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Madison AC, Villarrubia JS, Liao KT, Copeland CR, Schumacher J, Siebein K, Ilic BR, Liddle JA, Stavis SM. Unmasking the Resolution-Throughput Tradespace of Focused-Ion-Beam Machining. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:10.1002/adfm.202111840. [PMID: 36824209 PMCID: PMC9945459 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Focused-ion-beam machining is a powerful process to fabricate complex nanostructures, often through a sacrificial mask that enables milling beyond the resolution limit of the ion beam. However, current understanding of this super-resolution effect is empirical in the spatial domain and nonexistent in the temporal domain. This article reports the primary study of this fundamental tradespace of resolution and throughput. Chromia functions well as a masking material due to its smooth, uniform, and amorphous structure. An efficient method of in-line metrology enables characterization of ion-beam focus by scanning electron microscopy. Fabrication and characterization of complex test structures through chromia and into silica probe the response of the bilayer to a focused beam of gallium cations, demonstrating super-resolution factors of up to 6 ± 2 and improvements to volume throughput of at least factors of 42 ± 2, with uncertainties denoting 95% coverage intervals. Tractable theory models the essential aspects of the super-resolution effect for various nanostructures. Application of the new tradespace increases the volume throughput of machining Fresnel lenses by a factor of 75, enabling the introduction of projection standards for optical microscopy. These results enable paradigm shifts of sacrificial masking from empirical to engineering design and from prototyping to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Madison
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John S Villarrubia
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kuo-Tang Liao
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Craig R Copeland
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Joshua Schumacher
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kerry Siebein
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - B Robert Ilic
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Samuel M Stavis
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Torres A, Collin-Faure V, Diemer H, Moriscot C, Fenel D, Gallet B, Cianférani S, Sergent JA, Rabilloud T. Repeated Exposure of Macrophages to Synthetic Amorphous Silica Induces Adaptive Proteome Changes and a Moderate Cell Activation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091424. [PMID: 35564134 PMCID: PMC9105884 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is a nanomaterial used in a wide variety of applications, including the use as a food additive. Two types of SAS are commonly employed as a powder additive, precipitated silica and fumed silica. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of synthetic amorphous silica on mammalian cells. However, most of them have used an exposure scheme based on a single dose of SAS. In this study, we have used instead a repeated 10-day exposure scheme in an effort to better simulate the occupational exposure encountered in daily life by consumers and workers. As a biological model, we have used the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1, as macrophages are very important innate immune cells in the response to particulate materials. In order to obtain a better appraisal of the macrophage responses to this repeated exposure to SAS, we have used proteomics as a wide-scale approach. Furthermore, some of the biological pathways detected as modulated by the exposure to SAS by the proteomic experiments have been validated through targeted experiments. Overall, proteomics showed that precipitated SAS induced a more important macrophage response than fumed SAS at equal dose. Nevertheless, validation experiments showed that most of the responses detected by proteomics are indeed adaptive, as the cellular homeostasis appeared to be maintained at the end of the exposure. For example, the intracellular glutathione levels or the mitochondrial transmembrane potential at the end of the 10 days exposure were similar for SAS-exposed cells and for unexposed cells. Similarly, no gross lysosomal damage was observed after repeated exposure to SAS. Nevertheless, important functions of macrophages such as phagocytosis, TNFα, and interleukin-6 secretion were up-modulated after exposure, as was the expression of important membrane proteins such as the scavenger receptors, MHC-II, or the MAC-1 receptor. These results suggest that repeated exposure to low doses of SAS slightly modulates the immune functions of macrophages, which may alter the homeostasis of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Torres
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France; (A.T.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Véronique Collin-Faure
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France; (A.T.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Centre National de la Rech erche Scientifique, Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute UMR 7178, Strasbourg University, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (H.D.); (S.C.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Moriscot
- Integrated Structural Biology Grenoble (ISBG), European Molecular Biology Laboratory Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France;
| | - Daphna Fenel
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38044 Grenoble, France; (D.F.); (B.G.)
| | - Benoît Gallet
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38044 Grenoble, France; (D.F.); (B.G.)
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Centre National de la Rech erche Scientifique, Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute UMR 7178, Strasbourg University, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (H.D.); (S.C.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France; (A.T.); (V.C.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-43-878-3212
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Gschwend PM, Krumeich F, Pratsinis SE. 110th Anniversary: Synthesis of Plasmonic Silica-Coated TiN Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal M. Gschwend
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E. Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mendez N, Liberman A, Corbeil J, Barback C, Viveros R, Wang J, Wang-Rodriguez J, Blair SL, Mattrey R, Vera D, Trogler W, Kummel AC. Assessment of in vivo systemic toxicity and biodistribution of iron-doped silica nanoshells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:933-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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