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Biomechanical properties and clinical significance of cancellous bone in proximal femur: A review. Injury 2023:S0020-1383(23)00251-6. [PMID: 36922271 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Trabecular bone plays an important role in the load-bearing capacity of the femur. Understanding the structural characteristics, biomechanics, and mechanical conduction of the trabecular bone is of great value in studying the mechanism of fractures and formulating surgical plans. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented progress in imaging, biomechanics and finite element analysis techniques, translating into a better understanding of trabecular bone. This article reviews the research progress achieved over the years regarding femoral trabecular bone, especially on factors influencing the strength of the proximal femoral cancellous bone and cancellous bone microfractures and provides a comprehensive overview of the latest findings on proximal femoral trabecular bone and their clinical significance.
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Distribution of mechanical strain in equine distal metacarpal subchondral bone: A microCT-based finite element model. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cai X, Brenner R, Peralta L, Olivier C, Gouttenoire PJ, Chappard C, Peyrin F, Cassereau D, Laugier P, Grimal Q. Homogenization of cortical bone reveals that the organization and shape of pores marginally affect elasticity. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180911. [PMID: 30958180 PMCID: PMC6408344 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With ageing and various diseases, the vascular pore volume fraction (porosity) in cortical bone increases, and the morphology of the pore network is altered. Cortical bone elasticity is known to decrease with increasing porosity, but the effect of the microstructure is largely unknown, while it has been thoroughly studied for trabecular bone. Also, popular micromechanical models have disregarded several micro-architectural features, idealizing pores as cylinders aligned with the axis of the diaphysis. The aim of this paper is to quantify the relative effects on cortical bone anisotropic elasticity of porosity and other descriptors of the pore network micro-architecture associated with pore number, size and shape. The five stiffness constants of bone assumed to be a transversely isotropic material were measured with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in 55 specimens from the femoral diaphysis of 29 donors. The pore network, imaged with synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography, was used to derive the pore descriptors and to build a homogenization model using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The model was calibrated using experimental elasticity. A detailed analysis of the computed effective elasticity revealed in particular that porosity explains most of the variations of the five stiffness constants and that the effects of other micro-architectural features are small compared to usual experimental errors. We also have evidence that modelling the pore network as an ensemble of cylinders yields biased elasticity values compared to predictions based on the real micro-architecture. The FFT homogenization method is shown to be particularly efficient to model cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Cai
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Renald Brenner
- Institut Jean le Rond ∂’Alembert, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7190, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Peralta
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Olivier
- CREATIS, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1206, CNRS UMR 5220 , INSA-Lyon, UCBL, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- ESRF, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Peyrin
- CREATIS, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1206, CNRS UMR 5220 , INSA-Lyon, UCBL, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- ESRF, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Cassereau
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Laugier
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Quentin Grimal
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, 75006 Paris, France
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Pendleton MM, Sadoughi S, Li A, O'Connell GD, Alwood JS, Keaveny TM. High-precision method for cyclic loading of small-animal vertebrae to assess bone quality. Bone Rep 2018; 9:165-172. [PMID: 30417036 PMCID: PMC6222041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One potentially important bone quality characteristic is the response of bone to cyclic (repetitive) mechanical loading. In small animals, such as in rats and mice, cyclic loading experiments are particularly challenging to perform in a precise manner due to the small size of the bones and difficult-to-eliminate machine compliance. Addressing this issue, we developed a precise method for ex vivo cyclic compressive loading of isolated mouse vertebral bodies. The method has three key characteristics: 3D-printed support jigs for machining plano-parallel surfaces of the tiny vertebrae; pivotable loading platens to ensure uniform contact and loading of specimen surfaces; and specimen-specific micro-CT-based finite element analysis to measure stiffness to prescribe force levels that produce the same specified level of strain for all test specimens. To demonstrate utility, we measured fatigue life for three groups (n = 5–6 per group) of L5 vertebrae of C57BL/6J male mice, comparing our new method against two methods commonly used in the literature. We found reduced scatter of the mechanical behavior for this new method compared to the literature methods. In particular, for a controlled level of strain, the standard deviation of the measured fatigue life was up to 5-fold lower for the new method (F-ratio = 4.9; p < 0.01). The improved precision for this new method for biomechanical testing of small-animal vertebrae may help elucidate aspects of bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Saghi Sadoughi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California and Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace D. O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua S. Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Tony M. Keaveny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 5124 Etcheverry Hall, Mailstop 1740, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA.
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Wu D, Isaksson P, Ferguson SJ, Persson C. Young's modulus of trabecular bone at the tissue level: A review. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:1-12. [PMID: 30081232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tissue-level Young's modulus of trabecular bone is important for detailed mechanical analysis of bone and bone-implant mechanical interactions. However, the heterogeneity and small size of the trabecular struts complicate an accurate determination. Methods such as micro-mechanical testing of single trabeculae, ultrasonic testing, and nanoindentation have been used to estimate the trabecular Young's modulus. This review summarizes and classifies the trabecular Young's moduli reported in the literature. Information on species, anatomic site, and test condition of the samples has also been gathered. Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods together with recent developments are discussed, followed by some suggestions for potential improvement for future work. In summary, this review provides a thorough introduction to the approaches used for determining trabecular Young's modulus, highlights important considerations when applying these methods and summarizes the reported Young's modulus for follow-up studies on trabecular properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The spongy trabecular bone provides mechanical support while maintaining a low weight. A correct measure of its mechanical properties at the tissue level, i.e. at a single-trabecula level, is crucial for analysis of interactions between bone and implants, necessary for understanding e.g. bone healing mechanisms. In this study, we comprehensively summarize the Young's moduli of trabecular bone estimated by currently available methods, and report their dependency on different factors. The critical review of different methods with recent updates is intended to inspire improvements in estimating trabecular Young's modulus. It is strongly suggested to report detailed information on the tested bone to enable statistical analysis in the future.
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Hammond MA, Wallace JM, Allen MR, Siegmund T. Incorporating tissue anisotropy and heterogeneity in finite element models of trabecular bone altered predicted local stress distributions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:605-614. [PMID: 29139053 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone is composed of organized mineralized collagen fibrils, which results in heterogeneous and anisotropic mechanical properties at the tissue level. Recently, biomechanical models computing stresses and strains in trabecular bone have indicated a significant effect of tissue heterogeneity on predicted stresses and strains. However, the effect of the tissue-level mechanical anisotropy on the trabecular bone biomechanical response is unknown. Here, a computational method was established to automatically impose physiologically relevant orientation inherent in trabecular bone tissue on a trabecular bone microscale finite element model. Spatially varying tissue-level anisotropic elastic properties were then applied according to the bone mineral density and the local tissue orientation. The model was used to test the hypothesis that anisotropy in both homogeneous and heterogeneous models alters the predicted distribution of stress invariants. Linear elastic finite element computations were performed on a 3 mm cube model isolated from a microcomputed tomography scan of human trabecular bone from the distal femur. Hydrostatic stress and von Mises equivalent stress were recorded at every element, and the distributions of these values were analyzed. Anisotropy reduced the range of hydrostatic stress in both tension and compression more strongly than the associated increase in von Mises equivalent stress. The effect of anisotropy was independent of the spatial redistribution high compressive stresses due to tissue elastic heterogeneity. Tissue anisotropy and heterogeneity are likely important mechanisms to protect bone from failure and should be included for stress analyses in trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Hammond
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue Universitry Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Thomas Siegmund
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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