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Nasef MM, Gürsel SA, Karabelli D, Güven O. Radiation-grafted materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications. Prog Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dübner M, Gevrek TN, Sanyal A, Spencer ND, Padeste C. Fabrication of Thiol-Ene "Clickable" Copolymer-Brush Nanostructures on Polymeric Substrates via Extreme Ultraviolet Interference Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11337-11345. [PMID: 25978723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new approach to grafting thiol-reactive nanopatterned copolymer-brush structures on polymeric substrates by means of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) interference lithography. The copolymer brushes were designed to contain maleimide functional groups as thiol-reactive centers. Fluoropolymer films were exposed to EUV radiation at the X-ray interference lithography beamline (XIL-II) at the Swiss Light Source, in order to create radical patterns on their surfaces. The radicals served as initiators for the copolymerization of thiol-ene "clickable" brushes, composed of a furan-protected maleimide monomer (FuMaMA) and different methacrylates, namely, methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (EGMA), or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Copolymerization with ethylene-glycol-containing monomers provides antibiofouling properties to these surfaces. The number of reactive centers on the grafted brush structures can be tailored by varying the monomer ratios in the feed. Grafted copolymers were characterized by using attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The reactive maleimide methacrylate (MaMA) units were utilized to conjugate thiol-containing moieties using the nucleophilic Michael-addition reaction, which proceeds at room temperature without the need for any metal-based catalyst. Using this approach, a variety of functionalities was introduced to yield polyelectrolytes, as well as fluorescent and light-responsive polymer-brush structures. Functionalization of the brush structures was demonstrated via ATR-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy, and was also indicated by a color switch. Furthermore, grafted surfaces were generated via plasma activation, showing a strongly increased wettability for polyelectrolytes and a reversible switch in static water contact angle (CA) of up to 18° for P(EGMA-co-MaMA-SP) brushes, upon exposure to alternating visible and UV-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dübner
- †Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ‡Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tugce N Gevrek
- §Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- §Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- ‡Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- †Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Cimen D, Caykara T. Micro-patterned polymer brushes by a combination of photolithography and interface-mediated RAFT polymerization for DNA hybridization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel micro-patterned poly(AHMA) brush was prepared by a combination of photolithography and interface mediated RAFT polymerization for DNA hybridization. By this method, highly resolved micro-patterned polymer brush structures down to ∼2.0 μm lines were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Cimen
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Turkey
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Dübner M, Spencer ND, Padeste C. Light-responsive polymer surfaces via postpolymerization modification of grafted polymer-brush structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14971-14981. [PMID: 25419582 DOI: 10.1021/la503388j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced, spatially well-defined, reversible switching of surface properties enables the creation of remote-controlled smart surfaces. We have taken advantage of the unique high-resolution structuring capabilities of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) interference lithography to produce nanostructured photoresponsive polymer brushes. Patterns of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) were grafted from two different 100 μm thick fluoropolymer substrates by means of a radiation-initiated, grafting-from approach based on free-radical polymerization (FRP). Photochromic properties were introduced via novel one- or two-step postpolymerization modifications with spiropyran (SP) derivatives, which allowed us to control the number of photochromic groups on the polymer brushes. Depending on the degree of functionalization and the local chemical environment, the SP moieties can open upon UV-light exposure to form zwitterionic, deeply colored, and fluorescent merocyanines (MCs) and reclose to the colorless SP configuration via thermal or visible light-induced relaxation. Switching kinetics were studied by means of time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and compared with kinetic measurements of the SP moiety in solution. The results indicated the importance, for the intensity of the switching, of the local chemical environment provided by both the polymer brush and added solvents, and showed the predominant influence on the ring-closing kinetics of polar solvents, which stabilize the MC form. To allow further characterization of the polymer-brush arrangements on a macroscopic scale, similar, but unstructured brush systems were grafted from fluoropolymers after large-area activation using EUV radiation or argon plasma. All steps of the postpolymerization modification were characterized in detail using attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, a light-induced reversible static-contact-angle switch with a range of up to 15° for PGMA-SP brushes and up to 30° for PMA-SP brushes was demonstrated upon alternating UV- and visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dübner
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Nasef MM. Radiation-Grafted Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Current Trends and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12278-329. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Advanced Materials
Research Group, Institute of Hydrogen Economy, and ‡Environmental
and Green Technology Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute
of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), International
Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Padeste C, Farquet P, Potzner C, Solak HH. Nanostructured bio-functional polymer brushes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 17:1285-300. [PMID: 17176750 DOI: 10.1163/156856206778667505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structured poly(glycidyl methracrylate) (poly-GMA) brushes have been grafted onto flexible fluoro-polymer films using a radiation grafting process. The reactive epoxide of poly-GMA provides the basis for a versatile biofunctionalization of the grafted brushes. Structure definition by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) exposure allowed nanometer-scale resolution of periodic patterns. By variation of the exposure dose the height of the grafted structures can be adapted in a wide range. Derivatization of the grafted brushes included reaction with various amines with different side chains, hydrolysis of the epoxide to diols to increase protein resistance and introduction of ionic groups to yield poly-electrolytes. As an example for biofunctionalization, biotin was linked to the grafted brush and biofunctionality was demonstrated in a competitive biotin-streptavidin assay. In this article we also present a brief review of other approaches to obtain structured biofunctional polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Versatile synthesis and micropatterning of nonfouling polymer brushes on the wafer scale. Biointerphases 2010; 4:FA50-7. [PMID: 20408717 DOI: 10.1116/1.3151968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the authors describe new approaches to synthesize and pattern surfaces with poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl methacrylate] (POEGMA) polymer brushes synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. These patterned coatings confer "nonfouling" properties protein and cell resistance-to the surface in a biological milieu. The versatile routes for the synthesis of POEGMA demonstrated here offer clear advantages over other techniques previously used in terms of their simplicity, reliability, and ability to pattern large-area substrates. They also demonstrate that POEGMA polymer brushes can be patterned directly by photolithography, plasma ashing, and reactive ion etching to create patterns at the micro- and nanoscale over large areas with high throughput and repeatability, while preserving the protein and cell resistance of the POEGMA brush.
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Yogesh, Haldar S, Paul P, Bhattacharya A. Polysulfone-azo composite membrane: New preparative approach, importance in bactericidal and biofilm inhibition activities. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Choi JH, Ganesan R, Kim DK, Jung CH, Hwang IT, Nho YC, Yun JM, Kim JB. Patterned immobilization of biomolecules by using ion irradiation-induced graft polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kim DK, Choi YM, Jung CH, Kwon HJ, Choi JH, Nho YC, Suh DH, Ganesan R, Kim JB. Patterned grafting of acrylic acid onto polymer substrates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Koutsioubas AG, Vanakaras AG. Polymer brushes on periodically nanopatterned surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13717-13722. [PMID: 18991415 DOI: 10.1021/la802536v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Structural properties of polymer brushes tethered on a periodically nanopatterned substrate are investigated by computer simulations. The substrate consists of an alternating succession of two different types of equal-width parallel stripes, and the polymers are end-tethered selectively on every second stripe. Three distinct morphologies of the nanopatterned brush have been identified, and their range of stability has been determined in terms of a single universal parameter that combines the grafting density, the polymer length, and the stripe width. We propose scaling relations for the average brush height and for the architectural properties of the outer surface of the nanopatterned brush under good solvent conditions. Our analysis provides guidelines for fabricating well-defined and tunable nanopatterned polymeric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Koutsioubas
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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Farquet P, Padeste C, Solak HH, Gürsel SA, Scherer GG, Wokaun A. Extreme UV Radiation Grafting of Glycidyl Methacrylate Nanostructures onto Fluoropolymer Foils by RAFT-Mediated Polymerization. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800202b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Farquet
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Harun H. Solak
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Selmiye Alkan Gürsel
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Günther G. Scherer
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Wokaun
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanotechnology and Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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