1
|
van den Hoorn W, Lavaill M, Cutbush K, Gupta A, Kerr G. Comparison of Shoulder Range of Motion Quantified with Mobile Phone Video-Based Skeletal Tracking and 3D Motion Capture-Preliminary Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:534. [PMID: 38257626 PMCID: PMC10818695 DOI: 10.3390/s24020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of human pose tracking using smartphone camera (2D-pose) to quantify shoulder range of motion (RoM) is not determined. METHODS Twenty healthy individuals were recruited and performed shoulder abduction, adduction, flexion, or extension, captured simultaneously using a smartphone-based human pose estimation algorithm (Apple's vision framework) and using a skin marker-based 3D motion capture system. Validity was assessed by comparing the 2D-pose outcomes against a well-established 3D motion capture protocol. In addition, the impact of iPhone positioning was investigated using three smartphones in multiple vertical and horizontal positions. The relationship and validity were analysed using linear mixed models and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS We found that 2D-pose-based shoulder RoM was consistent with 3D motion capture (linear mixed model: R2 > 0.93) but was somewhat overestimated by the smartphone. Differences were dependent on shoulder movement type and RoM amplitude, with adduction the worst performer among all tested movements. All motion types were described using linear equations. Correction methods are provided to correct potential out-of-plane shoulder movements. CONCLUSIONS Shoulder RoM estimated using a smartphone camera is consistent with 3D motion-capture-derived RoM; however, differences between the systems were observed and are likely explained by differences in thoracic frame definitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolbert van den Hoorn
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (M.L.); (K.C.)
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Maxence Lavaill
- Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (M.L.); (K.C.)
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Kenneth Cutbush
- Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (M.L.); (K.C.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (M.L.); (K.C.)
- Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4120, Australia
| | - Graham Kerr
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (M.L.); (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Chalmers PN, Foreman KB, Henninger HB. High and low performers in internal rotation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a biplane fluoroscopic study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2023; 32:e133-e144. [PMID: 36343789 PMCID: PMC10023281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal rotation in adduction is often limited after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), but the origins of this functional deficit are unclear. Few studies have directly compared individuals who can and cannot perform internal rotation in adduction. Little data on underlying 3D humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joint relationships in these patients are available. METHODS Individuals >1-year postoperative to rTSA were imaged with biplane fluoroscopy in resting neutral and internal rotation in adduction poses. Subjects could either perform internal rotation in adduction with their hand at T12 or higher (high, N = 7), or below the hip pocket (low, N = 8). Demographics, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Simple Shoulder Test, and scapular notching grade were recorded. Joint orientation angles were derived from model-based markerless tracking of the scapula and humerus relative to the torso. The 3D implant models were aligned to preoperative computed tomography models to evaluate bone-implant impingement. RESULTS The Simple Shoulder Test was highest in the high group (11 ± 1 vs. 9 ± 2, P = .019). Two subjects per group had scapular notching (grades 1 and 2), and 3 high group and 4 low group subjects had impingement below the glenoid. In the neutral pose, the scapula had 7° more upward rotation in the high group (P = .100), and the low group demonstrated 9° more posterior tilt (P = .017) and 14° more glenohumeral elevation (P = .047). In the internal rotation pose, axial rotation was >45° higher in the high group (P ≤ .008) and the low group again had 11° more glenohumeral elevation (P = .058). Large rotational differences within subject groups arose from a combination of differences in the resting neutral and maximum internal rotation in adduction poses, not only the terminal arm position. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who were able to perform high internal rotation in adduction after rTSA demonstrated differences in joint orientation and anatomic biases versus patients with low internal rotation. The high rotation group had 7° more resting scapular upward rotation and used a 15°-30° change in scapular tilt to perform internal rotation in adduction versus patients in the low group. The combination of altered resting scapular posture and restricted scapulothoracic range of motion could prohibit glenohumeral rotation required to reach internal rotation in adduction. In addition, inter-patient variation in humeral torsion may contribute substantially to postoperative internal rotation differences. These data point toward modifiable implant design and placement factors, as well as foci for physical therapy to strengthen and mobilize the scapula and glenohumeral joint in response to rTSA surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hema J Sulkar
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Klevis Aliaj
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Z Tashjian
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter N Chalmers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Bo Foreman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heath B Henninger
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Interpreting the tilt-and-torsion method to express shoulder joint kinematics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105573. [PMID: 35121349 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinematics is studied by practitioners and researchers in different fields of practice. It is therefore critically important to adhere to a taxonomy that explicitly describes positions and movements. However, current representation methods such as cardan and Euler angles fail to report shoulder angles in a way that is easily and correctly interpreted by practitioners, and that is free from numerical instability such as gimbal lock. METHODS In this paper, we comprehensively describe the recent Tilt-and-Torsion method and compare it to the Euler YXY method currently recommended by the International Society of Biomechanics. While using the same three rotations (plane of elevation, elevation, humeral rotation), the Tilt-and-Torsion method reports humeral rotation independently from the plane of elevation. We assess how it can be used to describe shoulder angles (1) in a simulated assessment of humeral rotation with the arm at the side, which constitutes a gimbal lock position, and (2) during an experimental functional task, with 10 wheelchair basketball athletes who sprint in straight line using a sports wheelchair. FINDINGS In the simulated gimbal lock experiment, the Tilt-and-Torsion method provided both humeral elevation and rotation measurements, contrary to the Euler YXY method. During the wheelchair sprints, humeral rotation ranged from 14° (externally) to 13° (internally), which is consistent with typical maximal ranges of humeral rotation, compared to 65° to 50° with the Euler YXY method. INTERPRETATION Based on our results, we recommend that shoulder angles be expressed using Tilt-and-Torsion angles instead of Euler YXY.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dupuis F, Sole G, Wassinger CA, Osborne H, Beilmann M, Mercier C, Campeau‐Lecours A, Bouyer LJ, Roy J. The impact of experimental pain on shoulder movement during an arm elevated reaching task in a virtual reality environment. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15025. [PMID: 34542241 PMCID: PMC8451030 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with chronic shoulder pain have been shown to present with motor adaptations during arm movements. These adaptations may create abnormal physical stress on shoulder tendons and muscles. However, how and why these adaptations develop from the acute stage of pain is still not well-understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate motor adaptations following acute experimental shoulder pain during upper limb reaching. METHODS Forty participants were assigned to the Control or Pain group. They completed a task consisting of reaching targets in a virtual reality environment at three time points: (1) baseline (both groups pain-free), (2) experimental phase (Pain group experiencing acute shoulder pain induced by injecting hypertonic saline into subacromial space), and (3) Post experimental phase (both groups pain-free). Electromyographic (EMG) activity, kinematics, and performance data were collected. RESULTS The Pain group showed altered movement planning and execution as shown by a significant increased delay to reach muscles EMG peak and a loss of accuracy, compared to controls that have decreased their mean delay to reach muscles peak and improved their movement speed through the phases. The Pain group also showed protective kinematic adaptations using less shoulder elevation and elbow flexion, which persisted when they no longer felt the experimental pain. CONCLUSION Acute experimental pain altered movement planning and execution, which affected task performance. Kinematic data also suggest that such adaptations may persist over time, which could explain those observed in chronic pain populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dupuis
- Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
| | - Gisela Sole
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation ResearchSchool of PhysiotherapyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Craig A. Wassinger
- Physical Therapy ProgramEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTNUSA
| | - Hamish Osborne
- Department of MedicineOtago Medical SchoolUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Mathieu Beilmann
- Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
| | - Alexandre Campeau‐Lecours
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
| | - Laurent J. Bouyer
- Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
| | - Jean‐Sébastien Roy
- Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuebec CityCanada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social IntegrationQuebec CityCanada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aliaj K, Foreman KB, Chalmers PN, Henninger HB. Beyond Euler/Cardan analysis: True glenohumeral axial rotation during arm elevation and rotation. Gait Posture 2021; 88:28-36. [PMID: 33989999 PMCID: PMC8316370 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on Euler/Cardan analysis, prior investigations have reported up to 80° of glenohumeral (GH) external rotation during arm elevation, dependent on the plane of elevation (PoE). However, the subtraction of Euler/Cardan angles does not compute the rotation around the humerus' longitudinal axis (i.e. axial rotation). Clinicians want to understand the true rotation around the humerus' longitudinal axis and rely on laboratories to inform their understanding of underlying shoulder biomechanics, especially for the GH joint since its motion cannot be visually ascertained. True GH axial rotation has not been previously measured in vivo, and its difference from Euler/Cardan (apparent) axial rotation is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the true GH axial rotation during arm elevation and external rotation, and does it vary from apparent axial rotation and by PoE? METHODS Twenty healthy subjects (10 M/10 F, ages 22-66) were recorded using biplane fluoroscopy while performing arm elevation in the coronal, scapular and sagittal planes, and external rotation in 0° and 90° of abduction. Apparent GH axial rotation was computed using the xz'y'' and yx'y'' sequences. True GH axial rotation was computed by integrating the projection of GH angular velocity onto the humerus' longitudinal axis. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping was utilized to compare apparent versus true axial rotation, axial rotation versus 0°, and detect differences in axial rotation by PoE. RESULTS In contrast to apparent axial rotation, true GH axial rotation does not differ by PoE and is not different than 0° during arm elevation at higher elevation angles. The spherical area between the sequence-specific and actual humeral trajectory explains the difference between apparent and true axial rotation. SIGNIFICANCE Proper quantification of axial rotation is important because biomechanics literature informs clinical understanding of shoulder biomechanics. Clinicians care about true axial rotation, which should be reported in future studies of shoulder kinematics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klevis Aliaj
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - K. Bo Foreman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Heath B. Henninger
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|