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Chacin Ruiz EA, Swindle-Reilly KE, Ford Versypt AN. Experimental and mathematical approaches for drug delivery for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2023; 363:464-483. [PMID: 37774953 PMCID: PMC10842193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Several chronic eye diseases affect the posterior segment of the eye. Among them age-related macular degeneration can cause vision loss if left untreated and is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the world. Most treatments are based on intravitreally injected therapeutics that inhibit the action of vascular endothelial growth factor. However, due to the need for monthly injections, this method is associated with poor patient compliance. To address this problem, numerous drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed. This review covers a selection of particulate systems, non-stimuli responsive hydrogels, implants, and composite systems that have been developed in the last few decades. Depending on the type of DDS, polymer material, and preparation method, different mechanical properties and drug release profiles can be achieved. Furthermore, DDS development can be optimized by implementing mathematical modeling of both drug release and pharmacokinetic aspects. Several existing mathematical models for diffusion-controlled, swelling-controlled, and erosion-controlled drug delivery from polymeric systems are summarized. Compartmental and physiologically based models for ocular drug transport and pharmacokinetics that have studied drug concentration profiles after intravitreal delivery or release from a DDS are also reviewed. The coupling of drug release models with ocular pharmacokinetic models can lead to obtaining much more efficient DDSs for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and other diseases of the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Chacin Ruiz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashlee N Ford Versypt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Khoobyar A, Penkova AN, Humayun MS, Sadhal SS. Mathematical Model of Macromolecular Drug Transport in a Partially Liquefied Vitreous Humor. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:031208. [PMID: 35833154 PMCID: PMC8823200 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of partial liquefaction (due to ageing) of the vitreous humor on the transport of ocular drugs. In our model, the gel part of the vitreous is treated as a Darcy-type porous medium. A spherical region within the porous part of vitreous is in a liquid state which, for computational purposes, is also treated as a porous medium but with a much higher permeability. Using the finite element method, a time-dependent, three-dimensional model has been developed to computationally simulate (using the Petrov-Galerkin method) the transport of intravitreally injected macromolecules where both convection and diffusion are present. From a fluid physics and transport phenomena perspective, the results show many interesting features. For pressure-driven flow across the vitreous, the flow streamlines converge into the liquefied region as the flow seeks the fastest path of travel. Furthermore, as expected, with increased level of liquefaction, the overall flow rate increases for a given pressure drop. We have quantified this effect for various geometrical considerations. The flow convergence into the liquefied region has important implication for convective transport. One effect is the clear diversion of the drug as it reaches the liquefied region. In some instances, the entry point of the drug in the retinal region gets slightly shifted due to liquefaction. While the model has many approximations and assumptions, the focus is illustrating the effect of liquefaction as one of the building blocks toward a fully comprehensive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Khoobyar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
| | - Anita N. Penkova
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- Cornelius Pings Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Professor of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Engineering, and Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Director, USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Co-Director USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
| | - Satwindar Singh Sadhal
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
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Khoobyar A, Naghdloo A, Penkova AN, Humayun MS, Sadhal SS. Analytical and Computational Modeling of Sustained-Release Drug Implants in the Vitreous Humor. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2021; 143:101201. [PMID: 35832287 PMCID: PMC8597555 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sustained ocular drug delivery systems are necessary for patients needing regular drug therapy since frequent injection is painful, undesirable, and risky. One type of sustained-release systems includes pellets loaded with the drug, encapsulated in a porous shell that can be injected into the vitreous humor. There the released drug diffuses while the physiological flow of water provides the convective transport. The fluid flow within the vitreous is described by Darcy's equations for the analytical model and Brinkman flow for the computational analysis while the drug transport is given by the classical convection-diffusion equation. Since the timescale for the drug depletion is quite large, for the analytical model, we consider the exterior surrounding the capsule to be quasi-steady and the interior is time dependent. In the vitreous, the fluid-flow process is relatively slow, and meaningful results can be obtained for small Peclet number whereby a perturbation analysis is possible. For an isolated capsule, with approximately uniform flow in the far field around it, the mass-transfer problem requires singular perturbation with inner and outer matching. The computational model, besides accommodating the ocular geometry, allows for a fully time-dependent mass-concentration solution and also admits moderate Peclet numbers. As expected, the release rate diminishes with time as the drug depletion lowers the driving potential. The predictive results are sufficient general for a range of capsule permeability values and are useful for the design of the sustained-release microspheres as to the requisite permeability for specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Khoobyar
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
| | - Amin Naghdloo
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
| | - Anita N. Penkova
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- Cornelius Pings Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Professor of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Engineering, and Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Director USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Co-Director USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
| | - Satwindar Singh Sadhal
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
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Zhang S, Penkova A, Humayun MS, Martinez-Camarillo JC, Tadle AC, Galesic A, Thompson ME, Pratt M, Gonzales-Calle A, Sadhal SS. In Vivo Experimental and Analytical Studies for Bevacizumab Diffusion Coefficient Measurement in the Rabbit Vitreous Humor. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2021; 143:032101. [PMID: 33612856 PMCID: PMC7871997 DOI: 10.1115/1.4049033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to measure the effective diffusion coefficient D of Bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech) in the vitreous humor, a new technique is developed based on the "contour method" and in vivo optical coherence tomography measurements. After injection of Bevacizumab-fluorescein conjugated compound solution into the rabbit eye, the contours of drug concentration distribution at the subsurface of injection were tracked over time. The 2D contours were extrapolated to 3D contours using reasonable assumptions and a numerically integrated analytical model was developed for the theoretical contours for the irregularly shaped drug distribution in the experimental result. By floating the diffusion coefficient, different theoretical contours were constructed and the least-squares best fit to the experimental contours was performed at each time point to get the best fit solution. The approach generated consistent diffusion coefficient values based on the experiments on four rabbit eyes over a period of 3 h each, which gave D = 1.2 ± 0.6 × 10 - 6 cm 2 / s , and the corresponding theoretical contours matched well with the experimental contours. The quantitative measurement of concentration using optical coherence tomography and fluorescein labeling gives a new approach for the "noncontact" in vivo drug distribution measurement within vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Zhang
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
| | - Anita Penkova
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111; USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Juan Carlos Martinez-Camarillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682; USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Abegail C. Tadle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062
| | - Ana Galesic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1211
| | - Matthew Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1062; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371
| | - Alejandra Gonzales-Calle
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Satwindar Singh Sadhal
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
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Penkova AN, Zhang S, Humayun MS, Fraser S, Moats R, Singh Sadhal S. MEASUREMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE VITREOUS HUMOR. JOURNAL OF POROUS MEDIA 2020; 23:195-206. [PMID: 32494116 PMCID: PMC7269170 DOI: 10.1615/jpormedia.2020028229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic conductivity of the vitreous humor has been measured for the bovine eye. The experiment was carried out by placing it within upright cylindrical chamber, open at both ends, and letting its liquid content drain out of the bottom opening by gravity, through a 20μm nylon mesh filter. Additional negative pressure was provided at the exit by a hanging drainage tube. The diminishing vitreous volume was measured in terms of the height in the chamber and recorded as a function of time. The reduction in the vitreous liquid content also caused the hydraulic conductivity to reduce and this parameter was quantified on the basis of previously-developed theories of fibrous porous media that have been very well established. A theoretical model with a fully analytical expression for the vitreous volume undergoing drainage was developed and used as a least-squares best fit to deliver the initial hydraulic conductivity value of K 0/μ=(7.8 ± 3.1) × 10-12 m2 (Pa-s). The measurements were made with the hyaloid membrane intact and therefore represents an effective conductivity for the entire system, including possible variations within the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita N Penkova
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
| | - Mark S Humayun
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111
| | - Scott Fraser
- Departments of Molecular and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111
| | - Rex Moats
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111
| | - Satwindar Singh Sadhal
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682
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