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Sundar S, Koopman A, Manzoni TJ, Xie W, Bhatti QUA, Lo CY, Damani VS, Yang AN, Pochan D, Parreno J, Engiles JB, Kayser LV, Dhong C. Kinetics and Retention of Polystyrenesulfonate for Proteoglycan Replacement in Cartilage. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5819-5833. [PMID: 39142342 PMCID: PMC11389691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Tissue hydration provides articular cartilage with dynamic viscoelastic properties. Early stage osteoarthritis (OA) is marked by loss of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAG), lowering fixed charge density, and impairing tissue osmotic function. The most common GAG replacement, chondroitin sulfate (CS), has failed to show effectiveness. Here, we investigated a synthetic polyelectrolyte, poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), both as a model compound to investigate polyelectrolyte transport in cartilage, and as a potential candidate to restore bulk fixed charge density in cartilage with GAG loss. Through bovine explants and histology, we determined zonal-based effective diffusion coefficients for three different molecular weights of PSS. Compared to CS, PSS was retained longer in GAG-depleted cartilage in static and compression-based desorption experiments. We explained enhanced solute performance of PSS by its more compact morphology and higher charge density by small-angle X-ray scattering. This study may improve design of GAG mimetic molecules for repairing osmotic function in OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Allison Koopman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Thomas J Manzoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Weiran Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Qurat-Ul-Ain Bhatti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Vidhika S Damani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Ai Nin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Darrin Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square 19348, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, Delaware, United States
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2
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Krakowski P, Rejniak A, Sobczyk J, Karpiński R. Cartilage Integrity: A Review of Mechanical and Frictional Properties and Repair Approaches in Osteoarthritis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1648. [PMID: 39201206 PMCID: PMC11353818 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability around the globe, especially in aging populations. The main symptoms of OA are pain and loss of motion and function of the affected joint. Hyaline cartilage has limited ability for regeneration due to its avascularity, lack of nerve endings, and very slow metabolism. Total joint replacement (TJR) has to date been used as the treatment of end-stage disease. Various joint-sparing alternatives, including conservative and surgical treatment, have been proposed in the literature; however, no treatment to date has been fully successful in restoring hyaline cartilage. The mechanical and frictional properties of the cartilage are of paramount importance in terms of cartilage resistance to continuous loading. OA causes numerous changes in the macro- and microstructure of cartilage, affecting its mechanical properties. Increased friction and reduced load-bearing capability of the cartilage accelerate further degradation of tissue by exerting increased loads on the healthy surrounding tissues. Cartilage repair techniques aim to restore function and reduce pain in the affected joint. Numerous studies have investigated the biological aspects of OA progression and cartilage repair techniques. However, the mechanical properties of cartilage repair techniques are of vital importance and must be addressed too. This review, therefore, addresses the mechanical and frictional properties of articular cartilage and its changes during OA, and it summarizes the mechanical outcomes of cartilage repair techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Krakowski
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Emergency Medicine, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Adrian Rejniak
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sobczyk
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Robert Karpiński
- Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu R. Bioinformatics proved the existence of potential hub genes activating autophagy to participate in cartilage degeneration in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:539-554. [PMID: 38758521 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The obvious degeneration of articular cartilage occurs in the late stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which aggravates the condition of ONFH. This study aimed to demonstrate aberrant activation of autophagy processes in ONFH chondrocytes through bioinformatics and to predict and identify relevant hub genes and pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software in the GSE74089 dataset from the GEO database. DEGs were crossed with the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) autophagy genes to screen out autophagy-related differential genes (AT-DEGs). GSEA, GSVA, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of AT-DEGs were performed. The STRING database was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the AT-DEGs network, and the MCODE and CytoHubba plugin in the Cytoscape software was used to analyze the key gene cluster module and screen the hub genes. The PPI network of hub genes was constructed using the GeneMANIA database, and functional enrichment and gene connectivity categories were analyzed. The expression levels of hub genes of related genes in the ONFH patients were verified in the dataset GSE123568, and the protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry in tissues. The analysis of DEGs revealed abnormal autophagy in ONFH cartilage. AT-DEGs in ONFH have special enrichment in macroautophagy, autophagosome membrane, and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding. In the GSE123568 dataset, it was also found that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were all significantly upregulated in ONFH patients. By immunohistochemistry, it was verified that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were significantly overexpressed. These three genes regulate the occurrence and extension of autophagosomes through the PI3KC3C pathway. Finally, we determined that chondrocytes in ONFH undergo positive regulation of autophagy through the corresponding pathways involved in three genes: ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xianxuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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Rich MJ, Burnash S, Krishnan RR, Chubinskaya S, Loeser RF, Polacheck WJ, Diekman BO. Use of a novel magnetically actuated compression system to study the temporal dynamics of axial and lateral strain in human osteochondral plugs. J Biomech 2024; 162:111887. [PMID: 38128469 PMCID: PMC10872462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The high water content of articular cartilage allows this biphasic tissue to withstand large compressive loads through fluid pressurization. The system presented here, termed the "MagnaSquish", provides new capabilities for quantifying the effect of rehydration on cartilage behavior during cyclic loading. An imbalanced rate of fluid exudation during load and fluid re-entry during recovery can lead to the accumulation of strain during successive loading cycles - a phenomenon known as ratcheting. Typical experimental systems for cartilage biomechanics use continuous contact between the platen and sample, which may affect tissue rehydration by compressing the top layer of cartilage and slowing fluid re-entry. To address this limitation, we developed a magnetically actuated device that provides full lift-off of the platen in between loading cycles. We investigated strain accumulation in cadaveric human osteochondral plugs during 750 loading cycles, with two dimensional profiles of the cartilage captured at 30 frames per second throughout loading and 10 min of additional free swelling recovery. Axial and lateral strain measurements were extracted from the tissue profiles using a UNet-based deep learning algorithm to circumvent manual tracing. We observed increased axial strain accumulation with shorter inter-cycle recovery, with static loading serving as the extreme case of zero recovery. The loading waveform during the 750 cycles dictated the pace of the recovery during the extended free swelling period, as shorter inter-cycle recovery led to more persistent axial strain accumulation for up to five minutes. This work showcases the importance of fluid re-entry in resisting strain accumulation during cyclical compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rich
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sarah Burnash
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rohan R Krishnan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, UNC, United States
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC, United States; McAllister Heart Institute, UNC, United States
| | - Brian O Diekman
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC, United States.
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Pettenuzzo S, Arduino A, Belluzzi E, Pozzuoli A, Fontanella CG, Ruggieri P, Salomoni V, Majorana C, Berardo A. Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1942. [PMID: 37509581 PMCID: PMC10377681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical studies are expanding across a variety of fields, from biomedicine to biomedical engineering. From the molecular to the system level, mechanical stimuli are crucial regulators of the development of organs and tissues, their growth and related processes such as remodelling, regeneration or disease. When dealing with cell mechanics, various experimental techniques have been developed to analyse the passive response of cells; however, cell variability and the extraction process, complex experimental procedures and different models and assumptions may affect the resulting mechanical properties. For these purposes, this review was aimed at collecting the available literature focused on experimental chondrocyte and chondron biomechanics with direct connection to their biochemical functions and activities, in order to point out important information regarding the planning of an experimental test or a comparison with the available results. In particular, this review highlighted (i) the most common experimental techniques used, (ii) the results and models adopted by different authors, (iii) a critical perspective on features that could affect the results and finally (iv) the quantification of structural and mechanical changes due to a degenerative pathology such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pettenuzzo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arduino
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Salomoni
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Management and Engineering (DTG), Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Carmelo Majorana
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Berardo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Belluzzi E, Todros S, Pozzuoli A, Ruggieri P, Carniel EL, Berardo A. Human Cartilage Biomechanics: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches towards the Identification of Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a complex connective tissue with the fundamental functions of load bearing, shock absorption and lubrication in joints. However, traumatic events, aging and degenerative pathologies may affect its structural integrity and function, causing pain and long-term disability. Osteoarthritis represents a health issue, which concerns an increasing number of people worldwide. Moreover, it has been observed that this pathology also affects the mechanical behavior of the articular cartilage. To better understand this correlation, the here proposed review analyzes the physiological aspects that influence cartilage microstructure and biomechanics, with a special focus on the pathological changes caused by osteoarthritis. Particularly, the experimental data on human articular cartilage are presented with reference to different techniques adopted for mechanical testing and the related theoretical mechanical models usually applied to articular cartilage are briefly discussed.
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Strontium ion attenuates osteoarthritis through inhibiting senescence and enhancing autophagy in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1437-1446. [PMID: 36472726 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) mainly occurs in the elderly population and seriously affects their quality of life (QOL). Strontium (Sr) ions have shown positive effects on bone tissue and are promising for OA treatment. However, the adequate treatment dosage and underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of different concentrations of Sr ions in a mouse model of OA induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery. DMM-induced OA mice received intra-articular injections of different concentrations of Sr ions, and a suitable concentration of Sr ions was found to improve OA. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism by which Sr ions mediate senescence and autophagy in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in the synovial tissues of DMM-induced OA mice. OA mice treated with 10 µl of 5 mmol/L SrCl2 showed the greatest improvement in pain-related behavior and cartilage damage. In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that Sr ions inhibit senescence and improve the autophagic function of FLSs. We also found that enhancement of the autophagic function of FLSs could effectively slow down senescence. Therefore, we show that Sr ions through the AMPK/mTOR/LC3B-II signal axis improve FLSs autophagy function and delay FLSs senescence, and furthermore, improve OA. These results suggest that senescence and autophagy function of FLSs may serve as promising targets for OA treatment, and that Sr ions may inhibit OA progression through these two targets.
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