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Galli R, Siciliano T, Aust D, Korn S, Kirsche K, Baretton GB, Weitz J, Koch E, Riediger C. Label-free multiphoton microscopy enables histopathological assessment of colorectal liver metastases and supports automated classification of neoplastic tissue. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4274. [PMID: 36922643 PMCID: PMC10017791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the state of resection margins is an important prognostic factor after extirpation of colorectal liver metastases, surgeons aim to obtain negative margins, sometimes elaborated by resections of the positive resection plane after intraoperative frozen sections. However, this is time consuming and results sometimes remain unclear during surgery. Label-free multimodal multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an optical technique that retrieves morpho-chemical information avoiding all staining and that can potentially be performed in real-time. Here, we investigated colorectal liver metastases and hepatic tissue using a combination of three endogenous nonlinear signals, namely: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to visualize lipids, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to visualize cellular patterns, and second harmonic generation (SHG) to visualize collagen fibers. We acquired and analyzed over forty thousand MPM images of metastatic and normal liver tissue of 106 patients. The morphological information with biochemical specificity produced by MPM allowed discriminating normal liver from metastatic tissue and discerning the tumor borders on cryosections as well as formalin-fixed bulk tissue. Furthermore, automated tissue type classification with a correct rate close to 95% was possible using a simple approach based on discriminant analysis of texture parameters. Therefore, MPM has the potential to increase the precision of resection margins in hepatic surgery of metastases without prolonging surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tiziana Siciliano
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Aust
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Korn
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Kirsche
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carina Riediger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Jain D, Torres R, Celli R, Koelmel J, Charkoftaki G, Vasiliou V. Evolution of the liver biopsy and its future. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:20. [PMID: 33824924 PMCID: PMC7829074 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver biopsies are commonly used to evaluate a wide variety of medical disorders, including neoplasms and post-transplant complications. However, its use is being impacted by improved clinical diagnosis of disorders, and non-invasive methods for evaluating liver tissue and as a result the indications of a liver biopsy have undergone major changes in the last decade. The evolution of highly effective treatments for some of the common indications for liver biopsy in the last decade (e.g., viral hepatitis B and C) has led to a decline in the number of liver biopsies in recent years. At the same time, the emergence of better technologies for histologic evaluation, tissue content analysis and genomics are among the many new and exciting developments in the field that hold great promise for the future and are going to shape the indications for a liver biopsy in the future. Recent advances in slide scanners now allow creation of "digital/virtual" slides that have image of the entire tissue section present in a slide [whole slide imaging (WSI)]. WSI can now be done very rapidly and at very high resolution, allowing its use in routine clinical practice. In addition, a variety of technologies have been developed in recent years that use different light sources and/or microscopes allowing visualization of tissues in a completely different way. One such technique that is applicable to liver specimens combines multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with advanced clearing and fluorescent stains known as Clearing Histology with MultiPhoton Microscopy (CHiMP). Although it has not yet been extensively validated, the technique has the potential to decrease inefficiency, reduce artifacts, and increase data while being readily integrable into clinical workflows. Another technology that can provide rapid and in-depth characterization of thousands of molecules in a tissue sample, including liver tissues, is matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. MALDI has already been applied in a clinical research setting with promising diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, as well as being able to elucidate mechanisms of liver diseases that may be targeted for the development of new therapies. The logical next step in huge data sets obtained from such advanced analysis of liver tissues is the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms and application of artificial intelligence (AI), for automated generation of diagnoses and prognoses. This review discusses the evolving role of liver biopsies in clinical practice over the decades, and describes newer technologies that are likely to have a significant impact on how they will be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Torres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romulo Celli
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Li L, Huang S, Qiu L, Jiang W, Chen Z, Kang D, Tu H, Chen J, Zhou Y. Label-free identification of early gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors via biomedical multiphoton microscopy and automatic image analysis. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2020; 8:105681-105689. [PMID: 37197612 PMCID: PMC10187769 DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.3000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
At present, early diagnosis and treatment is the most effective way to treat early gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Therefore, we attempted to carry out multiphoton imaging of early neuroendocrine tumors because of its ability to label-free image tissue microstructure at the cellular level. Imaging results show that this imaging technique can quickly identify the histopathological changes in mucosa and submucosa caused by tumor invasion. Furthermore, we performed automatic image analysis on SHG images and extracted two optical diagnostic features-collagen density and average intensity, and also found obvious differences in the density as well as average intensity of collagen fibers in tumor microenvironment using a series of quantitative analysis. These findings may further facilitate the development of multiphoton microscopic imaging technique for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Shenghui Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P. R. China
| | - Lida Qiu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P. R. China
| | - Zhifen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P. R. China
| | - Deyong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P. R. China
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P. R. China
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Lin H, Fan T, Sui J, Wang G, Chen J, Zhuo S, Zhang H. Recent advances in multiphoton microscopy combined with nanomaterials in the field of disease evolution and clinical applications to liver cancer. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19619-19635. [PMID: 31599299 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is expected to become a powerful clinical tool, with its unique advantages of being label-free, high resolution, deep imaging depth, low light photobleaching and low phototoxicity. Nanomaterials, with excellent physical and chemical properties, are biocompatible and easy to prepare and functionalize. The addition of nanomaterials exactly compensates for some defects of MPM, such as the weak endogenous signal strength, limited imaging materials, insufficient imaging depth and lack of therapeutic effects. Therefore, combining MPM with nanomaterials is a promising biomedical imaging method. Here, we mainly review the principle of MPM and its application in liver cancer, especially in disease evolution and clinical applications, including monitoring tumor progression, diagnosing tumor occurrence, detecting tumor metastasis, and evaluating cancer therapy response. Then, we introduce the latest advances in the combination of MPM with nanomaterials, including the MPM imaging of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and carbon dots (CDs). Finally, we also propose the main challenges and future research directions of MPM technology in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Lin
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Taojian Fan
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jian Sui
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Guangxing Wang
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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5
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Lee SL, Chen YF, Dong CY. Second harmonic generation imaging reveals asymmetry in the rotational helicity of collagen lamellae in chicken corneas. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5223-5234. [PMID: 31646043 PMCID: PMC6788602 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High tensile strength and optical clarity are unique properties of the cornea. These features are dictated by the three-dimensional architecture of corneal lamellae. Therefore, understanding the microscopic details of the cornea's structural organization may contribute to the development of artificial cornea for the treatment of corneal diseases. In this study, the combination of forward second harmonic generation (SHG) microcopy and fast Fourier-transform based image analysis was used to characterize the depth-dependent superstructure of chicken corneal stroma. Our results show that from the surface, adjacent lamellae of anterior chicken cornea lamella rotate in a counterclockwise direction, and the same rotational helicity is observed in left and right corneas. Furthermore, the overall average rotational pitch of lamellae is 0.92 ± 0.11 degree/µm which persists for 176 ± 14 µm in the anterior stroma. As depth further increased, the rate of lamellar rotation decreases. Upon reaching posterior stroma, lamellar orientation remains constant. Throughout the stroma, collagen lamellae in chicken rotate a total of 169 ± 21 degrees. The lack of lamellar rotation in posterior stroma suggests that packing efficiency cannot be used to explain the helicity of depth-dependent rotation of anterior stroma. In addition, although the right cornea has a higher rotational pitch (0.95 ± 11 vs 0.90 ± 10 degrees/µm) and thinner anterior stroma (173 ± 13 vs 179 ± 14 µm) than the left cornea, the two effects cancel each other out and result in similar total angular rotation of anterior stroma (161 ± 23 and 165 degrees ± 21). Finally, our observation of a total angular rotation of 169 ± 21 degrees shows that within experimental error, chicken cornea lamellae rotate around 180 degrees or half of a complete turn. Additional studies are needed to arrive at an explanation of chicken superstructure in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lin Lee
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, China
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen-Yuan Dong
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, China
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Jian J, Zhao X, Qin L, Zhao Y, Sun M, Lv W, Hu C. Three-dimensional visualization of fibrous tissues in cirrhotic rats via X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography with iodine staining. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1354-1360. [PMID: 31274464 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To accurately characterize cirrhosis, knowledge of the 3D fibrous structures is essential. Histology is the gold standard in cirrhosis screening, but it mainly provides structural information in 2D planes and destroys the 3D samples in the process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) with iodine staining for the 3D nondestructive visualization of internal structural details in entire cirrhotic livers with histopathologic correlation. In this study, cirrhotic livers induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats were imaged via PCCT and then histopathologically processed. Characteristics of the cirrhosis, i.e. abnormal nodules surrounded by annular fibrosis, were established and a 3D reconstruction of these structures was also performed via PCCT. Fibrosis area, septal width and nodular size were measured and the correlation for these quantitative measurements between PCCT and histopathologic findings was analyzed. The results showed that fibrous bands, small nodules and angio-architecture in cirrhosis were clearly presented in the PCCT images, with histopathologic findings as standard reference. In comparison with histopathology, PCCT was associated with a very close value for fibrosis area, septal width and nodular size. The quantitative measurements showed a strong correlation between PCCT and histopathology. Additionally, the 3D structures of fibrous bands and microvasculature were presented simultaneously. PCCT provides excellent results in the assessment of cirrhosis characteristics and 3D presentation of these feature structures compared with histopathology. Thus, the technique may serve as an adjunct nondestructive 3D modality for cirrhosis characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
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Bird B, Rowlette J. A protocol for rapid, label-free histochemical imaging of fibrotic liver. Analyst 2018; 142:1179-1184. [PMID: 27858020 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared microscopy is a non-destructive, quantitative and label-free spectroscopic imaging technique that, as a result of recent instrument advancements, is now at the point of enabling high-throughput automated biochemical screening of whole histology samples. Currently the mid-infrared field is undergoing a paradigm shift that has not been seen since the introduction of scanning Fourier Transform interferometric spectrometers. The latest mid-infrared microscopes are powered by tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL) sources which offer a number of advantages including measurement protocol flexibility, ease-of-use and a greatly enhanced data acquisition speed at high spectral and spatial resolution. In this study we use a wide-field QCL infrared microscope to develop and validate a fast four-frequency protocol for imaging fibrosis in unstained liver tissue. We compare our results to the gold standard Masson's trichrome histochemical staining protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bird
- Daylight Solutions Inc., 15378 Avenue of Science, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92128, USA.
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8
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Li Y, Liu TM. Discovering Macrophage Functions Using In Vivo Optical Imaging Techniques. Front Immunol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29599778 PMCID: PMC5863475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of host defense and inflammation and play a pivotal role in immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic regulation. Since macrophages are ubiquitous in human bodies and have versatile physiological functions, they are involved in virtually every disease, including cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Molecular biological and histological methods have provided critical information on macrophage biology. However, many in vivo dynamic behaviors of macrophages are poorly understood and yet to be discovered. A better understanding of macrophage functions and dynamics in pathogenesis will open new opportunities for better diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will review the advances in macrophage tracking and analysis with in vivo optical imaging in the context of different diseases. Moreover, this review will cover the challenges and solutions for optical imaging techniques during macrophage intravital imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is present in a third of the general population and the majority of individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Importantly, NAFLD can progress to severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), associated with liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent research efforts have extensively focused on identifying factors contributing to the additional "hit" required to promote NALFD disease progression. The maternal diet, and in particular a high-fat diet (HFD), may be one such hit "priming" the development of severe fatty liver disease, a notion supported by the increasing incidence of NAFLD among children and adolescents in Westernized countries. In recent years, a plethora of key studies have used murine models of maternal obesity to identify fundamental mechanisms such as lipogenesis, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and fibrosis that may underlie the developmental priming of NAFLD. In this chapter, we will address key considerations for constructing experimental models and both conventional and advanced methods of quantifying NAFLD disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Karen R Jonscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Islam A, Romijn EI, Lilledahl MB, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Non-linear optical microscopy as a novel quantitative and label-free imaging modality to improve the assessment of tissue-engineered cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1729-1737. [PMID: 28668541 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current systems to evaluate outcomes from tissue-engineered cartilage (TEC) are sub-optimal. The main purpose of our study was to demonstrate the use of second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy as a novel quantitative approach to assess collagen deposition in laboratory made cartilage constructs. METHODS Scaffold-free cartilage constructs were obtained by condensation of in vitro expanded Hoffa's fat pad derived stromal cells (HFPSCs), incubated in the presence or absence of chondrogenic growth factors (GF) during a period of 21 d. Cartilage-like features in constructs were assessed by Alcian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy. A new scoring system, using second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) index for collagen density and distribution, was adapted to the existing "Bern score" in order to evaluate in vitro TEC. RESULTS Spheroids with GF gave a relative high Bern score value due to appropriate cell morphology, cell density, tissue-like features and proteoglycan content, whereas spheroids without GF did not. However, both TEM and SHGM revealed striking differences between the collagen framework in the spheroids and native cartilage. Spheroids required a four-fold increase in laser power to visualize the collagen matrix by SHGM compared to native cartilage. Additionally, collagen distribution, determined as the area of tissue generating SHG signal, was higher in spheroids with GF than without GF, but lower than in native cartilage. CONCLUSION SHG represents a reliable quantitative approach to assess collagen deposition in laboratory engineered cartilage, and may be applied to improve currently established scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Islam
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway.
| | - E I Romijn
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
| | - M B Lilledahl
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
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11
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Wang Y, Huang W, Li R, Yun Z, Zhu Y, Yang J, Liu H, Liu Z, Feng Q, Hou J. Systematic quantification of histological patterns shows accuracy in reflecting cirrhotic remodeling. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1631-1639. [PMID: 28068755 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There still lacks a tool for precisely evaluating cirrhotic remodeling. Histologic distortion characterized in cirrhosis (i.e. cirrhotic patterns) has a validated pathophysiological meaning and potential relevance to clinical complications. We aimed to establish a new tool to quantify the cirrhotic patterns and test it for reflecting the cirrhotic remodeling. METHODS We designed a computerized algorithm, named qCP, dedicated for the analysis of liver images acquired by second harmonic microscopy. We evaluated its measurement by using a cohort of 95 biopsies (Ishak staging F4/5/6 = 33/35/27) of chronic hepatitis B and a carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rat model for simulating the bidirectional cirrhotic change. RESULTS QCP can characterize 14 histological cirrhosis parameters involving the nodules, septa, sinusoid, and vessels. For chronic hepatitis B biopsies, the mean overall intra-observer and inter-observer agreement was 0.94 ± 0.08 and 0.93 ± 0.09, respectively. The robustness in resisting sample adequacy-related scoring error was demonstrated. The proportionate areas of total (collagen proportionate area), septal (septal collagen proportionate area [SPA]), sinusoidal, and vessel collagen, nodule area, and nodule density (ND) were associated with Ishak staging (P < 0.01 for all). But only ND and SPA were independently associated (P ≤ 0.001 for both). A histological cirrhosis parameters-composed qCP-index demonstrated an excellent accuracy in quantitatively diagnosing evolving cirrhosis (areas under receiver operating characteristic curves 0.95-0.92; sensitivity 0.93-0.82; specificity 0.94-0.85). In the rat model, changes in collagen proportionate area, SPA, and ND had strong correlations with both cirrhosis progression and regression and faithfully characterized the histological evolution. CONCLUSIONS QCP preliminarily demonstrates potential for quantitating cirrhotic remodeling with high resolution and accuracy. Further validation with in-study cohorts and multiple-etiologies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruhua Li
- Biomedical Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Yun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Xu J, Kang D, Zeng Y, Zhuo S, Zhu X, Jiang L, Chen J, Lin J. Multiphoton microscopy for label-free identification of intramural metastasis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3360-3368. [PMID: 28717572 PMCID: PMC5508833 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For complete removal of cancerous tissue in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), intramural metastasis (IM) should be identified preoperatively or intraoperatively. Here, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) was introduced for label-free identification of IM in the esophageal wall, by a combination of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, and spectral analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the IM region was also performed. Quantitative parameters, including 3D fiber orientation, were measured by 3D-weighted orientation vector summation. Overall, MPM showed the potential to identify IM. With the development of the advanced MPM endoscope, clinical identification of IM by MPM will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Deyong Kang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yaping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jiangbo Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Mehravar S, Banerjee B, Chatrath H, Amirsolaimani B, Patel K, Patel C, Norwood RA, Peyghambarian N, Kieu K. Label-free multi-photon imaging of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:148-57. [PMID: 26819824 PMCID: PMC4722899 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic disorder where dysplastic and early cancerous changes are invisible to the naked eye and where the practice of blind biopsy is hampered by large sampling errors. Multi-photon microscopy (MPM) has emerged as an alternative solution for fast and label-free diagnostic capability for identifying the histological features with sub-micron accuracy. We developed a compact, inexpensive MPM system by using a handheld mode-locked fiber laser operating at 1560nm to study mucosal biopsies of BE. The combination of back-scattered THG, back-reflected forward THG and SHG signals generate images of cell nuclei and collagen, leading to label-free diagnosis in Barrett's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mehravar
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bhaskar Banerjee
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hemant Chatrath
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Babak Amirsolaimani
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Krunal Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Charmi Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robert A Norwood
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nasser Peyghambarian
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Khanh Kieu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona,1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Liu Z, Quinn KP, Speroni L, Arendt L, Kuperwasser C, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Georgakoudi I. Rapid three-dimensional quantification of voxel-wise collagen fiber orientation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2294. [PMID: 26203362 PMCID: PMC4505690 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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15
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Chen J, Wong S, Nathanson MH, Jain D. Evaluation of Barrett esophagus by multiphoton microscopy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:204-12. [PMID: 24476518 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0675-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) based on 2-photon excitation fluorescence and second-harmonic generation allows simultaneous visualization of cellular details and extracellular matrix components of fresh, unfixed, and unstained tissue. Portable multiphoton microscopes, which could be placed in endoscopy suites, and multiphoton endomicroscopes are in development, but their clinical utility is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine fresh, unfixed endoscopic biopsies obtained from the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction to (1) define the MPM characteristics of normal esophageal squamous mucosa and gastric columnar mucosa, and (2) evaluate whether diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia/Barrett esophagus (BE) could be made reliably with MPM. DESIGN The study examined 35 untreated, fresh biopsy specimens from 25 patients who underwent routine upper endoscopy. A Zeiss LSM 710 Duo microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, New York) coupled to a Spectra-Physics (Mountain View, California) Tsunami Ti:sapphire laser was used to obtain a MPM image within 4 hours of fresh specimen collection. After obtaining MPM images, the biopsy specimens were placed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for routine histopathologic examination. Then, the MPM images were compared with the findings in the hematoxylin-eosin-stained, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The MPM characteristics of the squamous, gastric-type columnar and intestinal-type columnar epithelium were analyzed. In biopsies with discrepancy between MPM imaging and hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections, the entire tissue block was serially sectioned and reevaluated. A diagnosis of BE was made when endoscopic and histologic criteria were satisfied. RESULTS Based on effective 2-photon excitation fluorescence of cellular reduced pyridine nucleotides and flavin adenine dinucleotide and lack of 2-photon excitation fluorescence of mucin and cellular nuclei, MPM could readily identify and distinguish among squamous epithelial cells, goblet cells, gastric foveolar-type mucous cells, and parietal cells in the area of gastroesophageal junction. Based on the cell types identified, the mucosa was defined as squamous, columnar gastric type (cardia/fundic-type), and metaplastic columnar intestinal-type/BE. Various types of mucosa seen in the study of 35 biopsies included normal squamous mucosa only (n = 14; 40%), gastric cardia-type mucosa only (n = 2; 6%), gastric fundic mucosa (n = 6; 17%), and both squamous and gastric mucosa (n = 13; 37%). Intestinal metaplasia was identified by the presence of goblet cells in 10 of 25 cases (40%) leading to a diagnosis of BE on MPM imaging and only in 7 cases (28%) by histopathology. In 3 of 35 biopsies (9%), clear-cut goblet cells were seen by MPM imaging but not by histopathology, even after the entire tissue block was sectioned. Based on effective 2-photon excitation fluorescence of elastin and second-harmonic generation of collagen, connective tissue in the lamina propria and the basement membrane was also visualized with MPM. CONCLUSIONS Multiphoton microscopy has the ability to accurately distinguish squamous epithelium and different cellular elements of the columnar mucosa obtained from biopsies around the gastroesophageal junction, including goblet cells that are important for the diagnosis of BE. Thus, use of MPM in the endoscopy suite might provide immediate microscopic images during endoscopy, improving screening and surveillance of patients with BE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Wong
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Wong and Jain) and the Section of Digestive Diseases (Dr Nathanson), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China (Dr Chen). Dr Chen is now a visiting scientist at Yale University
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16
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Lau TY, Ambekar R, Toussaint KC. Quantification of collagen fiber organization using three-dimensional Fourier transform-second-harmonic generation imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:21821-32. [PMID: 23037302 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.021821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present three-dimensional Fourier transform-second-harmonic generation (3D FT-SHG) imaging, a generalization of the previously reported two-dimensional FT-SHG, to quantify collagen fiber organization from 3D image stacks of biological tissues. The current implementation calculates 3D preferred orientation of a region of interest, and classifies regions of interest based on orientation anisotropy and average voxel intensity. Presented are some example applications of the technique which reveal the layered structure of collagen fibers in porcine sclera, and estimates the cut angle of porcine tendon tissues. This technique shows promising potential for studying biological tissues that contain fibrillar structures in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Yuen Lau
- Photonics Research of Bio/nano Environments (PROBE), Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green St, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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17
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Jiang X, Zhong J, Liu Y, Yu H, Zhuo S, Chen J. Two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of collagen in human tissue based on multiphoton microscopy. SCANNING 2011; 33:53-6. [PMID: 21328394 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopic imaging of collagen plays an important role in noninvasive diagnoses of human tissue. In this study, two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of collagen in human skin dermis and submucosa of colon and stomach tissues were investigated based on multiphoton microscopy (MPM). Our results show that multiphoton microscopic image of collagen bundles exhibits apparently different pattern in human tissues. The collagen bundles can simultaneously reveal its SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence images in the submucosa of colon and stomach, whereas it solely emit SHG signal in skin dermis. The intensity spectral information from tissues further demonstrated the above results. This indicates that collagen bundles have completely different space arrangement in these tissues. Our experimental results bring more detailed information of collagen for the application of MPM in human noninvasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshan Jiang
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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18
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Sivaguru M, Durgam S, Ambekar R, Luedtke D, Fried G, Stewart A, Toussaint KC. Quantitative analysis of collagen fiber organization in injured tendons using Fourier transform-second harmonic generation imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:24983-24993. [PMID: 21164843 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.024983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform-second harmonic generation (FT-SHG) imaging is used as a technique for evaluating collagenase-induced injury in horse tendons. The differences in collagen fiber organization between normal and injured tendon are quantified. Results indicate that the organization of collagen fibers is regularly oriented in normal tendons and randomly organized in injured tendons. This is further supported through the use of additional metrics, in particular, the number of dark (no/minimal signal) and isotropic (no preferred fiber orientation) regions in the images, and the ratio of forward-to-backward second-harmonic intensity. FT-SHG microscopy is also compared with the conventional polarized light microscopy and is shown to be more sensitive to assessing injured tendons than the latter. Moreover, sample preparation artifacts that affect the quantitative evaluation of collagen fiber organization can be circumvented by using FT-SHG microscopy. The technique has potential as an assessment tool for evaluating the impact of various injuries that affect collagen fiber organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayandi Sivaguru
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Dong CY, Campagnola PJ. Optical diagnostics of tissue pathology by multiphoton microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:519-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2010.525634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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