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Ma S, Pan W, Sun X, Zhang Z, Gu R, Faraone L, Lei W. Growth of Hg 0.7Cd 0.3Te on Van Der Waals Mica Substrates via Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Molecules 2024; 29:3947. [PMID: 39203028 PMCID: PMC11356959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a study on the direct growth of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te thin films on layered transparent van der Waals mica (001) substrates through weak interface interaction through molecular beam epitaxy. The preferred orientation for growing Hg0.7Cd0.3Te on mica (001) substrates is found to be the (111) orientation due to a better lattice match between the Hg0.7Cd0.3Te layer and the underlying mica substrate. The influence of growth parameters (mainly temperature and Hg flux) on the material quality of epitaxial Hg0.7Cd0.3Te thin films is studied, and the optimal growth temperature and Hg flux are found to be approximately 190 °C and 4.5 × 10-4 Torr as evidenced by higher crystalline quality and better surface morphology. Hg0.7Cd0.3Te thin films (3.5 µm thick) grown under these optimal growth conditions present a full width at half maximum of 345.6 arc sec for the X-ray diffraction rocking curve and a root-mean-square surface roughness of 6 nm. However, a significant number of microtwin defects are observed using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, which leads to a relatively high etch pit density (mid-107 cm-2) in the Hg0.7Cd0.3Te thin films. These findings not only facilitate the growth of HgCdTe on mica substrates for fabricating curved IR sensors but also contribute to a better understanding of growth of traditional zinc-blende semiconductors on layered substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Wenwu Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Xiao Sun
- John de Laeter Center, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
| | - Zekai Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Renjie Gu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Faraone
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
| | - Wen Lei
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.M.); (W.P.); (Z.Z.); (R.G.); (L.F.)
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Yoshitake M, Omata K, Kanematsu H. Area-Controlled Soft Contact Probe: Non-Destructive Robust Electrical Contact with 2D and Fragile Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1194. [PMID: 38473665 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We developed a soft contact probe capable of making electrical contact with a specimen without causing damage. This probe is now commercially available. However, the contact area with the probe changes according to the pressure applied during electric contact, potentially affecting electric measurements when current density or electric field strength is critical. To address this, we developed methods to control the area of electric contact. This article reports on these methods, as well as variations in probe size, pressure for electric contact, probe materials, and attachment to commercial probers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yoshitake
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan
| | - Kaori Omata
- National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-0016, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanematsu
- National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Materials & Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Banik M, Oded M, Shenhar R. Coupling the chemistry and topography of block copolymer films patterned by soft lithography for nanoparticle organization. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5302-5311. [PMID: 35791685 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft lithography techniques have become leading mesoscale approaches for replicating topographic features in polymer films. So far, modified polymer films formed by soft lithography only featured topographic heterogeneity. Here we demonstrate the application of soft lithography techniques to block copolymer films, and show that the preferential affinity of one of the blocks to the stamping material leads to chemical heterogeneity that corresponds to the topographic features. Detailed surface and structural characterization of the patterned films provided information on its three-dimensional structure, revealing insights on the domain reorganization that takes place in the block copolymer film concomitantly with topography formation. The formed structures were utilized for the selective assembly of gold nanoparticles into hierarchical structures. The versatility of this combined nanofabrication/self-assembly approach was demonstrated by the assembly of two types of metallic nanoparticles into two different arrangements with full control over the location of each type of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meneka Banik
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Meirav Oded
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Roy Shenhar
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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Jeong HY, Lee JH, Lee SY, Lee J, Cho SO. A Transparent Nano-Polycrystalline ZnWO 4 Thin-Film Scintillator for High-Resolution X-ray Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33224-33230. [PMID: 34901674 PMCID: PMC8656202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Facile approaches for creating thin-film scintillators with high spatial resolutions and variable shapes are required to broaden the applicability of high-resolution X-ray imaging. In this study, a transparent nano-polycrystalline ZnWO4 thin-film scintillator was fabricated by thermal evaporation for high-resolution X-ray imaging. The scintillator is composed of nano-sized grains smaller than the optical wavelength range to minimize optical scattering. The high transparency of the scintillators affords a sufficiently high spatial resolution to resolve the 2 μm line and space patterns when used in a high-resolution X-ray imaging system with an effective pixel size of 650 nm. The thermal evaporation method is a convenient approach for depositing thin and uniform films on complex substrates. ZnWO4 thin-film scintillators with various shapes, such as pixelated and curved, were fabricated via thermal evaporation. The results show that the transparent nano-polycrystalline ZnWO4 thin-film scintillator deposited through thermal evaporation has a potential for use in various high-resolution X-ray imaging applications.
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Rich SI, Jiang Z, Fukuda K, Someya T. Well-rounded devices: the fabrication of electronics on curved surfaces - a review. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1926-1958. [PMID: 34846471 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of the internet of things and the rise of wearable computing, electronics are playing an increasingly important role in our everyday lives. Until recently, however, the rigid angular nature of traditional electronics has prevented them from being integrated into many of the organic, curved shapes that interface with our bodies (such as ergonomic equipment or medical devices) or the natural world (such as aerodynamic or optical components). In the past few years, many groups working in advanced manufacturing and soft robotics have endeavored to develop strategies for fabricating electronics on these curved surfaces. This is their story. In this work, we describe the motivations, challenges, methodologies, and applications of curved electronics, and provide a outlook for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven I Rich
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Saleh R, Barth M, Eberhardt W, Zimmermann A. Bending Setups for Reliability Investigation of Flexible Electronics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:78. [PMID: 33451151 PMCID: PMC7828635 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronics is a rapidly growing technology for a multitude of applications. Wearables and flexible displays are some application examples. Various technologies and processes are used to produce flexible electronics. An important aspect to be considered when developing these systems is their reliability, especially with regard to repeated bending. In this paper, the frequently used methods for investigating the bending reliability of flexible electronics are presented. This is done to provide an overview of the types of tests that can be performed to investigate the bending reliability. Furthermore, it is shown which devices are developed and optimized to gain more knowledge about the behavior of flexible systems under bending. Both static and dynamic bending test methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Saleh
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilian Barth
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - André Zimmermann
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Fan X, Wang Y, Li Y, Fu H. Vibration Analysis of Post-Buckled Thin Film on Compliant Substrates. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5425. [PMID: 32971799 PMCID: PMC7570711 DOI: 10.3390/s20185425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Buckling stability of thin films on compliant substrates is universal and essential in stretchable electronics. The dynamic behaviors of this special system are unavoidable when the stretchable electronics are in real applications. In this paper, an analytical model is established to investigate the vibration of post-buckled thin films on a compliant substrate by accounting for the substrate as an elastic foundation. The analytical predictions of natural frequencies and vibration modes of the system are systematically investigated. The results may serve as guidance for the dynamic design of the thin film on compliant substrates to avoid resonance in the noise environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqing Fan
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Ningbo 315800, China;
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China;
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Ningbo 315800, China;
| | - Haoran Fu
- Frontier Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU. Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, China;
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Kim JJ, Liu H, Ousati Ashtiani A, Jiang H. Biologically inspired artificial eyes and photonics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:047101. [PMID: 31923911 PMCID: PMC7195211 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6a42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural visual systems have inspired scientists and engineers to mimic their intriguing features for the development of advanced photonic devices that can provide better solutions than conventional ones. Among various kinds of natural eyes, researchers have had intensive interest in mammal eyes and compound eyes due to their advantages in optical properties such as focal length tunability, high-resolution imaging, light intensity modulation, wide field of view, high light sensitivity, and efficient light management. A variety of different approaches in the broad field of science and technology have been tried and succeeded to duplicate the functions of natural eyes and develop bioinspired photonic devices for various applications. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioinspired artificial eyes and photonic devices that mimic functions of natural eyes. After we briefly introduce visual systems in nature, we discuss optical components inspired by the mammal eyes, including tunable lenses actuated with different mechanisms, curved image sensors with low aberration, and light intensity modulators. Next, compound eye inspired photonic devices are presented, such as microlenses and micromirror arrays, imaging sensor arrays on curved surfaces, self-written waveguides with microlens arrays, and antireflective nanostructures (ARS). Subsequently, compound eyes with focal length tunability, photosensitivity enhancers, and polarization imaging sensors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jun Kim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
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9
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Tan Y, Chu Z, Jiang Z, Hu T, Li G, Song J. Gyrification-Inspired Highly Convoluted Graphene Oxide Patterns for Ultralarge Deforming Actuators. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6843-6852. [PMID: 28582627 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gyrification in the human brain is driven by the compressive stress induced by the tangential expansion of the cortical layer, while similar topographies can also be induced by the tangential shrinkage of the spherical substrate. Herein we introduce a simple three-dimensional (3D) shrinking method to generate the cortex-like patterns using two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) as the building blocks. By rotation-dip-coating a GO film on an air-charged latex balloon and then releasing the air slowly, a highly folded hydrophobic GO surface can be induced. Wrinkling-to-folding transition was observed and the folding state can be easily regulated by varying the prestrain of the substrate and the thickness of the GO film. Driven by the residue stresses stored in the system, sheet-to-tube actuating occurs rapidly once the bilayer system is cut into slices. In response to some organic solvents, however, the square bilayer actuator exhibits excellent reversible, bidirectional, large-deformational curling properties on wetting and drying. An ultralarge curvature of 2.75 mm-1 was observed within 18 s from the original negative bending to the final positive bending in response to tetrahydrofuran (THF). In addition to a mechanical hand, a swimming worm, a smart package, a bionic mimosa, and two bionic flowers, a crude oil collector has been designed and demonstrated, aided by the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic modified GO surface and the solvent-responsive bilayer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Tan
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Zengyong Chu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Hu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Gongyi Li
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073, P. R. China
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10
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Liao X, Xiao J, Ni Y, Li C, Chen X. Self-Assembly of Islands on Spherical Substrates by Surface Instability. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2611-2617. [PMID: 28273417 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Through strain-induced morphological instability, protruding patterns of roughly commensurate nanostructures are self-assembled on the surface of spherical core/shell systems. A three-dimensional (3D) phase field model is established for a closed substrate. We investigate both numerically and analytically the kinetics of the morphological evolution, from grooves to separated islands, which are sensitive to substrate curvature, misfit strain, and modulus ratio between the core and shell. The faster growth rate of surface undulation is associated with the core/shell system of a harder substrate, larger radius, or misfit strain. On the basis of a Ag core/SiO2 shell system, the self-assemblies of SiO2 nanoislands were explored experimentally. The numerical and experimental studies herein could guide the fabrication of ordered quantum structures via surface instability on closed and curved substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaorong Li
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069, China
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Shourav MK, Kim K, Kim S, Kim JK. Wide Field-of-View Fluorescence Imaging with Optical-Quality Curved Microfluidic Chamber for Absolute Cell Counting. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7070125. [PMID: 30404297 PMCID: PMC6189810 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Field curvature and other aberrations are encountered inevitably when designing a compact fluorescence imaging system with a simple lens. Although multiple lens elements can be used to correct most such aberrations, doing so increases system cost and complexity. Herein, we propose a wide field-of-view (FOV) fluorescence imaging method with an unconventional optical-quality curved sample chamber that corrects the field curvature caused by a simple lens. Our optics simulations and proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that a curved substrate with lens-dependent curvature can reduce greatly the distortion in an image taken with a conventional planar detector. Following the validation study, we designed a curved sample chamber that can contain a known amount of sample volume and fabricated it at reasonable cost using plastic injection molding. At a magnification factor of approximately 0.6, the curved chamber provides a clear view of approximately 119 mm², which is approximately two times larger than the aberration-free area of a planar chamber. Remarkably, a fluorescence image of microbeads in the curved chamber exhibits almost uniform intensity over the entire field even with a simple lens imaging system, whereas the distorted boundary region has much lower brightness than the central area in the planar chamber. The absolute count of white blood cells stained with a fluorescence dye was in good agreement with that obtained by a commercially available conventional microscopy system. Hence, a wide FOV imaging system with the proposed curved sample chamber would enable us to acquire an undistorted image of a large sample volume without requiring a time-consuming scanning process in point-of-care diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohiuddin Khan Shourav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
| | - Kyunghoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Subin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
| | - Jung Kyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
- School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea.
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Ni Q, Song K, Liu S, He L, Chen B, Yu W. Curved focal plane extreme ultraviolet detector array for a EUV camera on CHANG E lander. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:30755-30766. [PMID: 26698708 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel curved focal plane extreme ultraviolet (EUV) detector array designed for a moon-based EUV camera is demonstrated. The curved focal plane detector array operating in a pulse-counting mode consists of a curved microchannel plate (MCP) stack and an induced charge wedge-strip anode (WSA). The curved MCP is fabricated by firstly thermally slumping of the MCPs, and then followed by optical polishing and core glass etching. By using this technology, curved MCPs with a length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of 80:1 and a radius of curvature of 150 mm have been successfully achieved. The performance of the curved MCP detector is fully characterized in terms of the background noise, pulse height distribution, gain, image linearity and spatial resolution. It is measured that a spatial resolution of 7.13 lp/mm can be achieved with a background noise of less than 0.3 counts/cm2⋅s. The characterization results indicate that the curved focal plane detector can fulfill the requirements of the moon-based EUV camera.
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Motamedi N, Karbasi S, Ford JE, Lomakin V. Analysis and characterization of high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio imaging fiber bundles. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:9422-9431. [PMID: 26560768 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-contrast imaging fiber bundles (FBs) are characterized and modeled for wide-angle and high-resolution imaging applications. Scanning electron microscope images of FB cross sections are taken to measure physical parameters and verify the variations of irregular fibers due to the fabrication process. Modal analysis tools are developed that include irregularities in the fiber core shapes and provide results in agreement with experimental measurements. The modeling demonstrates that the irregular fibers significantly outperform a perfectly regular "ideal" array. Using this method, FBs are designed that can provide high contrast with core pitches of only a few wavelengths of the guided light. Structural modifications of the commercially available FB can reduce the core pitch by 60% for higher resolution image relay.
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14
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Ra YJ, Jung I. Analysis of deformation of flexible hemispherical lens arrays based on soft elastomers. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:8265-8270. [PMID: 26479594 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.008265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, flexible hemispherical lens arrays based on soft elastomers were fabricated. Then, the effects of various geometric parameters on the deformation (i.e., hemispherical deformation and radial extension) of these lens arrays were investigated experimentally and were verified by finite element analysis. We focused on determining the relationship between the geometric parameters and the radius of curvature of the lens. We found that the height of the lens support post plays an important role in minimizing changes in the radius of curvature of the lens. The results of this research offer valuable design principles for flexible lens arrays, which can be used as an optical component of various flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Wang S, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Mechanical Designs for Inorganic Stretchable Circuits in Soft Electronics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS, PACKAGING, AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2015; 5:1201-1218. [PMID: 27668126 PMCID: PMC5033128 DOI: 10.1109/tcpmt.2015.2417801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical concepts and designs in inorganic circuits for different levels of stretchability are reviewed in this paper, through discussions of the underlying mechanics and material theories, fabrication procedures for the constituent microscale/nanoscale devices, and experimental characterization. All of the designs reported here adopt heterogeneous structures of rigid and brittle inorganic materials on soft and elastic elastomeric substrates, with mechanical design layouts that isolate large deformations to the elastomer, thereby avoiding potentially destructive plastic strains in the brittle materials. The overall stiffnesses of the electronics, their stretchability, and curvilinear shapes can be designed to match the mechanical properties of biological tissues. The result is a class of soft stretchable electronic systems that are compatible with traditional high-performance inorganic semiconductor technologies. These systems afford promising options for applications in portable biomedical and health-monitoring devices. Mechanics theories and modeling play a key role in understanding the underlining physics and optimization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuodao Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
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16
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Hu X, Huang S, Gu R, Yuan C, Ge H, Chen Y. An oxygen-insensitive degradable resist for fabricating metallic patterns on highly curved surfaces by UV-nanoimprint lithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1712-8. [PMID: 25186342 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an oxygen-insensitive degradable resist for UV-nanoimprint is designed, com-prising a polycyclic degradable acrylate monomer, 2,10-diacryloyloxymethyl-1,4,9,12-tetraoxa-spiro [4.2.4.2] tetradecane (DAMTT), and a multifunctional thiol monomer pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). The resist can be quickly UV-cured in the air atmosphere and achieve a high monomer conversion of over 98%, which greatly reduce the adhesion force between the resist and the soft mold. High conversion, in company with an adequate Young's modulus (about 1 GPa) and an extremely low shrinkage (1.34%), promises high nanoimprint resolution of sub-50 nm. The cross-linked resist is able to break into linear molecules in a hot acid solvent. As a result, metallic patterns are fabricated on highly curved surfaces via the lift off process without the assistance of a thermoplastic polymer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China
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Shen Y, Yao L, Li Z, Kou J, Cui Y, Bian J, Yuan C, Ge H, Li WD, Wu W, Chen Y. Double transfer UV-curing nanoimprint lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:465304. [PMID: 24164740 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/46/465304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in the fabrication of nanostructures into non-planar substrates is to form a thin, uniform resist film on non-planar surfaces. This is critical to the fabrication of nanostructures via a lithographic technique due to the subsequent pattern transfer process. Here we report a new double transfer UV-curing nanoimprint technique that can create a nanopatterned thin film with a uniform residual layer not only on flat substrates but also on highly curved surfaces. Surface relief gratings with pitches down to 200 nm are successfully imprinted on the cylindrical surface of optical fibers, and further transferred into a SiO2 matrix using reactive ion etching (RIE), demonstrating that our technique is applicable for fabricating high-resolution nanostructures on non-planar substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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18
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Milojkovic P, Mait JN. Space-bandwidth scaling for wide field-of-view imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:A36-A47. [PMID: 22307128 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.000a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examine the space-bandwidth product of wide field-of-view imaging systems as the systems scale in size. Our analysis is based on one conducted to examine the behavior of a plano-convex lens imaging onto a flat focal geometry. We extend this to consider systems with monocentric lenses and curved focal geometries. As a means to understand system cost, and not just performance, we also assess the volume and mass associated with these systems. Our analysis indicates monocentric lenses imaging onto a curved detector outperform other systems for the same design constraints but do so at a cost in lens weight.
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19
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Giselbrecht S, Reinhardt M, Mappes T, Börner M, Gottwald E, van Blitterswijk C, Saile V, Truckenmüller R. Closer to nature-bio-inspired patterns by transforming latent lithographic images. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4873-4879. [PMID: 21935996 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Giselbrecht
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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Park SJ, Jang CH. Using liquid crystals to detect DNA hybridization on polymeric surfaces with continuous wavy features. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:425502. [PMID: 20858927 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/42/425502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the orientational behavior of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) supported on a film of DNA that was chemically immobilized on a nanostructure surface. The surface was comprised of gold film deposited onto a polymer substrate that had a sinusoidal distortion normal to the surface, leading to a parallel array of peaks and troughs. The sinusoidal structures were produced by treating a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with oxygen plasma and buckled on a cylindrical surface. This patterned PDMS was then used to create replicas of the associated relief structures on another polymer surface, poly(urethaneacrylate), where a film of gold was deposited. The gold films were functionalized with thiol-modified DNA, and then used as substrates for the hybridization of a complementary strand of DNA (cDNA). The orientation of nematic 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) was found to be parallel to the plane of the surface-immobilized DNA before incubation with a solution of cDNA. However, the hybridization of DNA induced a random orientation of 5CB, indicating that the DNA complexes disturbed the sinusoidal structure of the surface. These results demonstrate that LC can be used to detect the hybridization of DNA by manipulating the response of LC to the DNA decorated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Park
- College of BioNano Technology, Kyungwon University,Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-City, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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21
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Kim DH, Xiao J, Song J, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Stretchable, curvilinear electronics based on inorganic materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2108-24. [PMID: 20564250 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
All commercial forms of electronic/optoelectronic technologies use planar, rigid substrates. Device possibilities that exploit bio-inspired designs or require intimate integration with the human body demand curvilinear shapes and/or elastic responses to large strain deformations. This article reviews progress in research designed to accomplish these outcomes with established, high-performance inorganic electronic materials and modest modifications to conventional, planar processing techniques. We outline the most well developed strategies and illustrate their use in demonstrator devices that exploit unique combinations of shape, mechanical properties and electronic performance. We conclude with an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for this emerging area of materials science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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22
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Shin G, Jung I, Malyarchuk V, Song J, Wang S, Ko HC, Huang Y, Ha JS, Rogers JA. Micromechanics and advanced designs for curved photodetector arrays in hemispherical electronic-eye cameras. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:851-856. [PMID: 20205199 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of a hemispherical electronic-eye camera with optimized designs based upon micromechanical analysis is reported. The photodetector arrays combine layouts with multidevice tiles and extended, non-coplanar interconnects to improve the fill factor and deformability, respectively. Quantitative comparison to micromechanics analysis reveals the key features of these designs. Color images collected with working cameras demonstrate the utility of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunchul Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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23
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Ko HC, Shin G, Wang S, Stoykovich MP, Lee JW, Kim DH, Ha JS, Huang Y, Hwang KC, Rogers JA. Curvilinear electronics formed using silicon membrane circuits and elastomeric transfer elements. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2703-2709. [PMID: 19866476 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Materials and methods to achieve electronics intimately integrated on the surfaces of substrates with complex, curvilinear shapes are described. The approach exploits silicon membranes in circuit mesh structures that can be deformed in controlled ways using thin, elastomeric films. Experimental and theoretical studies of the micromechanics of such curvilinear electronics demonstrate the underlying concepts. Electrical measurements illustrate the high yields that can be obtained. The results represent significant experimental and theoretical advances over recently reported concepts for creating hemispherical photodetectors in electronic eye cameras and for using printable silicon nanoribbons/membranes in flexible electronics. The results might provide practical routes to the integration of high performance electronics with biological tissues and other systems of interest for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Cho Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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24
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Weng YJ, Weng YC, Yang SY, Wong JL. A novel electromagnetism-assisted imprinting technology to replicate microstructures onto a large-area curved surface using a flexible magnetic mold. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Jiang H, Khang DY, Song J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Finite deformation mechanics in buckled thin films on compliant supports. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15607-12. [PMID: 17898178 PMCID: PMC2000418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702927104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present detailed experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanics of thin buckled films on compliant substrates. In particular, accurate measurements of the wavelengths and amplitudes in structures that consist of thin, single-crystal ribbons of silicon covalently bonded to elastomeric substrates of poly(dimethylsiloxane) reveal responses that include wavelengths that change in an approximately linear fashion with strain in the substrate, for all values of strain above the critical strain for buckling. Theoretical reexamination of this system yields analytical models that can explain these and other experimental observations at a quantitative level. We show that the resulting mechanics has many features in common with that of a simple accordion bellows. These results have relevance to the many emerging applications of controlled buckling structures in stretchable electronics, microelectromechanical systems, thin-film metrology, optical devices, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Jiang
- *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yugang Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439; and
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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26
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Sun Y, Choi WM, Jiang H, Huang YY, Rogers JA. Controlled buckling of semiconductor nanoribbons for stretchable electronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 1:201-7. [PMID: 18654187 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Control over the composition, shape, spatial location and/or geometrical configuration of semiconductor nanostructures is important for nearly all applications of these materials. Here we report a mechanical strategy for creating certain classes of three-dimensional shapes in nanoribbons that would be difficult to generate in other ways. This approach involves the combined use of lithographically patterned surface chemistry to provide spatial control over adhesion sites, and elastic deformations of a supporting substrate to induce well-controlled local displacements. We show that precisely engineered buckling geometries can be created in nanoribbons of GaAs and Si in this manner and that these configurations can be described quantitatively with analytical models of the mechanics. As one application example, we show that some of these structures provide a route to electronics (and optoelectronics) with extremely high levels of stretchability (up to approximately 100%), compressibility (up to approximately 25%) and bendability (with curvature radius down to approximately 5 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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27
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Khang DY, Jiang H, Huang Y, Rogers JA. A Stretchable Form of Single-Crystal Silicon for High-Performance Electronics on Rubber Substrates. Science 2006; 311:208-12. [PMID: 16357225 DOI: 10.1126/science.1121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have produced a stretchable form of silicon that consists of submicrometer single-crystal elements structured into shapes with microscale, periodic, wavelike geometries. When supported by an elastomeric substrate, this "wavy" silicon can be reversibly stretched and compressed to large levels of strain without damaging the silicon. The amplitudes and periods of the waves change to accommodate these deformations, thereby avoiding substantial strains in the silicon itself. Dielectrics, patterns of dopants, electrodes, and other elements directly integrated with the silicon yield fully formed, high-performance "wavy" metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, p-n diodes, and other devices for electronic circuits that can be stretched or compressed to similarly large levels of strain.
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