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Yin W, Nziengui Raby RB, Li Y, Li Z, Sun M, Huang Z. An Alternating Magnetic Field-Controlled Drug Delivery System Based on 4,4'-Azobis (4-cyanovaleric Acid)-Functioned Fe 3O 4@Chitosan Nanoparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020129. [PMID: 36829623 PMCID: PMC9952477 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we designed chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites for the control release of drugs by an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@CS) were prepared by a alkaline co-precipitation method, and then, the model drug toluidine blue (TB) was covalently grafted onto the surface of the nanocomposite by a two-step amide reaction with the thermosensitive molecule 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) as the linker group. The prepared nanocomposites were superparamagnetic and showed high magnetization saturation (about 54.0 emu g-1). In vitro hydrothermal release studies showed that most parts of the TB would be effectively enclosed within the nanocarriers at lower ambient temperatures (23 or 37 °C) due to the molecular bonding of ACVA. The results of kinetic fitting of hydrothermal release data showed that TB released from nanoparticles followed first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.99) and the Korsemeyer-Peppas model (R2 > 0.99, n < 0.5). Most importantly, a single magnetron release experiment demonstrated an approximately linear relationship between the cumulative release of the drug and the duration of action of AMF (R2 = 0.9712). Moreover, the increase in the cumulative release of the drug can be controlled by controlling the switch of the AMF generation device. Therefore, the ACVA-modified Fe3O4@CS nanocarrier designed in this study is a promising model for drug delivery that enables the control of drug release dose by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Randy Bachelard Nziengui Raby
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Yuankai Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Zuojun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Mengqing Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
- Correspondence:
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Malla SR, Gujjari A, Corona CE, Beall GW, Lewis LK. Spectrophotometric and nucleic acid-binding properties of halloysite clay nanotubes and kaolinite. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13009. [PMID: 36699281 PMCID: PMC9868539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Halloysite particles (HNTs) are naturally occurring aluminosilicate nanotubes of low toxicity that have shown great promise for drug and biomolecule delivery into human and animal cells. Kaolinite particles retain the same layered structure as HNT, but do not form nanotubes. In this study, the spectrophotometric and sedimentation properties of the two clays in aqueous solutions and their abilities to associate with both small and large nucleic acids have been investigated. Both clays scattered ultraviolet light strongly and this characteristic of HNT was not affected by either vacuum treatment to remove trapped gases or by sonication. Vacuum treatment increased the binding of small nucleic acids to HNT and this association was further enhanced by addition of divalent metal ions. By contrast, only small RNAs were bound efficiently by kaolinite in the presence of Mg2+ ions. Large linear double-stranded DNAs and circular plasmid DNAs bound poorly to kaolinite under all conditions, but these nucleic acids could form strong associations with HNT. Differences in binding data were largely consistent with measurements of the available surface areas of each clay. These results demonstrate that interactions with each clay are critically dependent on both the type and the conformation of each nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha R.L. Malla
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Archana Gujjari
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Carlos E. Corona
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Gary W. Beall
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - L. Kevin Lewis
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA,Corresponding author. Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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Ream JA, Lewis LK, Lewis KA. Horizontal Agarose Gel Mobility Shift Assay for Protein-RNA Complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:363-370. [PMID: 30426432 PMCID: PMC10636705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in agarose gel electrophoresis protocols established conditions for the high-resolution separation of DNA and RNA using higher voltages combined with short run times. We subsequently developed a protocol for using these conditions to measure the binding affinity of a protein for an RNA ligand on an agarose gel. This native gel mobility shift assay is highly accessible, using common molecular biology reagents found in most laboratories. Here, we describe the protocol for carrying out native agarose gel electrophoresis to characterize the binding affinity of a protein for an RNA ligand. The electrophoresis time is less than 10 min, which minimizes the dissociation of protein and ligand. We have used the p19 siRNA binding protein and its cognate dsRNA ligand to demonstrate strategies for identifying optimal conditions to measure apparent binding constants using this agarose gel shift system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ream
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - L Kevin Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Karen A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
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Gujjari A, Rodriguez BV, Pescador J, Maeder C, Beall GW, Lewis LK. Factors affecting the association of single- and double-stranded RNAs with montmorillonite nanoclays. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:551-559. [PMID: 29277420 PMCID: PMC6247799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays exist as single and stacked sheet-like structures with large surface areas that can form stable associations with many naturally occurring biomolecules, including nucleic acids. They have been utilized successfully as vehicles for delivery of both drugs and genes into cells. Most previous studies have focused on interactions of MMT with DNA. In the current study, we have investigated the binding of small RNAs similar to those used for RNA interference (RNAi) therapy to two major forms of the clay, Na-MMT and Ca-MMT. Association of both forms of MMT with several double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), including 25mers, 54mers and cloverleaf-shaped transfer RNAs, was weak and increased only slightly after addition of Mg2+ ions to the binding reactions. By contrast, ssRNA 25mers and 54mers bound poorly to Na-MMT but interacted strongly with Ca-MMT. The weak binding of ssRNAs to Na-MMT could be strongly enhanced by addition of Mg2+ ions. The strength of MMT-ssRNA interactions was also examined using inorganic anion competition and displacement assays, as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The aggregate results point to a cation-bridging mechanism for binding of ssRNAs, but not dsRNAs, in the presence of divalent metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gujjari
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Blanca V Rodriguez
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Jorge Pescador
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Corina Maeder
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX, 78212, United States
| | - Gary W Beall
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - L Kevin Lewis
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States.
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Ream JA, Lewis LK, Lewis KA. Rapid agarose gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay for quantitating protein: RNA interactions. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:36-41. [PMID: 27495142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and nucleic acids are frequently analyzed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). This technique separates bound protein:nucleic acid complexes from free nucleic acids by electrophoresis, most commonly using polyacrylamide gels. The current study utilizes recent advances in agarose gel electrophoresis technology to develop a new EMSA protocol that is simpler and faster than traditional polyacrylamide methods. Agarose gels are normally run at low voltages (∼10 V/cm) to minimize heating and gel artifacts. In this study we demonstrate that EMSAs performed using agarose gels can be run at high voltages (≥20 V/cm) with 0.5 × TB (Tris-borate) buffer, allowing for short run times while simultaneously yielding high band resolution. Several parameters affecting band and image quality were optimized for the procedure, including gel thickness, agarose percentage, and applied voltage. Association of the siRNA-binding protein p19 with its target RNA was investigated using the new system. The agarose gel and conventional polyacrylamide gel methods generated similar apparent binding constants in side-by-side experiments. A particular advantage of the new approach described here is that the short run times (5-10 min) reduce opportunities for dissociation of bound complexes, an important concern in non-equilibrium nucleic acid binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ream
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - L Kevin Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Karen A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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