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Paiva Prudente T, Oliva HNP, Oliva IO, Mezaiko E, Monteiro-Junior RS. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cerebral Blood Velocity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:847. [PMID: 37887497 PMCID: PMC10604216 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the older population grows, there is an increasing interest in understanding how physical exercise can counteract the changes seen with aging. The benefits of exercise to general health, and especially to the cardiovascular system, have been a topic of discussion for decades. However, there is still a need to elucidate the effects of training programs on the cerebrovascular blood velocity in older people. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of physical exercise on the cerebral blood velocity in older people (PROSPERO CRD42019136305). A search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Scopus from the inception of this study to October 2023, retrieving 493 results, of which 26 were included, analyzing more than 1000 participants. An overall moderate risk of bias was found for the studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tools for randomized and non-randomized clinical trials. The pooled results of randomized trials showed that older people who underwent physical exercise presented a statistically significant increase in cerebral blood velocity (3.58; 95%CI = 0.51, 6.65; p = 0.02). This result indicates that physical exercise is important to help maintain cerebral health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Paiva Prudente
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Postgraduation Programme of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Oliveira Oliva
- School of Medicine, Centro Universitario FIPMoc (UNIFIPMoc), Montes Claros 39408-007, MG, Brazil;
| | - Eleazar Mezaiko
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil;
| | - Renato Sobral Monteiro-Junior
- Postgraduation Programme of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
- Postgraduation Programme of Neurology/Neuroscience, Universidade Federal, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
- Research and Study Group in Neuroscience, Exercise, Health and Sport—GENESEs, Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil
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2
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Kennedy CM, Burma JS, Newel KT, Brassard P, Smirl JD. Time course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: A systematic review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:471-489. [PMID: 35708702 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the standard approach for restricting exercise prior to cerebrovascular data collection varies widely between 6-24 hours. This universally employed practice is a conservative approach to safeguard physiological alterations that could potentially confound one's study design. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to amalgamate the literature that examines the extent and duration cerebrovascular function is impacted following aerobic exercise measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Further, an exploratory aim was to scrutinize and discuss common biases/limitations in the previous studies to help guide future investigations. Search strategies were developed and imported into PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Medline databases. A total of 595 records were screened and 35 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review, which included assessments of basic cerebrovascular metrics (n=35), dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA; n=9), neurovascular coupling (NVC; n=2); and/or cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR-CO2; n=1) following acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Across all studies, it was found NVC was impacted for 1-hour, basic cerebrovascular parameters and CVR-CO2 parameters 2-hours, and dCA metrics 6-hours post-exercise. Therefore, future studies can provide participants with these evidence-based time restrictions, regarding the minimum time to abstain from exercise prior to data collection. However, it should be noted, other physiological mechanisms could still be altered (e.g., metabolic, hormonal, and/or autonomic influences), despite cerebrovascular function returning to baseline levels. Thus, future investigations should seek to control for as many physiological influences when employing cerebrovascular assessments, immediately following these time restraints. The main limitations/biases were lack of female participants, cardiorespiratory fitness, and consideration for vessel diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kennedy
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kailey T Newel
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan David Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Seeley AD, Giersch GEW, Charkoudian N. Post-exercise Body Cooling: Skin Blood Flow, Venous Pooling, and Orthostatic Intolerance. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:658410. [PMID: 34079934 PMCID: PMC8165173 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.658410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes and certain occupations (e.g., military, firefighters) must navigate unique heat challenges as they perform physical tasks during prolonged heat stress, at times while wearing protective clothing that hinders heat dissipation. Such environments and activities elicit physiological adjustments that prioritize thermoregulatory skin perfusion at the expense of arterial blood pressure and may result in decreases in cerebral blood flow. High levels of skin blood flow combined with an upright body position augment venous pooling and transcapillary fluid shifts in the lower extremities. Combined with sweat-driven reductions in plasma volume, these cardiovascular alterations result in levels of cardiac output that do not meet requirements for brain blood flow, which can lead to orthostatic intolerance and occasionally syncope. Skin surface cooling countermeasures appear to be a promising means of improving orthostatic tolerance via autonomic mechanisms. Increases in transduction of sympathetic activity into vascular resistance, and an increased baroreflex set-point have been shown to be induced by surface cooling implemented after passive heating and other arterial pressure challenges. Considering the further contribution of exercise thermogenesis to orthostatic intolerance risk, our goal in this review is to provide an overview of post-exercise cooling strategies as they are capable of improving autonomic control of the circulation to optimize orthostatic tolerance. We aim to synthesize both basic and applied physiology knowledge available regarding real-world application of cooling strategies to reduce the likelihood of experiencing symptomatic orthostatic intolerance after exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton D Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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4
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Burma JS, Copeland P, Macaulay A, Khatra O, Wright AD, Smirl JD. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation across the cardiac cycle during 8 hr of recovery from acute exercise. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14367. [PMID: 32163235 PMCID: PMC7066871 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current protocols examining cerebral autoregulation (CA) parameters require participants to refrain from exercise for 12–24 hr, however there is sparse objective evidence examining the recovery trajectory of these measures following exercise across the cardiac cycle (diastole, mean, and systole). Therefore, this study sought to determine the duration acute exercise impacts CA and the within‐day reproducibility of these measures. Nine participants performed squat–stand maneuvers at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz at baseline before three interventions: 45‐min moderate‐continuous exercise (at 50% heart‐rate reserve), 30‐min high‐intensity intervals (ten, 1‐min at 85% heart‐rate reserve), and a control day (30‐min quiet rest). Squat–stands were repeated at hours zero, one, two, four, six, and eight after each condition. Transcranial doppler ultrasound of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was used to characterize CA parameters across the cardiac cycle. At baseline, the systolic CA parameters were different than mean and diastolic components (ps < 0.015), however following both exercise protocols in both frequencies this disappeared until hour four within the MCA (ps > 0.079). In the PCA, phase values were affected only following high‐intensity intervals until hour four (ps > 0.055). Normalized gain in all cardiac cycle domains remained different following both exercise protocols (ps < 0.005) and across the control day (p < .050). All systolic differences returned by hour six across all measures (ps < 0.034). Future CA studies may use squat–stand maneuvers to assess the cerebral pressure–flow relationship 6 hr after exercise. Finally, CA measures under this paradigm appear to have negligible within‐day variation, allowing for reproducible interpretations to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Burma
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paige Copeland
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Alannah Macaulay
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Omeet Khatra
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander D Wright
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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5
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Ebine N, Itoh M, Horiuchi M, Hojo T, Yoshimura M, Fukuoka Y. Ground golf-induced changes in the blood pressure of healthy elderly people. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:8. [PMID: 32248824 PMCID: PMC7132973 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ground golf is a popular sport among the elderly in Japan. Several types of exercise can reduce the body's mean arterial pressure (MAP), but little is known about how ground golf affects the MAP. We investigated the effects of ground golf on the MAP and the oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$\end{document}V˙O2) in a healthy elderly population. Participants and methods Thirteen elderly Japanese people (3 males and 10 females, mean age of 66 years) participated. All participants played 8 holes of ground golf 6 times, as game (G)1 to G6. The MAP, heart rate (HR), and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$\end{document}V˙O2 were measured at rest and every 5 min during each game. Results A linear trend analysis revealed that participants’ MAP values progressively decreased as each game proceeded with marginal differences (p = 0.054). There were no significant differences in HR between at rest and any of the games. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$\end{document}V˙O2 during the games (except for G6) were significantly higher than that at-rest (p < 0.05). The resting MAP values were negatively associated with the ground golf-induced changes in MAP (r = 0.786, p = 0.001). The participants with greater changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$\end{document}V˙O2 during the games showed significantly greater reductions in MAP (r = 0.276, p = 0.043). Conclusions Playing ground golf reduced the participants’ MAP and increased their \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$\end{document}V˙O2. Participants with higher resting MAP experienced greater reductions in MAP by playing ground golf, which suggests that ground golf can be a useful recreational sport for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Kumamoto University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi, 403-0005, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hojo
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Miho Yoshimura
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan. .,Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
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6
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De Maria B, Bari V, Cairo B, Vaini E, Martins de Abreu R, Perseguini NM, Milan-Mattos J, Rehder-Santos P, Minatel V, Catai AM, Dalla Vecchia LA, Porta A. Cardiac baroreflex hysteresis is one of the determinants of the heart period variability asymmetry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R539-R551. [PMID: 31365303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00112.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In heart period (HP) variability (HPV) recordings the percentage of negative HP variations tends to be greater than that of positive ones and this pattern is referred to as HPV asymmetry (HPVA). HPVA has been studied in several experimental conditions in healthy and pathological populations, but its origin is unclear. The baroreflex (BR) exhibits an asymmetric behavior as well given that it reacts more importantly to positive than negative arterial pressure (AP) variations. We tested the hypothesis that the BR asymmetry (BRA) is a HPVA determinant over spontaneous fluctuations of HP and systolic AP (SAP). We studied 100 healthy subjects (age from 21 to 70 yr, 54 men) comprising 20 subjects in each age decade. Electrocardiogram and noninvasive AP were recorded for 15 min at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND). The HPVA was evaluated via Porta's index and Guzik's index, while the BRA was assessed as the difference, and normalized difference, between BR sensitivities computed over positive and negative SAP variations via the sequence method applied to HP and SAP variability. HPVA significantly increased during STAND and decreased progressively with age. BRA was not significantly detected both at REST and during STAND. However, we found a significant positive association between BRA and HPVA markers during STAND persisting even within the age groups. This study supports the use of HPVA indexes as descriptors of BRA and identified a challenge soliciting the BR response like STAND to maximize the association between HPVA and BRA markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Maria
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milan, Italy
| | - Vlasta Bari
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia, and Intensive Care, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Vaini
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia, and Intensive Care, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Juliana Milan-Mattos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rehder-Santos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Minatel
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Maria Catai
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia, and Intensive Care, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Steventon JJ, Hansen AB, Whittaker JR, Wildfong KW, Nowak-Flück D, Tymko MM, Murphy K, Ainslie PN. Cerebrovascular Function in the Large Arteries Is Maintained Following Moderate Intensity Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1657. [PMID: 30519192 PMCID: PMC6258791 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to induce cerebrovascular adaptations. However, the underlying temporal dynamics are poorly understood, and regional variation in the vascular response to exercise has been observed in the large cerebral arteries. Here, we sought to measure the cerebrovascular effects of a single 20-min session of moderate-intensity exercise in the one hour period immediately following exercise cessation. We employed transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv) and posterior cerebral artery (PCAv) before, during, and following exercise. Additionally, we simultaneously measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) before and up to one hour following exercise cessation using Duplex ultrasound. A hypercapnia challenge was used before and after exercise to examine exercise-induced changes in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). We found that MCAv and PCAv were significantly elevated during exercise (p = 4.81 × 10-5 and 2.40 × 10-4, respectively). A general linear model revealed that these changes were largely explained by the partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 and not a direct vascular effect of exercise. After exercise cessation, there was no effect of exercise on CBFV or CVR in the intracranial or extracranial arteries (all p > 0.05). Taken together, these data confirm that CBF is rapidly and uniformly regulated following exercise cessation in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Steventon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Hansen
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph R Whittaker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin W Wildfong
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Nowak-Flück
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Phil N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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8
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Christou GA, Christou KA, Kiortsis DN. Pathophysiology of Noncardiac Syncope in Athletes. Sports Med 2018; 48:1561-1573. [PMID: 29605837 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent cause of syncope in young athletes is noncardiac etiology. The mechanism of noncardiac syncope (NCS) in young athletes is neurally-mediated (reflex). NCS in athletes usually occurs either as orthostasis-induced, due to a gravity-mediated reduced venous return to the heart, or in the context of exercise. Exercise-related NCS typically occurs after the cessation of an exercise bout, while syncope occurring during exercise is highly indicative of the existence of a cardiac disorder. Postexercise NCS appears to result from hypotension due to impaired postexercise vasoconstriction, as well as from hypocapnia. The mechanisms of postexercise hypotension can be divided into obligatory (which are always present and include sympathoinhibition, histaminergic vasodilation, and downregulation of cardiovagal baroreflex) and situational (which include dehydration, hyperthermia and gravitational stress). Regarding postexercise hypocapnia, both hyperventilation during recovery from exercise and orthostasis-induced hypocapnia when recovery occurs in an upright posture can produce postexercise cerebral vasoconstriction. Athletes have been shown to exhibit differential orthostatic responses compared with nonathletes, involving augmented stroke volume and increased peripheral vasodilation in the former, with possibly lower propensity to orthostatic intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Christou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Dimitrios N Kiortsis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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9
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Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, Grubb BP, Hamdan MH, Krahn AD, Link MS, Olshansky B, Raj SR, Sandhu RK, Sorajja D, Sun BC, Yancy CW. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2017; 136:e60-e122. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Win-Kuang Shen
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | | | - David G. Benditt
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Mitchell I. Cohen
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Daniel E. Forman
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Zachary D. Goldberger
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Blair P. Grubb
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Mohamed H. Hamdan
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Andrew D. Krahn
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Mark S. Link
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Brian Olshansky
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Satish R. Raj
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Roopinder Kaur Sandhu
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Dan Sorajja
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Benjamin C. Sun
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
| | - Clyde W. Yancy
- Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ACC/AHA Representative. HRS Representative. ACEP and SAEM Joint Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison
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Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, Grubb BP, Hamdan MH, Krahn AD, Link MS, Olshansky B, Raj SR, Sandhu RK, Sorajja D, Sun BC, Yancy CW. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:e155-e217. [PMID: 28286247 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Reduction in Cerebral Oxygenation After Prolonged Exercise in Hypoxia is Related to Changes in Blood Pressure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 876:95-100. [PMID: 26782200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation (COX) immediately after exercise in ten healthy males. Subjects completed an exercise and recovery protocol while breathing either 21% (normoxia) or 14.1% (hypoxia) O2 in a randomized order. Each exercise session included four sets of cycling (30 min/set, 15 min rest) at 50% of altitude-adjusted peak oxygen uptake, followed by 60 min of recovery. After exercise, mean arterial pressure (MAP; 87±1 vs. 84±1 mmHg, average values across the recovery period) and COX (68±1% vs. 58±1%) were lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia (P<0.001). Changes in MAP and COX were correlated during the recovery period in hypoxia (r=0.568, P<0.001) but not during normoxia (r=0.028, not significant). These results demonstrate that reductions in blood pressure following exercise in hypoxia are (1) more pronounced than in normoxia, and (2) associated with reductions in COX. Together, these results suggest an impairment in cerebral autoregulation as COX followed changes in MAP more passively in hypoxia than in normoxia. These findings could help explain the increased risk for postexercise syncope at high altitude.
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Mündel T, Perry BG, Ainslie PN, Thomas KN, Sikken ELG, Cotter JD, Lucas SJE. Postexercise orthostatic intolerance: influence of exercise intensity. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:915-25. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and Exercise; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Blake G. Perry
- School of Sport and Exercise; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia; Okanagan British Columbia Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Kate N. Thomas
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth L. G. Sikken
- Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of Physiology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; The Netherlands
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham; UK
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Blood pressure regulation X: what happens when the muscle pump is lost? Post-exercise hypotension and syncope. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:561-78. [PMID: 24197081 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Syncope which occurs suddenly in the setting of recovery from exercise, known as post-exercise syncope, represents a failure of integrative physiology during recovery from exercise. We estimate that between 50 and 80% of healthy individuals will develop pre-syncopal signs and symptoms if subjected to a 15-min head-up tilt following exercise. Post-exercise syncope is most often neurally mediated syncope during recovery from exercise, with a combination of factors associated with post-exercise hypotension and loss of the muscle pump contributing to the onset of the event. One can consider the initiating reduction in blood pressure as the tip of the proverbial iceberg. What is needed is a clear model of what lies under the surface; a model that puts the observational variations in context and provides a rational framework for developing strategic physical or pharmacological countermeasures to ultimately protect cerebral perfusion and avert loss of consciousness. This review summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of post-exercise syncope and attempts to categorize the variation of the physiological processes that arise in multiple exercise settings. Newer investigations into the basic integrative physiology of recovery from exercise provide insight into the mechanisms and potential interventions that could be developed as countermeasures against post-exercise syncope. While physical counter maneuvers designed to engage the muscle pump and augment venous return are often found to be beneficial in preventing a significant drop in blood pressure after exercise, countermeasures that target the respiratory pump and pharmacological countermeasures based on the involvement of histamine receptors show promise.
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Maintained cerebrovascular function during post-exercise hypotension. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1597-604. [PMID: 23314684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise period is associated with hypotension, and an increased risk of syncope attributed to decreases in venous return and/or vascular resistance. Increased local and systemic vasodilators, sympatholysis, and attenuated baroreflex sensitivity following exercise are also manifest. Although resting cerebral blood flow is maintained, cerebrovascular regulation to acute decreases in blood pressure has not been characterized following exercise. We therefore aimed to assess cerebrovascular regulation during transient bouts of hypotension, before and after 40 min of aerobic exercise at 60 % of estimated maximum oxygen consumption. Beat to beat blood pressure (Finometer), heart rate (ECG), and blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were assessed in ten healthy young humans. The MCAv-mean arterial pressure relationship during a pharmacologically (i.v. sodium nitroprusside) induced transient hypotension was assessed before and at 10, 30, and 60 min following exercise. Despite a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure at 10 min post-exercise (-10 ± 6.9 mmHg; P < 0.05) and end-tidal PCO2 (10 min post: -2.9 ± 2.6 mmHg; 30 min post: -3.9 ± 3.5 mmHg; 60 min post: -2.7 ± 2.0 mmHg; all P < 0.05), neither resting MCAv nor the cerebrovascular response to hypotension differed between pre- and post-exercise periods (P > 0.05). These data indicate that cerebrovascular regulation remains intact following a moderate bout of aerobic exercise.
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Morrison SA, Ainslie PN, Lucas RAI, Cheung SS, Cotter JD. Compression garments do not alter cerebrovascular responses to orthostatic stress after mild passive heating. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:291-300. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Morrison
- School of Physical Education; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
- Jozef Stefan Institute; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - P. N. Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences; University of British Columbia; Kelowna BC Canada
| | - R. A. I. Lucas
- School of Physical Education; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - S. S. Cheung
- Department of Kinesiology; Brock University; St. Catharines ON Canada
| | - J. D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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The influence of autonomic dysfunction associated with aging and type 2 diabetes on daily life activities. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:657103. [PMID: 22566994 PMCID: PMC3332074 DOI: 10.1155/2012/657103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ageing have well documented effects on every organ in the body. In T2D the autonomic nervous system is impaired due to damage to neurons, sensory receptors, synapses and the blood vessels. This paper will concentrate on how autonomic impairment alters normal daily activities. Impairments include the response of the blood vessels to heat, sweating, heat transfer, whole body heating, orthostatic intolerance, balance, and gait. Because diabetes is more prevalent in older individuals, the effects of ageing will be examined. Beginning with endothelial dysfunction, blood vessels have impairment in their ability to vasodilate. With this and synaptic damage, the autonomic nervous system cannot compensate for effectors such as pressure on and heating of the skin. This and reduced ability of the heart to respond to stress, reduces autonomic orthostatic compensation. Diminished sweating causes the skin and core temperature to be high during whole body heating. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, impaired vision and vestibular sensing, causes poor balance and impaired gait. Overall, people with T2D must be made aware and counseled relative to the potential consequence of these impairments.
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Philips JC, Scheen AJ. Squatting test: A posture to study and counteract cardiovascular abnormalities associated with autonomic dysfunction. Auton Neurosci 2011; 162:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ogoh S, Fisher JP, Young CN, Fadel PJ. Impact of age on critical closing pressure of the cerebral circulation during dynamic exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:417-25. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.055871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Murrell CJ, Cotter JD, George K, Shave R, Wilson L, Thomas K, Williams MJA, Ainslie PN. Syncope is unrelated to supine and postural hypotension following prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:469-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels H Secher
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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A definition of normovolaemia and consequences for cardiovascular control during orthostatic and environmental stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:141-57. [PMID: 20052592 PMCID: PMC2861179 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes the relationship between stroke volume and preload to the heart, or the volume of blood that is available to the heart—the central blood volume. Understanding the role of the central blood volume for cardiovascular control has been complicated by the fact that a given central blood volume may be associated with markedly different central vascular pressures. The central blood volume varies with posture and, consequently, stroke volume and cardiac output (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document}) are affected, but with the increased central blood volume during head-down tilt, stroke volume and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document} do not increase further indicating that in the supine resting position the heart operates on the plateau of the Frank–Starling curve which, therefore, may be taken as a functional definition of normovolaemia. Since the capacity of the vascular system surpasses the blood volume, orthostatic and environmental stress including bed rest/microgravity, exercise and training, thermal loading, illness, and trauma/haemorrhage is likely to restrict venous return and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{Q} $$\end{document}. Consequently the cardiovascular responses are determined primarily by their effect on the central blood volume. Thus during environmental stress, flow redistribution becomes dependent on sympathetic activation affecting not only skin and splanchnic blood flow, but also flow to skeletal muscles and the brain. This review addresses the hypothesis that deviations from normovolaemia significantly influence these cardiovascular responses.
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