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Lloyd EM, Pinniger GJ, Murphy RM, Grounds MD. Slow or fast: Implications of myofibre type and associated differences for manifestation of neuromuscular disorders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14012. [PMID: 37306196 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many neuromuscular disorders can have a differential impact on a specific myofibre type, forming the central premise of this review. The many different skeletal muscles in mammals contain a spectrum of slow- to fast-twitch myofibres with varying levels of protein isoforms that determine their distinctive contractile, metabolic, and other properties. The variations in functional properties across the range of classic 'slow' to 'fast' myofibres are outlined, combined with exemplars of the predominantly slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, species comparisons, and techniques used to study these properties. Other intrinsic and extrinsic differences are discussed in the context of slow and fast myofibres. These include inherent susceptibility to damage, myonecrosis, and regeneration, plus extrinsic nerves, extracellular matrix, and vasculature, examined in the context of growth, ageing, metabolic syndrome, and sexual dimorphism. These many differences emphasise the importance of carefully considering the influence of myofibre-type composition on manifestation of various neuromuscular disorders across the lifespan for both sexes. Equally, understanding the different responses of slow and fast myofibres due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can provide deep insight into the precise molecular mechanisms that initiate and exacerbate various neuromuscular disorders. This focus on the influence of different myofibre types is of fundamental importance to enhance translation for clinical management and therapies for many skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lloyd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin J Pinniger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Palma-Flores C, Cano-Martínez LJ, Fernández-Valverde F, Torres-Pérez I, de Los Santos S, Hernández-Hernández JM, Hernández-Herrera AF, García S, Canto P, Zentella-Dehesa A, Coral-Vázquez RM. Differential histological features and myogenic protein levels in distinct muscles of d-sarcoglycan null muscular dystrophy mouse model. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:405-413. [PMID: 37358754 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) comprises slow and fast-twitch fibers, which differ in molecular composition, function, and systemic energy consumption. In addition, muscular dystrophies (DM), a group of diverse hereditary diseases, present different patterns of muscle involvement, progression, and severity, suggesting that the regeneration-degeneration process may differ depending on the muscle type. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the expression of proteins involved in the repair process in different muscles at an early stage of muscular dystrophy in the δ-sarcoglycan null mice (Sgcd-null), a limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2 F model. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) Staining showed a high number of central nuclei in soleus (Sol), tibialis (Ta), gastrocnemius (Gas), and extensor digitorum longus (Edl) from four months Sgcd-null mice. However, fibrosis, determined by trichrome of Gomori modified staining, was only observed in Sgcd-null Sol. In addition, the number of Type I and II fibers variated differentially in the Sgcd-null muscles vs. wild-type muscles. Besides, the protein expression level of β-catenin, myomaker, MyoD, and myogenin also presented different expression levels in all the Sgcd-null muscles studied. In summary, our study reveals that muscles with different metabolic characteristics showed distinct expression patterns of proteins involved in the muscle regeneration process. These results could be relevant in designing therapies for genetic and acquired myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Palma-Flores
- Catedrático CONACYT, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Javier Cano-Martínez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Fernández-Valverde
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Torres-Pérez
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio de Los Santos
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Fabiola Hernández-Herrera
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia García
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Lu-Nguyen N, Malerba A, Antoni Pineda M, Dickson G, Popplewell LJ. Improving molecular and histopathology in diaphragm muscle of the double transgenic ACTA1-MCM/FLExDUX4 mouse model of FSHD with systemic antisense therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:923-935. [PMID: 35078334 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a rare muscle dystrophy causing muscle weakness initially in the face, shoulders and upper arms, and extended to lower body muscles as the disease progresses. Respiratory restriction in FSHD is increasingly reported to be more common and severe than previously thought, with the involvement of diaphragm weakness in pulmonary insufficiency being under debate. As aberrant expression of the double homeobox 4 (DUX4) gene is the prime cause of FSHD, we and others have developed numerous strategies and reported promising results on downregulating DUX4 expression in both cellular and animal models of FSHD. However, the effect of DUX4 and anti-DUX4 approaches on diaphragm muscle has not been elucidated. Here we show that toxic DUX4 expression causes pathology that affects the diaphragm of ACTA1-MCM/FLExDUX4 mouse model of FSHD at both molecular and histological levels. Of importance, a systemic antisense treatment that suppresses DUX4 and target genes expression by 50% significantly improves muscle regeneration and muscle fibrosis, and prevents modification in myofiber type composition, supporting its development as a treatment for FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Lu-Nguyen
- Royal Holloway University of London, 3162, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Alberto Malerba
- Royal Holloway University of London, 3162, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Marina Antoni Pineda
- Royal Holloway University of London, 3162, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - George Dickson
- Royal Holloway University of London, 3162, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Linda J Popplewell
- Royal Holloway University of London, 3162, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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4
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Lu-Nguyen N, Malerba A, Herath S, Dickson G, Popplewell L. Systemic antisense therapeutics inhibiting DUX4 expression ameliorates FSHD-like pathology in an FSHD mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1398-1412. [PMID: 33987655 PMCID: PMC8283208 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the double homeobox 4 (DUX4) gene in skeletal muscle causes muscle deterioration and weakness in Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Since the presence of a permissive pLAM1 polyadenylation signal is essential for stabilization of DUX4 mRNA and translation of DUX4 protein, disrupting the function of this structure can prevent expression of DUX4. We and others have shown promising results using antisense approaches to reduce DUX4 expression in vitro and in vivo following local intramuscular administration. Here we demonstrate that further development of the antisense chemistries enhances in vitro antisense efficacy. The optimal chemistry was conjugated to a cell-penetrating moiety and was systemically administered into the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-driver FLExDUX4 double-transgenic mouse model of FSHD. After four weekly treatments, mRNA quantities of DUX4 and target genes were reduced by 50% that led to 12% amelioration in muscle atrophy, 52% improvement in in situ muscle strength, 17% reduction in muscle fibrosis and prevention of shift in the myofiber type profile. Systemic DUX4 inhibition also significantly improved the locomotor activity and reduced the fatigue level by 22%. Our data demonstrate that the optimized antisense approach has potential of being further developed as a therapeutic strategy for FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Lu-Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Alberto Malerba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Shan Herath
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - George Dickson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Linda Popplewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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5
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Increased resistance towards fatigability in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1617-1629. [PMID: 33646424 PMCID: PMC8144151 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) fatigue is a major complaint. We aimed to investigate whether during isometric sustained elbow flexions, performance fatigability indexes differ in patients with FSHD with respect to healthy controls. METHODS Seventeen patients with FSHD and seventeen healthy controls performed two isometric flexions of the dominant biceps brachii at 20% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 2 min and then at 60% MVC until exhaustion. Muscle weakness was characterized as a percentage of predicted values. Maximal voluntary strength, endurance time and performance fatigability indices (mean frequency of the power spectrum (MNF), muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) and fractal dimension (FD)), extracted from the surface electromyogram signal (sEMG) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS In patients with FSHD, maximal voluntary strength was 68.7% of predicted value (p < 0.01). Compared to healthy controls, FSHD patients showed reduced MVC (p < 0.001; r = 0.62) and lower levels of performance fatigability, characterized by reduced rate of changes in MNF (p < 0.01; r = 0.56), CV (p < 0.05; 0.37) and FD (p < 0.001; r = 0.51) and increased endurance time (p < 0.001; r = 0.63), during the isometric contraction at 60% MVC. CONCLUSION A decreased reduction in the slopes of all the considered sEMG parameters during sustained isometric elbow flexions suggests that patients with FSHD experience lower levels of performance fatigability compared to healthy controls.
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6
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Bella P, Farini A, Banfi S, Parolini D, Tonna N, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Erratico S, D'Ursi P, Bianco F, Legato M, Ruocco C, Sitzia C, Sangiorgi S, Villa C, D'Antona G, Milanesi L, Nisoli E, Mauri P, Torrente Y. Blockade of IGF2R improves muscle regeneration and ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11019. [PMID: 31793167 PMCID: PMC6949491 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a debilitating fatal X-linked muscle disorder. Recent findings indicate that IGFs play a central role in skeletal muscle regeneration and development. Among IGFs, insulinlike growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a key regulator of cell growth, survival, migration and differentiation. The type 2 IGF receptor (IGF2R) modulates circulating and tissue levels of IGF2 by targeting it to lysosomes for degradation. We found that IGF2R and the store-operated Ca2+ channel CD20 share a common hydrophobic binding motif that stabilizes their association. Silencing CD20 decreased myoblast differentiation, whereas blockade of IGF2R increased proliferation and differentiation in myoblasts via the calmodulin/calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Remarkably, anti-IGF2R induced CD20 phosphorylation, leading to the activation of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and removal of intracellular Ca2+ . Interestingly, we found that IGF2R expression was increased in dystrophic skeletal muscle of human DMD patients and mdx mice. Blockade of IGF2R by neutralizing antibodies stimulated muscle regeneration, induced force recovery and normalized capillary architecture in dystrophic mdx mice representing an encouraging starting point for the development of new biological therapies for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Bella
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Stefania Banfi
- Hematology Department Fondazione IRCCSDepartment of Oncology and Hemato‐oncologyIstituto Nazionale dei TumoriUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | | | - Pasqualina D'Ursi
- Institute of Technologies in BiomedicineNational Research Council (ITB‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Mariella Legato
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineCenter for Study and Research on ObesityMilan UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Clementina Sitzia
- UOC SMEL‐1Scuola di Specializzazione di Patologia Clinica e Biochimica ClinicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Simone Sangiorgi
- Neurosurgery UnitDepartment of SurgeryASST Lariana‐S. Anna HospitalComoItaly
| | - Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe D'Antona
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicinePavia UniversityPaviaItaly
| | - Luciano Milanesi
- Institute of Technologies in BiomedicineNational Research Council (ITB‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineCenter for Study and Research on ObesityMilan UniversityMilanItaly
| | - PierLuigi Mauri
- Institute of Technologies in BiomedicineNational Research Council (ITB‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell LaboratoryDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUnit of NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoCentro Dino FerrariUniversitá degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
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7
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Zwambag DP, Gsell KY, Brown SH. Characterization of the passive mechanical properties of spine muscles across species. J Biomech 2019; 88:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Real-Martinez A, Brull A, Huerta J, Tarrasó G, Lucia A, Martin MA, Arenas J, Andreu AL, Nogales-Gadea G, Vissing J, Krag TO, de Luna N, Pinós T. Low survival rate and muscle fiber-dependent aging effects in the McArdle disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5116. [PMID: 30914683 PMCID: PMC6435661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the absence of the muscle glycogen phosphorylase, which leads to impairment of glycogen breakdown. The McArdle mouse, a model heavily affected by glycogen accumulation and exercise intolerance, was used to characterize disease progression at three different ages. The molecular and histopathological consequences of the disease were analyzed in five different hind-limb muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and quadriceps) of young (8-week-old), adult (35-week-old) and old (70-week-old) mice. We found that McArdle mice have a high perinatal and post-weaning mortality. We also observed a progressive muscle degeneration, fibrosis and inflammation process that was not associated with an increase in muscle glycogen content during aging. Additionally, this progressive degeneration varied among muscle and fiber types. Finally, the lack of glycogen content increase was associated with the inactivation of glycogen synthase and not with compensatory expression of the Pygl and/or Pygb genes in mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Real-Martinez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, Center of Research in Myology, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Huerta
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Tarrasó
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+ 12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martin
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+ 12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+ 12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediàtriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noemi de Luna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratori de Malalties Neuromusculars, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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DeSimone AM, Pakula A, Lek A, Emerson CP. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1229-1279. [PMID: 28915324 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is a common form of muscular dystrophy that presents clinically with progressive weakness of the facial, scapular, and humeral muscles, with later involvement of the trunk and lower extremities. While typically inherited as autosomal dominant, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has a complex genetic and epigenetic etiology that has only recently been well described. The most prevalent form of the disease, FSHD1, is associated with the contraction of the D4Z4 microsatellite repeat array located on a permissive 4qA chromosome. D4Z4 contraction allows epigenetic derepression of the array, and possibly the surrounding 4q35 region, allowing misexpression of the toxic DUX4 transcription factor encoded within the terminal D4Z4 repeat in skeletal muscles. The less common form of the disease, FSHD2, results from haploinsufficiency of the SMCHD1 gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele, also leading to the derepression of DUX4, further supporting a central role for DUX4. How DUX4 misexpression contributes to FSHD muscle pathology is a major focus of current investigation. Misexpression of other genes at the 4q35 locus, including FRG1 and FAT1, and unlinked genes, such as SMCHD1, has also been implicated as disease modifiers, leading to several competing disease models. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of FSHD, including the application of MRI as a research and diagnostic tool, the genetic and epigenetic disruptions associated with the disease, and the molecular basis of FSHD. We discuss how these advances are leading to the emergence of new approaches to enable development of FSHD therapeutics. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1229-1279, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M DeSimone
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Pakula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Short-TERM Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training of the Tibialis Anterior Did Not Improve Strength and Motor Function in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:e56-e63. [PMID: 28129235 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on motor function, muscle strength, and endurance of short-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation training of the tibialis anterior muscles in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) in comparison with healthy controls. DESIGN This prospective study included 10 patients with FSHD1 and 10 healthy participants. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of ankle dorsiflexion and a 2-min sustained dorsiflexion maximal voluntary contraction with surface electromyography recordings of the tibialis anterior and the soleus muscles were measured and motor function clinical tests were performed before and after the training period. RESULTS No significant short term training effect was found in any of the investigated variables for either group, although a tendency towards an increase was noted for the manual muscle testing of the FSHD1. Patients with FSHD1 showed lower maximal voluntary contraction force and lower maximal tibialis anterior surface electromyography amplitude than healthy participants. During the 2-min sustained maximal voluntary contraction, the percentage of force loss was lower for the FSHD1 patients, suggesting that they were experiencing a lower amount of muscle fatigue compared to the healthy participant group. CONCLUSION The present neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocol was not strenuous enough and/or the parameters of stimulation were not adequate to improve dorsiflexion strength, muscle endurance, and motor function in FSHD1 patients and healthy participants.
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11
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Frontera WR, Ochala J. Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:183-95. [PMID: 25294644 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues of the human body. In humans, skeletal muscle comprises approximately 40% of total body weight and contains 50-75% of all body proteins. In general, muscle mass depends on the balance between protein synthesis and degradation and both processes are sensitive to factors such as nutritional status, hormonal balance, physical activity/exercise, and injury or disease, among others. In this review, we discuss the various domains of muscle structure and function including its cytoskeletal architecture, excitation-contraction coupling, energy metabolism, and force and power generation. We will limit the discussion to human skeletal muscle and emphasize recent scientific literature on single muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Frontera
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Suite 1318, 2201 Children's Way, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA,
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12
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Ferri G, Huichalaf CH, Caccia R, Gabellini D. Direct interplay between two candidate genes in FSHD muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1256-66. [PMID: 25326393 PMCID: PMC4321439 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common neuromuscular disorders. The major form of the disease (FSHD1) is linked to decrease in copy number of a 3.3-kb tandem repeated macrosatellite (D4Z4), located on chromosome 4q35. D4Z4 deletion alters chromatin structure of the locus leading to aberrant expression of nearby 4q35 genes. Given the high variability in disease onset and progression, multiple factors could contribute to the pathogenesis of FSHD. Among the FSHD candidate genes are double homeobox 4 (DUX4), encoded by the most telomeric D4Z4 unit, and FSHD region gene 1 (FRG1). DUX4 is a sequence-specific transcription factor. Here, we located putative DUX4 binding sites in the human FRG1 genomic area and we show specific DUX4 association to these regions. We found also that ectopically expressed DUX4 up-regulates the endogenous human FRG1 gene in healthy muscle cells, while DUX4 knockdown leads to a decrease in FRG1 expression in FSHD muscle cells. Moreover, DUX4 binds directly and specifically to its binding site located in the human FRG1 gene and transactivates constructs containing FRG1 genomic regions. Intriguingly, the mouse Frg1 genomic area lacks DUX4 binding sites and DUX4 is unable to activate the endogenous mouse Frg1 gene providing a possible explanation for the lack of muscle phenotype in DUX4 transgenic mice. Altogether, our results demonstrate that FRG1 is a direct DUX4 transcriptional target uncovering a novel regulatory circuit contributing to FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferri
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT2, 5A3, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia H Huichalaf
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT2, 5A3, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Caccia
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT2, 5A3, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT2, 5A3, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Guellich A, Negroni E, Decostre V, Demoule A, Coirault C. Altered cross-bridge properties in skeletal muscle dystrophies. Front Physiol 2014; 5:393. [PMID: 25352808 PMCID: PMC4196474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Force and motion generated by skeletal muscle ultimately depends on the cyclical interaction of actin with myosin. This mechanical process is regulated by intracellular Ca2+ through the thin filament-associated regulatory proteins i.e.; troponins and tropomyosin. Muscular dystrophies are a group of heterogeneous genetic affections characterized by progressive degeneration and weakness of the skeletal muscle as a consequence of loss of muscle tissue which directly reduces the number of potential myosin cross-bridges involved in force production. Mutations in genes responsible for skeletal muscle dystrophies (MDs) have been shown to modify the function of contractile proteins and cross-bridge interactions. Altered gene expression or RNA splicing or post-translational modifications of contractile proteins such as those related to oxidative stress, may affect cross-bridge function by modifying key proteins of the excitation-contraction coupling. Micro-architectural change in myofilament is another mechanism of altered cross-bridge performance. In this review, we provide an overview about changes in cross-bridge performance in skeletal MDs and discuss their ultimate impacts on striated muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Guellich
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Créteil Créteil, France ; Equipe 8, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Créteil, France
| | - Elisa Negroni
- UMRS 974, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Paris, France ; UM 76, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités Paris, France ; UMR 7215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France ; Institut de Myologie Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Demoule
- UMRS 974, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Paris, France ; UM 76, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités Paris, France ; UMR 7215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France ; Institut de Myologie Paris, France ; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie et Reanimation Medicale Paris, France
| | - Catherine Coirault
- UMRS 974, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Paris, France ; UM 76, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités Paris, France ; UMR 7215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France ; Institut de Myologie Paris, France
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Smith SA, Downey RM, Williamson JW, Mizuno M. Autonomic dysfunction in muscular dystrophy: a theoretical framework for muscle reflex involvement. Front Physiol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24600397 PMCID: PMC3927082 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetically inherited disorders whose most prominent clinical feature is progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle. In several forms of the disease, the function of cardiac muscle is likewise affected. The primary defect in this group of diseases is caused by mutations in myocyte proteins important to cellular structure and/or performance. That being stated, a growing body of evidence suggests that the development of autonomic dysfunction may secondarily contribute to the generation of skeletal and cardio-myopathy in muscular dystrophy. Indeed, abnormalities in the regulation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity have been reported in a number of muscular dystrophy variants. However, the mechanisms mediating this autonomic dysfunction remain relatively unknown. An autonomic reflex originating in skeletal muscle, the exercise pressor reflex, is known to contribute significantly to the control of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity when stimulated. Given the skeletal myopathy that develops with muscular dystrophy, it is logical to suggest that the function of this reflex might also be abnormal with the pathogenesis of disease. As such, it may contribute to or exacerbate the autonomic dysfunction that manifests. This possibility along with a basic description of exercise pressor reflex function in health and disease are reviewed. A better understanding of the mechanisms that possibly underlie autonomic dysfunction in muscular dystrophy may not only facilitate further research but could also lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Smith
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA ; Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan M Downey
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jon W Williamson
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Sancisi V, Germinario E, Esposito A, Morini E, Peron S, Moggio M, Tomelleri G, Danieli-Betto D, Tupler R. Altered Tnnt3 characterizes selective weakness of fast fibers in mice overexpressing FSHD region gene 1 (FRG1). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R124-37. [PMID: 24305066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00379.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a common hereditary myopathy, is characterized by atrophy and weakness of selective muscle groups. FSHD is considered an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance and unpredictable variability of clinical expression within families. Mice overexpressing FRG1 (FSHD region gene 1), a candidate gene for this disease, develop a progressive myopathy with features of the human disorder. Here, we show that in FRG1-overexpressing mice, fast muscles, which are the most affected by the dystrophic process, display anomalous fast skeletal troponin T (fTnT) isoform, resulting from the aberrant splicing of the Tnnt3 mRNA that precedes the appearance of dystrophic signs. We determine that muscles of FRG1 mice develop less strength due to impaired contractile properties of fast-twitch fibers associated with an anomalous MyHC-actin ratio and a reduced sensitivity to Ca(2+). We demonstrate that the decrease of Ca(2+) sensitivity of fast-twitch fibers depends on the anomalous troponin complex and can be rescued by the substitution with the wild-type proteins. Finally, we find that the presence of aberrant splicing isoforms of TNNT3 characterizes dystrophic muscles in FSHD patients. Collectively, our results suggest that anomalous TNNT3 profile correlates with the muscle impairment in both humans and mice. On the basis of these results, we propose that aberrant fTnT represents a biological marker of muscle phenotype severity and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sancisi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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16
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Ciciliot S, Rossi AC, Dyar KA, Blaauw B, Schiaffino S. Muscle type and fiber type specificity in muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Schirwis E, Agbulut O, Vadrot N, Mouisel E, Hourdé C, Bonnieu A, Butler-Browne G, Amthor H, Ferry A. The beneficial effect of myostatin deficiency on maximal muscle force and power is attenuated with age. Exp Gerontol 2012. [PMID: 23201547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged effect of myostatin deficiency on muscle performance in knockout mice has as yet been only poorly investigated. We have demonstrated that absolute maximal force is increased in 6-month old female and male knockout mice and 2-year old female knockout mice as compared to age- and sex-matched wildtype mice. Similarly, absolute maximal power is increased by myostatin deficiency in 6-month old female and male knockout mice but not in 2-year old female knockout mice. The increases we observed were greater in 6-month old female than in male knockout mice and can primarily result from muscle hypertrophy. In contrast, fatigue resistance was decreased in 6-month old knockout mice of both sexes as compared to age- and sex-matched wildtype mice. Moreover, in contrast to 2-year old female wildtype mice, aging in 2-year old knockout mice reduced absolute maximal force and power of both sexes as compared to their younger counterparts, although muscle weight did not change. These age-related decreases were lower in 2-year old female than in 2-year old male knockout mice. Together these results suggest that the beneficial effect of myostatin deficiency on absolute maximal force and power is greater in young (versus old) mice and female (versus male) mice. Most of these effects of myostatin deficiency are related neither to changes in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins nor to the slow to fast fiber type transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schirwis
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR S794, INSERM, U974, CNRS UMR7215, Institut de Myologie, Paris F-75013, France
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The FRG1-transgenic mouse displays muscle dysfunction and atrophy reminiscent of fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and could provide a model to determine potential therapeutic interventions. METHODS To determine if FRG1 mice benefit from treatments that improve muscle mass and function, mice were treated with creatine alone (Cr) or in combination with treadmill exercise (CrEX). RESULTS The CrEx treatment increased quadriceps weight, mitochondrial content (cytochome c oxidase (COX) activity, COX subunit one and four protein), and induced greater improvements in grip strength and rotarod fall speed. While Cr increased COX subunits one and four protein, no effect on muscle mass or performance was found. Since Cr resulted in no functional improvements, the benefits of CrEx may be mediated by exercise; however, the potential synergistic action of the combined treatment cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION Treatment with CrEx attenuates atrophy and muscle dysfunction associated with FRG1 overexpression. These data suggest exercise and creatine supplementation may benefit individuals with FSHD.
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Decreased proliferation kinetics of mouse myoblasts overexpressing FRG1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19780. [PMID: 21603621 PMCID: PMC3095625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent publications have linked the molecular events driving facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) to expression of the double homeobox transcription factor DUX4, overexpression of FRG1 has been proposed as one alternative causal agent as mice overexpressing FRG1 present with muscular dystrophy. Here, we characterize proliferative defects in two independent myoblast lines overexpressing FRG1. Myoblasts isolated from thigh muscle of FRG1 transgenic mice, an affected dystrophic muscle, exhibit delayed proliferation as measured by decreased clone size, whereas myoblasts isolated from the unaffected diaphragm muscle proliferated normally. To confirm the observation that overexpression of FRG1 could impair myoblast proliferation, we examined C2C12 myoblasts with inducible overexpression of FRG1, finding increased doubling time and G1-phase cells in mass culture after induction of FRG1 and decreased levels of pRb phosphorylation. We propose that depressed myoblast proliferation may contribute to the pathology of mice overexpressing FRG1 and may play a part in FSHD.
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Orrell RW. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy and scapuloperoneal syndromes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 101:167-80. [PMID: 21496633 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045031-5.00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common muscular dystrophy. It is named for its characteristic involvement of the muscles of the face and upper arm. It is present worldwide, with a prevalence of around 4 per 100000 and an incidence of about 1 in 20000. Overall lifespan is not affected significantly. The scapuloperoneal syndrome is a rarer presentation that may cause some confusion. FSHD is an autosomal dominant condition. The molecular genetics of FSHD are complex, with current understanding focusing on epigenetic effects related to contraction-dependent (FSHD1) and contraction-independent (FSHD2) effects of a hypomethylated repeat sequence (D4Z4), in the presence of a specific 4qA161 phenotype. Molecular genetic diagnosis is available based on these findings, but with some complexities which may lead to false-negative results on routine laboratory investigation. No medication has been demonstrated to alter the clinical course of the disease significantly. A range of supportive measures may be applied. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics, clinical features, investigation, prognosis, and management of patients with FSHD and the scapuloperoneal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Orrell
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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21
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Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, D'Antona G, Bottinelli R. Skeletal muscle fibre diversity and the underlying mechanisms. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:465-76. [PMID: 20345415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The review first briefly summarizes how myosin isoforms have been identified as the major determinant of the functional variability among skeletal muscle fibres. The latter feature is a major characteristic of muscle fibres and a major basis of skeletal muscle heterogeneity and plasticity in vivo. Then, evidence is reported, which indicates that the properties of muscle fibres can vary with no change in the myosin isoform they express. Moreover, the physiological and pathological conditions (ageing, disuse, exercise training, muscular dystrophy) in which such myosin isoform independent change in functional properties occurs and the possible underlying mechanisms are considered. Finally, the known molecular bases of the functional differences among slow and fast isoforms are briefly dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Canepari
- Department of Physiology and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, D'Antona G, Bottinelli R. Single muscle fiber properties in aging and disuse. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:10-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a group of neuromuscular disorders associated with muscle weakness and wasting, which in many forms can lead to loss of ambulation and premature death. A number of muscular dystrophies are associated with loss of proteins required for the maintenance of muscle membrane integrity, in particular with proteins that comprise the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (DAG) complex. Proper glycosylation of O-linked mannose chains on alpha-dystroglycan, a DAG member, is required for the binding of the extracellular matrix to dystroglycan and for proper DAG function. A number of congenital disorders of glycosylation have now been described where alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation is altered and where muscular dystrophy is a predominant phenotype. Glycosylation is also increasingly being appreciated as a genetic modifier of disease phenotypes in many forms of muscular dystrophy and as a target for the development of new therapies. Here we will review the mouse models available for the study of this group of diseases and outline the methodologies required to describe disease phenotypes.
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24
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Darabi R, Baik J, Clee M, Kyba M, Tupler R, Perlingeiro RCR. Engraftment of embryonic stem cell-derived myogenic progenitors in a dominant model of muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:212-6. [PMID: 19682990 PMCID: PMC2761496 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) consist of a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders, recessive or dominant, characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakening. To date, no effective treatment is available. Experimental strategies pursuing muscle regeneration through the transplantation of stem cell preparations have brought hope to patients affected by this disorder. Efficacy has been demonstrated in recessive MD models through contribution of wild-type nuclei to the muscle fiber heterokaryon; however, to date, there has been no study investigating the efficacy of a cell therapy in a dominant model of MD. We have recently demonstrated that Pax3-induced embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived myogenic progenitors are able to engraft and improve muscle function in mdx mice, a recessive mouse model for Duchenne MD. To assess whether this therapeutic effect can be extended to a dominant type of muscle disorder, here we transplanted these cells into FRG1 transgenic mice, a dominant model that has been associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Our results show that Pax3-induced ES-derived myogenic progenitors are capable of significant engraftment after intramuscular or systemic transplantation into Frg1 mice. Analyses of contractile parameters revealed functional improvement in treated muscles of male mice, but not females, which are less severely affected. This study is the first to use Frg1 transgenic mice to assess muscle regeneration as well as to support the use of a cell-based therapy for autosomal dominant types of MD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Weakness/genetics
- Muscle Weakness/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/surgery
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/surgery
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/surgery
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/pharmacology
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/therapeutic use
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Regeneration/genetics
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/transplantation
- Sex Characteristics
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Radbod Darabi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Canepari M, Rossi R, Pansarasa O, Maffei M, Bottinelli R. Actin sliding velocity on pure myosin isoforms from dystrophic mouse muscles. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:249-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Kan HE, Scheenen TWJ, Wohlgemuth M, Klomp DWJ, van Loosbroek-Wagenmans I, Padberg GW, Heerschap A. Quantitative MR imaging of individual muscle involvement in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:357-62. [PMID: 19329315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to implement a quantitative MR imaging method for the determination of muscular and fat content in individual skeletal muscles of patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude (TIRM) and multiecho MR images were acquired from seven FSHD patients and healthy volunteers. Signal decay in the multiecho MR images was fitted to a biexponential function with fixed relaxation rates for muscle and fat tissue and used to calculate the degree of fatty infiltration in eight muscles in the lower leg. Considerable differences in fatty infiltration between different muscles were observed in FSHD patients, suggesting that this could be used as a biomarker for disease progression. TIRM imaging indicated an inflammatory component of the disease previously only observed in muscle biopsies. Typically, muscle involvement was non-uniform even within one muscle, indicating that MRI can be used as a valuable tool to study pathophysiology and therapy evaluation in FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien E Kan
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Hayashi YK, Nishino I. Muscle weakness correlates with muscle atrophy and precedes the development of inclusion body or rimmed vacuoles in the mouse model of DMRV/hIBM. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:106-15. [PMID: 18628337 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90219.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM), is characterized clinically by weakness and atrophy that initially involves the distal muscles and pathologically by the presence of rimmed vacuoles (RVs) or intracellular protein deposits in myofibers. It is caused by mutations in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene that is important in sialic acid synthesis. Recently, we generated a mouse model (Gne(-/-)hGNED176VTg) that exhibits muscle weakness and pathological changes similar to DMRV patients. To gain better understanding of the pathomechanism of DMRV, we determined temporal changes in the overall motor performance of this model mouse for DMRV in correlation with the structure and function of isolated skeletal muscles and muscle pathology. These DMRV mice exhibited muscle weakness, decreased whole muscle mass and cross-sectional area (CSA), and reduced contractile power in an age-related manner. Single-fiber CSA further supported the finding of muscle atrophy that involved both type I and type II fibers. These results suggest that atrophy is highly correlated with reduced production of force at young age, both in vivo and ex vivo, thereby implicating the important role of atrophy in the pathomechanism of DMRV. In older age, and particularly in gastrocnemius muscles, RVs and intracellular inclusions were seen in type IIA fibers, further aggravating reduction of force and specific increase in twitch-tetanus ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research and Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Leterrier F, Voit T. First International "Institute of Myology Workshop" on Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy, Paris, May 22, 2007. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:514-8. [PMID: 18541427 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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