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Bakhtiari H, Nouri A, Khakbiz M, Tolouei-Rad M. Fatigue behaviour of load-bearing polymeric bone scaffolds: A review. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:16-37. [PMID: 37797705 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone scaffolds play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering by providing mechanical support for the growth of new tissue while enduring static and fatigue loads. Although polymers possess favourable characteristics such as adjustable degradation rate, tissue-compatible stiffness, ease of fabrication, and low toxicity, their relatively low mechanical strength has limited their use in load-bearing applications. While numerous studies have focused on assessing the static strength of polymeric scaffolds, little research has been conducted on their fatigue properties. The current review presents a comprehensive study on the fatigue behaviour of polymeric bone scaffolds. The fatigue failure in polymeric scaffolds is discussed and the impact of material properties, topological features, loading conditions, and environmental factors are also examined. The present review also provides insight into the fatigue damage evolution within polymeric scaffolds, drawing comparisons to the behaviour observed in natural bone. Additionally, the effect of polymer microstructure, incorporating reinforcing materials, the introduction of topological features, and hydrodynamic/corrosive impact of body fluids in the fatigue life of scaffolds are discussed. Understanding these parameters is crucial for enhancing the fatigue resistance of polymeric scaffolds and holds promise for expanding their application in clinical settings as structural biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Polymers have promising advantages for bone tissue engineering, including adjustable degradation rates, compatibility with native bone stiffness, ease of fabrication, and low toxicity. However, their limited mechanical strength has hindered their use in load-bearing scaffolds for clinical applications. While prior studies have addressed static behaviour of polymeric scaffolds, a comprehensive review of their fatigue performance is lacking. This review explores this gap, addressing fatigue characteristics, failure mechanisms, and the influence of parameters like material properties, topological features, loading conditions, and environmental factors. It also examines microstructure, reinforcement materials, pore architectures, body fluids, and tissue ingrowth effects on fatigue behaviour. A significant emphasis is placed on understanding fatigue damage progression in polymeric scaffolds, comparing it to natural bone behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Bakhtiari
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (CAMM), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Alireza Nouri
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Khakbiz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., PO Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tolouei-Rad
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (CAMM), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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2
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Holiel AA, Sedek EM. Marginal adaptation, physicochemical and rheological properties of treated dentin matrix hydrogel as a novel injectable pulp capping material for dentin regeneration. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:938. [PMID: 38017480 PMCID: PMC10683231 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treated dentin matrix hydrogel (TDMH) has been introduced as a novel injectable direct pulp capping material. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate its marginal adaptation, physicochemical and rheological properties for the development of clinically feasible TDMH. METHODS TDMH was applied to the pulp floor of prepared Class I cavities (n = 5), marginal adaptation was assessed by SEM at 1000 X magnification to detect gap between dentin and filling material. Five syringes were filled with TDMH and placed between the compression plates of a universal testing machine to evaluate injectability and gelation time was also evaluated by test vial inverting method. The microstructures of lyophilized TDMH were observed by SEM. Moreover, TDMH discs (n = 5) were prepared and the water uptake (%) was determined based on the equilibrium swelling theory state of hydrogels. Its solubility was measured after one week by the ISO standard method. Rheological behaviours of TDMH (n = 5) were analysed with a rotational rheometer by computing their complex shear modulus G* and their associated storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G''). Statistical analysis was performed using F test (ANOVA) with repeated measures and Post Hoc Test (p = 0.05). RESULTS TDMH presented an overall 92.20 ± 2.95% of continuous margins. It exhibited gelation during the first minute, and injectability mean was 66 ± 0.36%. TDMH showed a highly porous structure, and the pores were interconnected with an average diameter about 5.09 ± 3.17 μm. Swelling equilibrium gradually reached at 6 days up to 377%. The prepared hydrogels and maintained their shape after absorbing over three times their original weight of water. TDMH fulfilled the requirements of ISO 6876, demonstrating a weight loss of 1.98 ± 0.09% and linear viscoelastic behaviour with G` 479.2 ± 12.7 and G`` 230.8 ± 13.8. CONCLUSIONS TDMH provided good marginal adaptation, appropriate physicochemical and viscoelastic properties support its use as a novel direct pulp capping material in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Holiel
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Sedek
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Yu L, Cavelier S, Hannon B, Wei M. Recent development in multizonal scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:122-159. [PMID: 36817819 PMCID: PMC9931622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In contrast to the current surgical approaches which yield only short-term relief of symptoms, tissue engineering strategy has been shown more promising outcomes in treating OC defects since its emergence in the 1990s. In particular, the use of multizonal scaffolds (MZSs) that mimic the gradient transitions, from cartilage surface to the subchondral bone with either continuous or discontinuous compositions, structures, and properties of natural OC tissue, has been gaining momentum in recent years. Scrutinizing the latest developments in the field, this review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advances, current hurdles, and future perspectives of OC repair, particularly the use of MZSs including bilayered, trilayered, multilayered, and gradient scaffolds, by bringing together onerous demands of architecture designs, material selections, manufacturing techniques as well as the choices of growth factors and cells, each of which possesses its unique challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Sacha Cavelier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Brett Hannon
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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4
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Gao L, Liu G, Tan Y, Li R, Zhang C, Gao H, Zhao B. Creep-recovery behaviors of articular cartilage under uniaxial and biaxial tensile loadings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1085062. [PMID: 36704296 PMCID: PMC9871245 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1085062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Creep deformation in cartilage can be observed under physiological loads in daily activities such as standing, single-leg lunge, the stance phase of gait. If not fully recovered in time, it may induce irreversible damage in cartilage and further lead to early osteoarthritis. In this study, 36 cruciform-shape samples in total from 18 bulls were employed to conduct the uniaxial and biaxial creep-recovery tests by using a biaxial cyclic testing system. Effects of stress level (σ = .5, 1.0, 1.5 MPa) and biaxial stress ratio (B = 0, .3, .5, 1.0) on creep-recovery behaviors of cartilage were characterized. And then, a viscoelastic constitutive model was employed to predict its creep-recovery behaviors. The results showed that the creep strain and its three components, namely instantaneous elastic strain, delayed elastic strain and viscous flow strain, increase with the increasing stress level or with the decreasing biaxial stress ratio. Compared with uniaxial creep-recovery, biaxial creep-recovery exhibits a smaller creep strain, a faster recovery rate of creep strain and a smaller residual strain. Besides, the built viscoelastic model can be used to describe the uniaxial creep-recovery behaviors of cartilage as a good correlation between the fitted results and test results is achieved. The findings are expected to provide new insights into understanding normal joint function and cartilage pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yansong Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Yansong Tan, ; Chunqiu Zhang,
| | - Ruixin Li
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Yansong Tan, ; Chunqiu Zhang,
| | - Hong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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5
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Höflsauer S, Bonnaire FC, Bamberger CE, Danalache M, Feierabend M, Hofmann UK. Changes in stiffness of the extracellular and pericellular matrix in the anulus fibrosus of lumbar intervertebral discs over the course of degeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1006615. [PMID: 36619385 PMCID: PMC9816436 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogous to articular cartilage, changes in spatial chondrocyte organisation have been proposed to be a strong indicator for local tissue degeneration in the intervertebral disc (IVD). While a progressive structural and functional degradation of the extracellular (ECM) and pericellular (PCM) matrix occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage, these processes have not yet been biomechanically elucidated in the IVD. We aimed to evaluate the local stiffness of the ECM and PCM in the anulus fibrosus of the IVD on the basis of local chondrocyte spatial organisation. Using atomic force microscopy, we measured the Young's modulus of the local ECM and PCM in human and bovine disc samples using the spatial chondrocyte patterns as an image-based biomarker. By measuring tissue from 31 patients and six bovine samples, we found a significant difference in the elastic moduli (E) of the PCM in clusters when compared to the healthy patterns single cells (p = 0.029), pairs (p = 0.016), and string-formations (p = 0.010). The ECM/PCM ratio ranged from 0.62-0.89. Interestingly, in the bovine IVD, the ECM/PCM ratio of the E significantly varied (p = 0.002) depending on the tissue origin. Overall the reduced E in clusters demonstrates that cluster formation is not only a morphological phenomenon describing disc degeneration, but it marks a compromised biomechanical functioning. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that collagen type III degradation might be involved. This study is the first to describe and quantify the differences in the E of the ECM in relation to the PCM in the anulus fibrosus of the IVD by means of atomic force microscopy on the basis of spatial chondrocyte organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höflsauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Christof Bonnaire
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Emma Bamberger
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Danalache
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Feierabend
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Science of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Martina Feierabend,
| | - Ulf Krister Hofmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Nordberg RC, Huebner P, Schuchard KG, Mellor LF, Shirwaiker RA, Loboa EG, Spang JT. The evaluation of a multiphasic 3D-bioplotted scaffold seeded with adipose derived stem cells to repair osteochondral defects in a porcine model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2246-2258. [PMID: 34114736 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for the development of effective treatments for focal articular cartilage injuries. We previously developed a multiphasic 3D-bioplotted osteochondral scaffold design that can drive site-specific tissue formation when seeded with adipose-derived stem cells (ASC). The objective of this study was to evaluate this scaffold in a large animal model. Osteochondral defects were generated in the trochlear groove of Yucatan minipigs and repaired with scaffolds that either contained or lacked an electrospun tidemark and were either unseeded or seeded with ASC. Implants were monitored via computed tomography (CT) over the course of 4 months of in vivo implantation and compared to both open lesions and autologous explants. ICRS II evaluation indicated that defects with ASC-seeded scaffolds had healing that most closely resembled the aulogous explant. Scaffold-facilitated subchondral bone repair mimicked the structure of native bone tissue, but cartilage matrix staining was not apparent within the scaffold. The open lesions had the highest volumetric infill detected using CT analysis (p < 0.05), but the repair tissue was largely disorganized. The acellular scaffold without a tidemark had significantly more volumetric filling than either the acellular or ASC seeded groups containing a tidemark (p < 0.05), suggesting that the tidemark limited cell infiltration into the cartilage portion of the scaffold. Overall, scaffold groups repaired the defect more successfully than an open lesion but achieved limited repair in the cartilage region. With further optimization, this approach holds potential to treat focal cartilage lesions in a highly personalized manner using a human patient's own ASC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Nordberg
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pedro Huebner
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Karl G Schuchard
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liliana F Mellor
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rohan A Shirwaiker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Office of the Provost, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffery T Spang
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Ghorbani M, Mahmoodzadeh F, Yavari Maroufi L, Nezhad-Mokhtari P. Electrospun tetracycline hydrochloride loaded zein/gum tragacanth/poly lactic acid nanofibers for biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1312-1322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Bahraminasab M. Challenges on optimization of 3D-printed bone scaffolds. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:69. [PMID: 32883300 PMCID: PMC7469110 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomaterials and the need for patient-specific bone scaffolds require modern manufacturing approaches in addition to a design strategy. Hybrid materials such as those with functionally graded properties are highly needed in tissue replacement and repair. However, their constituents, proportions, sizes, configurations and their connection to each other are a challenge to manufacturing. On the other hand, various bone defect sizes and sites require a cost-effective readily adaptive manufacturing technique to provide components (scaffolds) matching with the anatomical shape of the bone defect. Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing is capable of fabricating functional physical components with or without porosity by depositing the materials layer-by-layer using 3D computer models. Therefore, it facilitates the production of advanced bone scaffolds with the feasibility of making changes to the model. This review paper first discusses the development of a computer-aided-design (CAD) approach for the manufacture of bone scaffolds, from the anatomical data acquisition to the final model. It also provides information on the optimization of scaffold's internal architecture, advanced materials, and process parameters to achieve the best biomimetic performance. Furthermore, the review paper describes the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technologies applied to the production of bone tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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9
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Mellor LF, Nordberg RC, Huebner P, Mohiti-Asli M, Taylor MA, Efird W, Oxford JT, Spang JT, Shirwaiker RA, Loboa EG. Investigation of multiphasic 3D-bioplotted scaffolds for site-specific chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells for osteochondral tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:2017-2030. [PMID: 31880408 PMCID: PMC7217039 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that limits mobility of the affected joint due to the degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The limited regenerative capacity of cartilage presents significant challenges when attempting to repair or reverse the effects of cartilage degradation. Tissue engineered medical products are a promising alternative to treat osteochondral degeneration due to their potential to integrate into the patient's existing tissue. The goal of this study was to create a scaffold that would induce site-specific osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) to generate a full osteochondral implant. Scaffolds were fabricated using 3D-bioplotting of biodegradable polycraprolactone (PCL) with either β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or decellularized bovine cartilage extracellular matrix (dECM) to drive site-specific hASC osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively. PCL-dECM scaffolds demonstrated elevated matrix deposition and organization in scaffolds seeded with hASC as well as a reduction in collagen I gene expression. 3D-bioplotted PCL scaffolds with 20% TCP demonstrated elevated calcium deposition, endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteopontin gene expression. Osteochondral scaffolds comprised of hASC-seeded 3D-bioplotted PCL-TCP, electrospun PCL, and 3D-bioplotted PCL-dECM phases were evaluated and demonstrated site-specific osteochondral tissue characteristics. This technique holds great promise as cartilage morbidity is minimized since autologous cartilage harvest is not required, tissue rejection is minimized via use of an abundant and accessible source of autologous stem cells, and biofabrication techniques allow for a precise, customizable methodology to rapidly produce the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana F Mellor
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Rachel C Nordberg
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Pedro Huebner
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mahsa Mohiti-Asli
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Taylor
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - William Efird
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Julia T Oxford
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Jeffrey T Spang
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rohan A Shirwaiker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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10
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Maglio M, Brogini S, Pagani S, Giavaresi G, Tschon M. Current Trends in the Evaluation of Osteochondral Lesion Treatments: Histology, Histomorphometry, and Biomechanics in Preclinical Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4040236. [PMID: 31687388 PMCID: PMC6803751 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral lesions (OCs) are typically of traumatic origins but are also caused by degenerative conditions, in primis osteoarthritis (OA). On the other side, OC lesions themselves, getting worse over time, can lead to OA, indicating that chondral and OC defects represent a risk factor for the onset of the pathology. Many animal models have been set up for years for the study of OC regeneration, being successfully employed to test different treatment strategies, from biomaterials and cells to physical and biological adjuvant therapies. These studies rely on a plethora of post-explant investigations ranging from histological and histomorphometric analyses to biomechanical ones. The present review aims to analyze the methods employed for the evaluation of OC treatments in each animal model by screening literature data within the last 10 years. According to the selected research criteria performed in two databases, 60 works were included. Data revealed that lapine (50% of studies) and ovine (23% of studies) models are predominant, and knee joints are the most used anatomical locations for creating OC defects. Analyses are mostly conducted on paraffin-embedded samples in order to perform histological/histomorphometric analyses by applying semiquantitative scoring systems and on fresh samples in order to perform biomechanical investigations by indentation tests on articular cartilage. Instead, a great heterogeneity is pointed out in terms of OC defect dimensions and animal's age. The choice of experimental times is generally adequate for the animal models adopted, although few studies adopt very long experimental times. Improvements in data reporting and in standardization of protocols would be desirable for a better comparison of results and for ethical reasons related to appropriate and successful animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Maglio
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Brogini
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Pagani
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Giavaresi
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Tschon
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Chung R, Kalyon DM, Yu X, Valdevit A. Segmental bone replacement via patient-specific, three-dimensional printed bioresorbable graft substitutes and their use as templates for the culture of mesenchymal stem cells under mechanical stimulation at various frequencies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2365-2376. [PMID: 29940090 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of large segmental bone defects remains a challenge as infection, delayed union, and nonunion are common postoperative complications. A three-dimensional printed bioresorbable and physiologically load-sustaining graft substitute was developed to mimic native bone tissue for segmental bone repair. Fabricated from polylactic acid, this graft substitute is novel as it is readily customizable to accommodate the particular size and location of the segmental bone of the patient to be replaced. Inspired by the structure of the native bone tissue, the graft substitute exhibits a gradient in porosity and pore size in the radial direction and exhibit mechanical properties similar to those of the native bone tissue. The graft substitute can serve as a template for tissue constructs via seeding with stem cells. The biocompatibility of such templates was tested under in vitro conditions using a dynamic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells. The effects of the mechanical loading of cell-seeded templates under in vitro conditions were assessed via subjecting the tissue constructs to 28 days of daily mechanical stimulation. The frequency of loading was found to have a significant effect on the rate of mineralization, as the alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition were determined to be particularly high at the typical walking frequency of 2 Hz, suggesting that mechanical stimulation plays a significant role in facilitating the healing process of bone defects. Utilization of such patient-specific and biocompatible graft substitutes, coupled with patient's bone marrow cells seeded and exposed to mechanical stimulation of 2 Hz have the potential of reducing significant volumes of cadaveric tissue required, improving long-term graft stability and incorporation, and alleviating financial burdens associated with delayed or failed fusions of long bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Dilhan M Kalyon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Antonio Valdevit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
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Casanova MR, Reis RL, Martins A, Neves NM. The Use of Electrospinning Technique on Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:247-263. [PMID: 29691825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning, an electrostatic fiber fabrication technique, has attracted significant interest in recent years due to its versatility and ability to produce highly tunable nanofibrous meshes. These nanofibrous meshes have been investigated as promising tissue engineering scaffolds since they mimic the scale and morphology of the native extracellular matrix. The sub-micron diameter of fibers produced by this process presents various advantages like the high surface area to volume ratio, tunable porosity, and the ability to manipulate the nanofiber composition in order to get desired properties and functionality. Electrospun fibers can be oriented or arranged randomly, giving control over both mechanical properties and the biological response to the fibrous scaffold. Moreover, bioactive molecules can be integrated with the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in order to improve the cellular response. This chapter presents an overview of the developments on electrospun polymer nanofibers including processing, structure, and their applications in the field of osteochondral tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Casanova
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Albino Martins
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Osteochondral Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Strategies. REGENERATIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF KNEE JOINT DISABILITIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44785-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ozcan B, Bayrak E, Erisken C. Characterization of Human Dental Pulp Tissue Under Oscillatory Shear and Compression. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:061006. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4033437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Availability of material as well as biological properties of native tissues is critical for biomaterial design and synthesis for regenerative engineering. Until recently, selection of biomaterials and biomolecule carriers for dental pulp regeneration has been done randomly or based on experience mainly due to the absence of benchmark data for dental pulp tissue. This study, for the first time, characterizes the linear viscoelastic material functions and compressive properties of human dental pulp tissue harvested from wisdom teeth, under oscillatory shear and compression. The results revealed a gel-like behavior of the pulp tissue over the frequency range of 0.1–100 rps. Uniaxial compression tests generated peak normal stress and compressive modulus values of 39.1±20.4 kPa and 5.5±2.8 kPa, respectively. Taken collectively, the linear viscoelastic and uniaxial compressive properties of the human dental pulp tissue reported here should enable the better tailoring of biomaterials or biomolecule carriers to be employed in dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ozcan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Ece Bayrak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Cevat Erisken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Avenue No. 43, Sogutozu, Ankara 06560, Turkey e-mail:
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Negahi Shirazi A, Chrzanowski W, Khademhosseini A, Dehghani F. Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Structure, Injuries and Regenerative Treatments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 881:161-86. [PMID: 26545750 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most vulnerable ligaments of the knee. ACL impairment results in episodic instability, chondral and meniscal injury and early osteoarthritis. The poor self-healing capacity of ACL makes surgical treatment inevitable. Current ACL reconstructions include a substitution of torn ACL via biological grafts such as autograft, allograft. This review provides an insight of ACL structure, orientation and properties followed by comparing the performance of various constructs that have been used for ACL replacement. New approaches, undertaken to induce ACL regeneration and fabricate biomimetic scaffolds, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Negahi Shirazi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Erisken C, Kalyon DM, Zhou J, Kim SG, Mao JJ. Viscoelastic Properties of Dental Pulp Tissue and Ramifications on Biomaterial Development for Pulp Regeneration. J Endod 2015; 41:1711-7. [PMID: 26321063 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A critical step in biomaterial selection effort is the determination of material as well as the biological properties of the target tissue. Previously, the selection of biomaterials and carriers for dental pulp regeneration has been solely based on empirical experience. METHODS In this study, first, the linear viscoelastic material functions and compressive properties of miniature pig dental pulp were characterized using small-amplitude oscillatory shear and uniaxial compression at a constant rate. They were then compared with the properties of hydrogels (ie, agarose, alginate, and collagen) that are widely used in tissue regeneration. RESULTS The comparisons of the linear viscoelastic material functions of the native pulp tissue with those of the 3 hydrogels revealed the gel-like behavior of the pulp tissue over a relatively large range of time scales (ie, over the frequency range of 0.1-100 rps). At the constant gelation agent concentration of 2%, the dynamic properties (ie, storage and loss moduli and the tanδ) of the collagen-based gel approached those of the native tissue. Under uniaxial compression, the peak normal stresses and compressive moduli of the agarose gel were similar to those of the native tissue, whereas alginate and collagen exhibited significantly lower compressive properties. CONCLUSIONS The linear viscoelastic and uniaxial compressive properties of the dental pulp tissue reported here should enable the more appropriate selection of biogels for dental pulp regeneration via the better tailoring of gelation agents and their concentrations to better mimic the dynamic and compressive properties of native pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevat Erisken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Dilhan M Kalyon
- Highly Filled Materials Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sahng G Kim
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Shell-core bi-layered scaffolds for engineering of vascularized osteon-like structures. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bressan E, Carraro A, Ferroni L, Gardin C, Sbricoli L, Guazzo R, Stellini E, Roman M, Pinton P, Sivolella S, Zavan B. Nanotechnology to drive stem cell commitment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:469-86. [PMID: 23477337 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are undifferentiated cells responsible for the growth, homeostasis and repair of many tissues. The maintenance and survival of SCs is strongly influenced by several stimuli from the local microenvironment. The majority of signaling molecules interact with SCs at the nanoscale level. Therefore, scaffolds with surface nanostructures have potential applications for SCs and in the field of regenerative medicine. Although some strategies have already reached the field of cell biology, strategies based on modification at nanoscale level are new players in the fields of SCs and tissue regeneration. The introduction of the possibility to perform such modifications to these fields is probably due to increasing improvements in nanomaterials for biomedical applications, as well as new insights into SC biology. The aim of the present review is to exhibit the most recent applications of nanostructured materials that drive the commitment of adult SCs for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriberto Bressan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Venezia 90, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Sethuraman V, Makornkaewkeyoon K, Khalf A, Madihally SV. Influence of scaffold forming techniques on stress relaxation behavior of polycaprolactone scaffolds. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Sethuraman
- School of Chemical Engineering; Oklahoma State University; 423 Engineering North; Stillwater; OK; 74078
| | - Kornkarn Makornkaewkeyoon
- School of Chemical Engineering; Oklahoma State University; 423 Engineering North; Stillwater; OK; 74078
| | - Abdurizzagh Khalf
- School of Chemical Engineering; Oklahoma State University; 423 Engineering North; Stillwater; OK; 74078
| | - Sundararajan V. Madihally
- School of Chemical Engineering; Oklahoma State University; 423 Engineering North; Stillwater; OK; 74078
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Ergun A, Yu X, Valdevit A, Ritter A, Kalyon DM. In vitro analysis and mechanical properties of twin screw extruded single-layered and coextruded multilayered poly(caprolactone) scaffolds seeded with human fetal osteoblasts for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:354-66. [PMID: 22021183 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In vitro culturing and mechanical properties of three types of three-dimensional poly(caprolactone) scaffolds with interconnecting open-foam networks are reported. The scaffolds targeted bone tissue regeneration and were fabricated using twin screw extrusion and coextrusion techniques, for continuous mixing/shaping and formation of single or multilayers with distinct and tailorable porosities and pore sizes. Human fetal preosteoblastic cells, hFOB, were cultured on the extruded and coextruded scaffolds under osteogenic supplements and the samples of the resulting tissue constructs were removed and characterized for cell viability and proliferation using the MTS assay, differentiation, and mineralized matrix synthesis via the alkaline phosphatase, ALP, activity and Alizarin Red staining and cell migration using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The hFOB cells formed a confluent lining on scaffold surfaces, migrated to the interior and generated abundant extracellular matrix after 2 weeks of culturing, indicative of the promise of such scaffolds for utilization in tissue engineering. The scaffolds and tissue constructs exhibited compressive fatigue behavior that was similar to that of cancellous bone, suggesting the suitability of their use as bone graft substitutes especially for repair of critical-sized defects or nonunion fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ergun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
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Erisken C, Kalyon DM, Wang H, Örnek-Ballanco C, Xu J. Osteochondral Tissue Formation Through Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Differentiation on Biomimetic Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Graded Insulin and Beta-Glycerophosphate Concentrations. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1239-52. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cevat Erisken
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Dilhan M. Kalyon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Ceren Örnek-Ballanco
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Jiahua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
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