstström B, Aartsma-Rus A, Niks E, Spitali P, Uhlén M, Szigyarto CAK. Orthogonal proteomics methods warrant the development of Duchenne muscular dystrophy biomarkers. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:23. [PMID: 37308827 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular components in blood, such as proteins, are used as biomarkers to detect or predict disease states, guide clinical interventions and aid in the development of therapies. While multiplexing proteomics methods promote discovery of such biomarkers, their translation to clinical use is difficult due to the lack of substantial evidence regarding their reliability as quantifiable indicators of disease state or outcome. To overcome this challenge, a novel orthogonal strategy was developed and used to assess the reliability of biomarkers and analytically corroborate already identified serum biomarkers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a monogenic incurable disease characterized by progressive muscle damage that currently lacks reliable and specific disease monitoring tools. METHODS Two technological platforms are used to detect and quantify the biomarkers in 72 longitudinally collected serum samples from DMD patients at 3 to 5 timepoints. Quantification of the biomarkers is achieved by detection of the same biomarker fragment either through interaction with validated antibodies in immuno-assays or through quantification of peptides by Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry assay (PRM-MS). RESULTS Five, out of ten biomarkers previously identified by affinity-based proteomics methods, were confirmed to be associated with DMD using the mass spectrometry-based method. Two biomarkers, carbonic anhydrase III and lactate dehydrogenase B, were quantified with two independent methods, sandwich immunoassays and PRM-MS, with Pearson correlations of 0.92 and 0.946 respectively. The median concentrations of CA3 and LDHB in DMD patients was elevated in comparison to those in healthy individuals by 35- and 3-fold, respectively. Levels of CA3 vary between 10.26 and 0.36 ng/ml in DMD patients whereas those of LDHB vary between 15.1 and 0.8 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that orthogonal assays can be used to assess the analytical reliability of biomarker quantification assays, providing a means to facilitate the translation of biomarkers to clinical practice. This strategy also warrants the development of the most relevant biomarkers, markers that can be reliably quantified with different proteomics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Johansson
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helian Hunt
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mirko Signorelli
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hober
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Svensson
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Forstström
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Niks
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
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7
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Sagayama H, Yamada Y, Kondo E, Tanabe Y, Uchizawa A, Shankaran M, Nyangau E, Evans WJ, Hellerstein M, Yasukata J, Higaki Y, Ohnishi T, Takahashi H. Skeletal muscle mass can be estimated by creatine (methyl-d 3) dilution and is correlated with fat-free mass in active young males. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:393-399. [PMID: 36376405 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing whole-body skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and fat-free mass (FFM) is essential for the adequate nutritional management and training evaluation of athletes and trained individuals. This study aimed to determine the relationship between SMM assessed using the creatine (methyl-d3) dilution (D3-creatine) method and SMM estimated by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy young men undergoing exercise training. Additionally, we examined the association between FFM measured using the four-component (4C) method (FFM4C) and the total body protein value estimated using 4C (TBpro4C). METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the data of 29 males (mean age, 19.9 ± 1.8 years) who exercised regularly. SMM measurements were obtained using the D3-creatine method (SMMD3-creatine) and MRI (SMMMRI). The SMMD3-creatine adjusted to 4.3 g/SMM kg was significantly higher than SMMMRI (p < 0.01). The fit of the creatine pool size compared with SMMMRI was 5.0 g/SMMMRI kg. SMMMRI was significantly correlated with both SMMD3-creatine adjusted to 4.3 g/kg and 5.1 g/kg. TBpro4C was significantly lower than SMMMRI (p < 0.01). Contrastingly, FFM4C was significantly higher than SMMMRI (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS SMMD3-creatine adjusted to 4.3 g/SMM kg-a previously reported value-may differ for athletes and active young males. We believe that a value of 5.0-5.1 g/SMM kg better estimates the total muscle mass in this population. Traditional FFM estimation highly correlates with SMMMRI in well-trained young males, and the relationships appear strong enough for total body protein or SMM to be estimated through the FFM value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Uchizawa
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yasukata
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Peeters N, Hanssen B, De Beukelaer N, Vandekerckhove I, Walhain F, Huyghe E, Dewit T, Feys H, Van Campenhout A, Van den Broeck C, Calders P, Desloovere K. A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3-18 years-a cross-sectional ultrasound study. J Anat 2023; 242:754-770. [PMID: 36650912 PMCID: PMC10093158 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During childhood, muscle growth is stimulated by a gradual increase in bone length and body mass, as well as by other factors, such as physical activity, nutrition, metabolic, hormonal, and genetic factors. Muscle characteristics, such as muscle volume, anatomical cross-sectional area, and muscle belly length, need to continuously adapt to meet the daily functional demands. Pediatric neurological and neuromuscular disorders, like cerebral palsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are characterized by impaired muscle growth, which requires treatment and close follow-up. Nowadays ultrasonography is a commonly used technique to evaluate muscle morphology in both pediatric pathologies and typically developing children, as it is a quick, easy applicable, and painless method. However, large normative datasets including different muscles and a large age range are lacking, making it challenging to monitor muscle over time and estimate the level of pathology. Moreover, in order to compare individuals with different body sizes as a result of age differences or pathology, muscle morphology is often normalized to body size. Yet, the usefulness and practicality of different normalization techniques are still unknown, and clear recommendations for normalization are lacking. In this cross-sectional cohort study, muscle morphology of four lower limb muscles (medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, the distal compartment of the semitendinosus, rectus femoris) was assessed by 3D-freehand ultrasound in 118 typically developing children (mean age 10.35 ± 4.49 years) between 3 and 18 years of age. The development of muscle morphology was studied over the full age range, as well as separately for the pre-pubertal (3-10 years) and pubertal (11-18 years) cohorts. The assumptions of a simple linear regression were checked. If these assumptions were fulfilled, the cross-sectional growth curves were described by a simple linear regression equation. Additional ANCOVA analyses were performed to evaluate muscle- or gender-specific differences in muscle development. Furthermore, different scaling methods, to normalize muscle morphology parameters, were explored. The most appropriate scaling method was selected based on the smallest slope of the morphology parameter with respect to age, with a non-significant correlation coefficient. Additionally, correlation coefficients were compared by a Steiger's Z-test to identify the most efficient scaling technique. The current results revealed that it is valid to describe muscle volume (with exception of the rectus femoris muscle) and muscle belly length alterations over age by a simple linear regression equation till the age of 11 years. Normalizing muscle morphology data by allometric scaling was found to be most useful for comparing muscle volumes of different pediatric populations. For muscle lengths, normalization can be achieved by either allometric and ratio scaling. This study provides a unique normative database of four lower limb muscles in typically developing children between the age of 3 and 18 years. These data can be used as a reference database for pediatric populations and may also serve as a reference frame to better understand both physiological and pathological muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Britta Hanssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fenna Walhain
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Ester Huyghe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tijl Dewit
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium
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9
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McCarthy C, Schoeller D, Brown JC, Gonzalez MC, Varanoske AN, Cataldi D, Shepherd J, Heymsfield SB. D 3 -creatine dilution for skeletal muscle mass measurement: historical development and current status. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2595-2607. [PMID: 36059250 PMCID: PMC9745476 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul discovered creatine in meat two centuries ago. Extensive biochemical and physiological studies of this organic molecule followed with confirmation that creatine is found within the cytoplasm and mitochondria of human skeletal muscles. Two groups of investigators exploited these relationships five decades ago by first estimating the creatine pool size in vivo with 14 C and 15 N labelled isotopes. Skeletal muscle mass (kg) was then calculated by dividing the creatine pool size (g) by muscle creatine concentration (g/kg) measured on a single muscle biopsy or estimated from the literature. This approach for quantifying skeletal muscle mass is generating renewed interest with the recent introduction of a practical stable isotope (creatine-(methyl-d3 )) dilution method for estimating the creatine pool size across the full human lifespan. The need for a muscle biopsy has been eliminated by assuming a constant value for whole-body skeletal muscle creatine concentration of 4.3 g/kg wet weight. The current single compartment model of estimating creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass rests on four main assumptions: tracer absorption is complete; tracer is all retained; tracer is distributed solely in skeletal muscle; and skeletal muscle creatine concentration is known and constant. Three of these assumptions are false to varying degrees. Not all tracer is retained with urinary isotope losses ranging from 0% to 9%; an empirical equation requiring further validation is used to correct for spillage. Not all tracer is distributed in skeletal muscle with non-muscle creatine sources ranging from 2% to 10% with a definitive value lacking. Lastly, skeletal muscle creatine concentration is not constant and varies between muscles (e.g. 3.89-4.62 g/kg), with diets (e.g. vegetarian and omnivore), across age groups (e.g. middle-age, ~4.5 g/kg; old-age, 4.0 g/kg), activity levels (e.g. athletes, ~5 g/kg) and in disease states (e.g. muscular dystrophies, <3 g/kg). Some of the variability in skeletal muscle creatine concentrations can be attributed to heterogeneity in the proportions of wet skeletal muscle as myofibres, connective tissues, and fat. These observations raise serious concerns regarding the accuracy of the deuterated-creatine dilution method for estimating total body skeletal muscle mass as now defined by cadaver analyses of whole wet tissues and in vivo approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging. A new framework is needed in thinking about how this potentially valuable method for measuring the creatine pool size in vivo can be used in the future to study skeletal muscle biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dale Schoeller
- Biotechnology Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin C Brown
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M Cristina Gonzalez
- Post-graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Devon Cataldi
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - John Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
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10
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Traversa C, Hannaian SJ. A 'virtual' revolution: non-invasive methods to probe skeletal muscle metabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2021; 600:429-430. [PMID: 34877686 DOI: 10.1113/jp282558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Traversa
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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McKendry J, Phillips SM. Unravelling protein turnover in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: one protein at a time. J Physiol 2021; 599:5135-5136. [PMID: 34676561 DOI: 10.1113/jp282386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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