Inmigración en la escuela: caracterización del prejuicio hacia escolares migrantes en Chile

Indicadores de salud y bienestar social en población inmigrante y chilena: un estudio comparativo

En el presente estudio se comparan los niveles medios de salud y bienestar social de adultos nacidos en Chile (n = 155) e inmigrantes de nacionalidad colombiana (n = 166), peruana (n = 154) y venezolana (n = 180). Los resultados están en línea con la “hipótesis selectiva de la inmigración”, pues se encontraron mayores niveles de salud (Minmigrantes = 40.35; Mchilenos = 38.93; t[203.579] = 2.745, p < .01) y bienestar social en inmigrantes (M = 88.62) que en chilenos (M = 85.42; t(190.778) = –3.197, p < .01). En general, en este trabajo se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la percepción de discriminación sobre la salud, y el efecto positivo de las variables socioculturales de identidad endogrupal, enriquecimiento cultural y cercanía intergrupal sobre el bienestar social en personas inmigrantes.

[Knowledge, access and use of the health system by migrant adolescents in Chile: results of an exploratory study]

OBJECTIVE

To identify the knowledge, access, and use of the health system by migrant adolescents, and the barriers to access and use of the health system in that population in Chile.

METHODS

Observational, cross-sectional exploratory study applied in a participatory workshop with migrant adolescents (N=30) in three municipalities of the city of Santiago, Chile. Multimethods study. A baseline survey on the migration process and experiences in the health system was applied, with descriptive data analysis. From the qualitative point of view, discussion groups (n=5) and participatory workshops (n=2) were carried out with migrant adolescents.

RESULTS

Sixty percent of the adolescents said they did not know if they were registered in the health system, and half of them had not used it. Time of residence was identified as a relevant factor for the effective use of some health benefits. Administrative barriers to access the health system were recognized, such as immigration status, perception of obligatory adult companionship, and experiences of discrimination in care. Specific needs were identified in sexual and reproductive health, such as access to condoms, and mental health care from specialists. As facilitators of access and use, experiences of proper treatment and the presence of the health sector in schools were highlighted.

CONCLUSIONS

Lack of information about the health system and various barriers to access and use by migrant adolescents were identified. Based on the results, general recommendations are proposed for the country and the region to improve the health of migrant adolescents.

School Satisfaction in Immigrant and Chilean Students: The Role of Prejudice and Cultural Self-Efficacy

Latin-American immigration has transformed Chilean schools into new multicultural scenarios. Studies about intergroup dynamics among students from different cultural backgrounds and their psychological consequences are still limited in south–south migration contexts. Literature has suggested that intergroup relations influence students’ satisfaction with school, and they could be improved by the development of competences to cope with cultural differences. This study aims to verify if cultural self-efficacy and its dimensions mediated the influence of prejudice on satisfaction with school, in a sample composed by N = 690 Chilean and Latin-American immigrant secondary students. Results showed that cultural self-efficacy reduced the effect of prejudice in satisfaction with school, in the cases of both immigrant and Chilean students. The dimensions of cultural self-efficacy in processing information from other cultures and mixing with different others make the difference. Findings’ contributions for the understanding of adolescents’ intergroup relations and psychosocial interventions at school are discussed.

Inequities in mental health and mental healthcare between international immigrants and locals in Chile: a narrative review

Mental health in a context of international migration is a particularly pressing issue, as migration is recognised as a social determinant of physical and mental health. As Chile is increasingly becoming a receiving country of South-South migration, immigrants face mental health inequities, with regards to outcomes and access to care.In order to identify and synthetize mental healthcare inequities faced by international migrants with regards to locals in Chile, a narrative review of the literature on national mental healthcare policies in Chile and a narrative review of the literature on migrants' mental healthcare in Chile were conducted, with a focus on describing mental health outcomes, policy environment and persisting gaps and barriers for both topics. The existing literature on mental healthcare in Chile, both for the general population and for international migrants, following the social determinant of health framework and categorised in terms of i) Inequities in mental health outcomes; ii) Description of the mental health policy environment and iii) Identification of the main barriers to access mental healthcare.Despite incremental policy efforts to improve the reach of mental healthcare in Chile, persisting inequities are identified for both locals and international migrants: lack of funding and low prioritisation, exacerbation of social vulnerability in the context of a mixed health insurance system, and inadequacy of mental healthcare services. International migrants may experience specific layers of vulnerability linked to migration as a social determinant of health, nested in a system that exacerbates social vulnerability.Based on the findings, the article discusses how mental health is a privilege for migrant populations as well as locals experiencing layers of social vulnerability in the Chilean context. International migrants' access to comprehensive and culturally relevant mental healthcare in Chile and other countries is an urgent need in order to contribute to reducing social vulnerability and fostering mechanisms of social inclusion.International migration, social determinants of mental health, mental health inequities, social vulnerability, review.

Using the Semantic Differential Technique to Assess Stereotypes toward Individuals with Disabilities: The Relevance of Warmth and Competence

This study analyzes social perceptions towards groups with different types of disability, as well as the relationship between the judgments towards these groups, oneself and other significant individuals. The assessment was carried out using a Semantic Differential scale completed by181 participants. Results supported the Stereotype Content Model, as the different groups with disabilities were perceived in a more uniform way than those who did not share this label, and people with intellectual disability elicited paternalistic feelings. The results also support a two-factor model to explore the content of the stereotypes. Understanding the factors that contribute to the formation of social judgments is key to the implementation of actions that modify stereotypes and prejudices and promote equity.