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Głowacki MJ, Kamińska AM, Gnyba M, Pluciński J, Strąkowski MR. The Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Sensing of the Bone Demineralization Process. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6468. [PMID: 34640787 PMCID: PMC8512234 DOI: 10.3390/s21196468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The presented research was intended to seek new optical methods to investigate the demineralization process of bones. Optical examination of the bone condition could facilitate clinical trials and improve the safety of patients. The authors used a set of complementary methods: polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) and Raman spectroscopy. Chicken bone samples were used in this research. To stimulate in laboratory conditions the process of demineralization and gradual removal of the hydroxyapatite, the test samples of bones were placed into 10% acetic acid. Measurements were carried out in two series. The first one took two weeks with data acquired every day. In the second series, the measurements were made during one day at an hourly interval (after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 24 h). The relation between the content of hydroxyapatite and images recorded using OCT was analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the polarization properties of the bones, including retardation angles of the bones, were evaluated. Raman measurement confirmed the disappearance of the hydroxyapatite and the speed of this process. This work presents the results of the preliminary study on the possibility of measuring changes in bone mineralization by means of the proposed methods and confirms their potential for practical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin R. Strąkowski
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.G.); (J.P.)
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2
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Goodwin M, Workman J, Thambyah A, Vanholsbeeck F. Impact-induced cartilage damage assessed using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104326. [PMID: 33578298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive determination of structural changes in articular cartilage immediately after impact and rehydration provides insight into the response and recovery of the soft tissue, as well as provides a potential methodology for clinicians to quantify early degenerative changes. In this study, we use polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to examine subtle alterations of the optical properties in healthy and early-stage degenerate articular cartilage immediately after impact loading to identify structurally relevant metrics required for understanding the mechanical factors of osteoarthritic initiation and progression. A custom-designed impact testing rig was used to deliver 0.9 J and 1.4 J impact energies to bovine articular cartilage. A total of 52 (n=26 healthy, n=26 mildly degenerate) cartilage-on-bone samples were imaged before, immediately after, and 3 h after impact. PS-OCT images were analyzed to assess changes relating to surface irregularity, optical attenuation, and birefringence. Mildly degenerate cartilage exhibits a significant change in birefringence following 1.4 J impact energies compared to healthy samples which is believed to be attributable to degenerate cartilage being unable to fully utilise the fluid phase to distribute and dampen the energy. After rehydration, the polarisation-sensitive images appear to 'optically-recover' reducing the reliability of birefringence as an absolute metric. Surface irregularity and optical attenuation encode diagnostically relevant information and may serve as markers to predict the mechanical response of articular cartilage. PS-OCT with its ability to non-invasively image the sub-surface microstructural abnormalities of cartilage presents as an ideal modality for cartilage degeneration assessment and identification of mechanically vulnerable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goodwin
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Joshua Workman
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Frédérique Vanholsbeeck
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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3
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Zhou X, Eltit F, Yang X, Maloufi S, Alousaimi H, Liu Q, Huang L, Wang R, Tang S. Detecting human articular cartilage degeneration in its early stage with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2745-2760. [PMID: 32499957 DOI: 10.1364/boe.387242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting articular cartilage (AC) degeneration in its early stage plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is sensitive to the alteration and disruption of collagen organization that happens during OA progression. This study proposes an effective OA evaluating method based on PS-OCT imaging. A slope-based analysis is applied on the phase retardation images to segment articular cartilage into three zones along the depth direction. The boundaries and birefringence coefficients (BRCs) of each zone are quantified. Two parameters, namely phase homogeneity index (PHI) and zonal distinguishability (Dz), are further developed to quantify the fluctuation within each zone and the zone-to-zone variation of the tissue birefringence properties. The PS-OCT based evaluating method then combines PHI and Dz to provide a G PS score for the severity of OA. The proposed method is applied to human hip joint samples and the results are compared with the grading by histology images. The G PS score shows very strong statistical significance in differentiating different stages of OA. Compared to using the BRC of each zone or a single BRC for the entire depth, the G PS score shows great improvement in differentiating early-stage OA. The proposed method is shown to have great potential to be developed as a clinical tool for detecting OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiao Yang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sina Maloufi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hanadi Alousaimi
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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Zhou X, Ju MJ, Huang L, Tang S. Slope-based segmentation of articular cartilage using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography phase retardation image. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-14. [PMID: 30873765 PMCID: PMC6975236 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.036006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A segmentation method based on phase retardation measurements from polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is developed to differentiate the structural zones of articular cartilage. The organization of collagen matrix in articular cartilage varies over the different structural zones, generating different tissue birefringence. Analyzing the slope of the accumulated phase retardation at different depths can detect the variation in tissue birefringence and be used to segment the structural zones. The method is validated on phantoms composed of layers of different materials. Articular cartilage samples from adult swine are segmented with the method. The characteristics in each segmented zone are also examined by histology and high-resolution second-harmonic generation imaging, showing distinctive properties that match with the anatomical structure of articular cartilage. The segmentation algorithm is also applied on PS-OCT images acquired at multiple illumination angles, where the angular dependence of tissue birefringence in the deep zone is detected. This method offers a noninvasive imaging approach to differentiating the structural zones of articular cartilage, as well as a quantification approach based on the phase retardation measurements of PS-OCT. This method has great potential in studying depth-related progression of cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- Simon Fraser University, School of Engineering Science, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Beckman Laser Institute-Korea, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Lin Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Shuo Tang, E-mail:
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Quantifying birefringence in the bovine model of early osteoarthritis using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography and mechanical indentation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8568. [PMID: 29872079 PMCID: PMC5988768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown potential for using polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to study cartilage morphology, and to be potentially used as an in vivo, non-invasive tool for detecting osteoarthritic changes. However, there has been relatively limited ability of this method to quantify the subtle changes that occur in the early stages of cartilage degeneration. An established mechanical indenting technique that has previously been used to examine the microstructural response of articular cartilage was employed to fix the bovine samples in an indented state. The samples were subject to creep loading with a constant compressive stress of 4.5 MPa and, when imaged using PS-OCT, enabled birefringent banding patterns to be observed. The magnitude of the birefringence was quantified using the birefringence coefficient (BRC) and statistical analysis revealed that PS-OCT is able to detect and quantify significant changes between healthy and early osteoarthritic cartilage (p < 0.001). This presents a novel utilization of PS-OCT for future development as an in vivo assessment tool.
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Huynh RN, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Noninvasive assessment of articular cartilage surface damage using reflected polarized light microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:65001. [PMID: 28586854 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular surface damage occurs to cartilage during normal aging, osteoarthritis, and in trauma. A noninvasive assessment of cartilage microstructural alterations is useful for studies involving cartilage explants. This study evaluates polarized reflectance microscopy as a tool to assess surface damage to cartilage explants caused by mechanical scraping and enzymatic degradation. Adult bovine articular cartilage explants were scraped, incubated in collagenase, or underwent scrape and collagenase treatments. In an additional experiment, cartilage explants were subject to scrapes at graduated levels of severity. Polarized reflectance parameters were compared with India ink surface staining, features of histological sections, changes in explant wet weight and thickness, and chondrocyte viability. The polarized reflectance signal was sensitive to surface scrape damage and revealed individual scrape features consistent with India ink marks. Following surface treatments, the reflectance contrast parameter was elevated and correlated with image area fraction of India ink. After extensive scraping, polarized reflectance contrast and chondrocyte viability were lower than that from untreated explants. As part of this work, a mathematical model was developed and confirmed the trend in the reflectance signal due to changes in surface scattering and subsurface birefringence. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of polarized reflectance microscopy to sensitively assess surface microstructural alterations in articular cartilage explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby N Huynh
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, United States
| | - George Nehmetallah
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington, United States
| | - Christopher B Raub
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, United States
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7
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Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review of Technology and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Brill N, Wirtz M, Merhof D, Tingart M, Jahr H, Truhn D, Schmitt R, Nebelung S. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography-based imaging, parameterization, and quantification of human cartilage degeneration. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:76013. [PMID: 27447953 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.076013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a light-based, high-resolution, real-time, noninvasive, and nondestructive imaging modality yielding quasimicroscopic cross-sectional images of cartilage. As yet, comprehensive parameterization and quantification of birefringence and tissue properties have not been performed on human cartilage. PS-OCT and algorithm-based image analysis were used to objectively grade human cartilage degeneration in terms of surface irregularity, tissue homogeneity, signal attenuation, as well as birefringence coefficient and band width, height, depth, and number. Degeneration-dependent changes were noted for the former three parameters exclusively, thereby questioning the diagnostic value of PS-OCT in the assessment of human cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Brill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mathias Wirtz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Dorit Merhof
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, Kopernikusstraße 16, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Tingart
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Holger Jahr
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Daniel Truhn
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Robert Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, Aachen 52074, GermanyeRWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Manfred-Weck Haus, Steinbachstraße 19, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Sven Nebelung
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Orth P, Peifer C, Goebel L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Comprehensive analysis of translational osteochondral repair: Focus on the histological assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 50:19-36. [PMID: 26515165 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage guarantees for an optimal functioning of diarthrodial joints by providing a gliding surface for smooth articulation, weight distribution, and shock absorbing while the subchondral bone plays a crucial role in its biomechanical and nutritive support. Both tissues together form the osteochondral unit. The structural assessment of the osteochondral unit is now considered the key standard procedure for evaluating articular cartilage repair in translational animal models. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the different methods for a comprehensive evaluation of osteochondral repair. The main focus is on the histological assessment as the gold standard, together with immunohistochemistry, and polarized light microscopy. Additionally, standards of macroscopic, non-destructive imaging such as high resolution MRI and micro-CT, biochemical, and molecular biological evaluations are addressed. Potential pitfalls of analysis are outlined. A second focus is to suggest recommendations for osteochondral evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Carolin Peifer
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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10
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Cernohorsky P, Kok AC, de Bruin DM, Brandt MJ, Faber DJ, Tuijthof GJ, Kerkhoffs GM, Strackee SD, van Leeuwen TG. Comparison of optical coherence tomography and histopathology in quantitative assessment of goat talus articular cartilage. Acta Orthop 2015; 86:257-63. [PMID: 25350610 PMCID: PMC4404781 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2014.979312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a light-based imaging technique suitable for depiction of thin tissue layers such as articular cartilage. Quantification of results and direct comparison with a reference standard is needed to confirm the role of OCT in cartilage evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Goat talus articular cartilage repair was assessed quantitatively with OCT and compared with histopathology using semi-automated analysis software. Osteochondral defects were created centrally in goat tali with subsequent healing over 24 weeks. After sacrifice, the tali were analyzed using OCT and processed into histopathology slides. Cartilage thickness, repair tissue area, and surface roughness were measured. Also, light attenuation coefficient measurements were performed to assess differences in the properties of healthy tissue and repair tissue. RESULTS Intra-class correlation coefficients for resemblance between the 2 techniques were 0.95 (p < 0.001) for thickness, 0.73 (p = 0.002) for repair tissue area, and 0.63 (p = 0.015) for surface roughness. Light attenuation differed significantly between healthy cartilage (8.2 (SD 3.9) mm(-1)) and repair tissue (2.8 (SD 1.5) mm(-1)) (p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION Compared to histopathology as the standard reference method, OCT is a reproducible technique in quantitative analysis of goat talus articular cartilage, especially when assessing cartilage thickness and to a lesser extent when measuring repair tissue area and surface roughness. Moreover, differences in local light attenuation suggest measurable variation in tissue structure, enhancing the clinical applicability of quantitative measurements from cartilage OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee C Kok
- Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam
| | - Daniel Martijn de Bruin
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics,Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | | | | | - Gabrielle J Tuijthof
- Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam,Faculty of 3ME, BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Puhakka PH, Ylärinne JH, Lammi MJ, Saarakkala S, Tiitu V, Kröger H, Virén T, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Dependence of light attenuation and backscattering on collagen concentration and chondrocyte density in agarose scaffolds. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:6537-48. [PMID: 25310088 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/21/6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been applied for high resolution imaging of articular cartilage. However, the contribution of individual structural elements of cartilage on OCT signal has not been thoroughly studied. We hypothesize that both collagen and chondrocytes, essential structural components of cartilage, act as important light scatterers and that variation in their concentrations can be detected by OCT through changes in backscattering and attenuation. To evaluate this hypothesis, we established a controlled model system using agarose scaffolds embedded with variable collagen concentrations and chondrocyte densities. Using OCT, we measured the backscattering coefficient (µb) and total attenuation coefficient (µt) in these scaffolds. Along our hypothesis, light backscattering and attenuation in agarose were dependent on collagen concentration and chondrocyte density. Significant correlations were found between µt and chondrocyte density (ρ = 0.853, p < 0.001) and between µt and collagen concentration (ρ = 0.694, p < 0.001). µb correlated significantly with chondrocyte density (ρ = 0.504, p < 0.001) but not with collagen concentration (ρ = 0.103, p = 0.422) of the scaffold. Thus, quantitation of light backscattering and, especially, attenuation could be valuable when evaluating the integrity of soft tissues, such as articular cartilage with OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Puhakka
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
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Ramakrishnan N, Xia Y. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage and biomaterials: A review. TRENDS IN APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 10:1-23. [PMID: 31693014 PMCID: PMC6830739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has the potential to mark up the chemical changes of the materials, as almost all the materials contain their signatures in infrared region. Spectroscopy combined with spatial resolution enables the possibility of characterizing samples up to microscopic level. The emerging development of instrumentation to provide spatial information for infrared (IR) spectroscopy, termed as IR microscopy, provides an opening for newer applications in terms of image analysis, novel data processing tools, etc. Characterization of biomaterials using IR spectroscopy has a trace back to 1950s. The advent of FTIR with imaging capability made characterization possible in cartilage tissue and other biological systems. Extensive analysis of chemical constituents of cartilage and tendon, collagen orientation and polarization property of cartilage using FTIR imaging (FTIRI) has been actively explored during the last two decades. Also, studies using specialized instrumentations like synchrotron FTIR imaging have been attempted to understand the characteristics of biological samples like cartilage. This review covers most of those investigations on cartilage with FTIRI to characterize the same in terms of component characteristics and quantification, collagen orientation, zonal boundary determination, influence of mechanical compression on tissue nature and its correlation to other techniques in last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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Kasaragod DK, Lu Z, Matcher SJ. Comparative study of the angle-resolved backscattering properties of collagen fibers in bovine tendon and cartilage. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:080501. [PMID: 21895301 DOI: 10.1117/1.3606564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In a biological tissue, light scattering is based on the size and type of scatterers seen as refractive index variations that describe the optical properties shown. In this paper, we have implemented the variable incidence angle technique of multiple angle of illumination experiment on tendon and cartilage samples whose dominant constituents are genetically different types of collagen fibers, type I and type II, respectively. It is found that tendon displays a much greater angular anisotropy in its optical backscattering coefficient than the healthy cartilage. We propose that this is due to a more uniform distribution of fine fibrils than is found in tendon. Rayleigh-Gans approximation is used to give qualitative support to this idea.
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14
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Arthroscopic optical coherence tomography in diagnosis of early arthritis. Minim Invasive Surg 2011; 2011:671308. [PMID: 22091362 PMCID: PMC3197177 DOI: 10.1155/2011/671308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, debilitating disease that is increasing in prevalence. The pathogenesis of OA is likely multifactorial but ultimately leads to progressive breakdown of collagen matrix and loss of chondrocytes. Current clinical modalities employed to evaluate cartilage health and diagnose osteoarthritis in orthopaedic surgery include, radiography, MRI, and arthroscopy. While these assessment methods can show cartilage fissuring and loss, they are limited in ability to diagnose cartilage injury and degeneration prior breakdown of the articular surface. An improved clinical ability to detect subsurface cartilage pathology is important for development and testing of chondroprotective and chondrorestorative treatments because the pathological changes following surface breakdown are generally considered to be irreversible. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is a novel, non-destructive imaging technology capable of near-real time cross-sectional images of articular cartilage at high resolutions comparable to low power histology. This review discusses a series of bench to bedside studies supporting the potential use of OCT for enhanced clinical diagnosis and staging of early cartilage injury and degeneration. OCT was also found to be useful as a translations research tool to assist in clinical evaluation of novel quantitative MRI technologies for non-invasive evaluation of articular cartilage.
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15
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Huang YP, Saarakkala S, Toyras J, Wang LK, Jurvelin JS, Zheng YP. Effects of optical beam angle on quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) in normal and surface degenerated bovine articular cartilage. Phys Med Biol 2010; 56:491-509. [PMID: 21191151 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/2/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a potential approach for diagnosing the early degeneration of cartilage and assessing the quality of its repair. However, a non-perpendicular angle of the incident optical beam with respect to the tissue surface may cause uncertainty to the quantitative analysis, and therefore, significantly affect the reliability of measurement. This non-perpendicularity was systematically investigated in the current study using bovine articular cartilage with and without mechanical degradation. Ten fresh osteochondral disks were quantitatively measured before and after artificially induced surface degradation by mechanical grinding. The following quantitative OCT parameters were determined with a precise control of the surface inclination up to an angle of 10° using a step of 2°: optical reflection coefficient (ORC), variation of surface reflection (VSR) along the surface profile, optical roughness index (ORI) and optical backscattering (OBS). It was found that non-perpendicularity caused systematic changes to all of the parameters. ORC was the most sensitive and OBS the most insensitive to the inclination angle. At the optimal perpendicular angle, all parameters could detect significant changes after surface degradation (p < 0.01), except OBS (p > 0.05). Nonsignificant change of OBS after surface degradation was expected since OBS reflected properties of the internal cartilage tissue and was not affected by the superficial mechanical degradation. As a conclusion, quantitative OCT parameters are diagnostically potential for characterizing the cartilage degeneration. However, efforts through a better controlled operation or corrections based on computational compensation mechanism should be made to minimize the effects of non-perpendicularity of the incident optical beam when clinical use of quantitative OCT is considered for assessing the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Kan WC, Lee WS, Cheung WH, Wallace VP, Pickwell-MacPherson E. Terahertz pulsed imaging of knee cartilage. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:967-974. [PMID: 21258522 PMCID: PMC3018044 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common form of arthritis caused by cartilage degeneration. In this paper, we investigate the potential use of terahertz (THz) pulsed imaging to quantitatively measure the early symptoms of OA in an animal model. THz images of excised rabbit femoral condyles were taken. We observe THz waves reflected off different layers within samples and demonstrate that the optical delay between reflections can give a quantitative measure of the thicknesses of particular tissues within cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Chi Kan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Win-Sze Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent P. Wallace
- School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley,6009, Australia
| | - Emma Pickwell-MacPherson
- Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
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17
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Ateshian GA. The role of interstitial fluid pressurization in articular cartilage lubrication. J Biomech 2009; 42:1163-76. [PMID: 19464689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been reported in the field of cartilage mechanics that impacts our understanding of the role of interstitial fluid pressurization on cartilage lubrication. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the interstitial fluid of cartilage pressurizes considerably under loading, potentially supporting most of the applied load under various transient or steady-state conditions. The fraction of the total load supported by fluid pressurization has been called the fluid load support. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the friction coefficient of cartilage correlates negatively with this variable, achieving remarkably low values when the fluid load support is greatest. A theoretical framework that embodies this relationship has been validated against experiments, predicting and explaining various outcomes, and demonstrating that a low friction coefficient can be maintained for prolonged loading durations under normal physiological function. This paper reviews salient aspects of this topic, as well as its implications for improving our understanding of boundary lubrication by molecular species in synovial fluid and the cartilage superficial zone. Effects of cartilage degeneration on its frictional response are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Ateshian
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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