1
|
Hosseinpour S, Walsh LJ. Laser-assisted nucleic acid delivery: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000295. [PMID: 32931155 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an effective treatment modality for some conditions. Laser light may augment or enhance gene therapy through photomechanical, photothermal, and photochemical. This review examined the evidence base for laser therapy to enhance nucleic acid transfection in mammalian cells. An electronic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed, covering all available years. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guideline for systematic reviews was used for designing the study and analyzing the results. In total, 49 studies of laser irradiation for nucleic acid delivery were included. Key approaches were optoporation, photomechanical gene transfection, and photochemical internalization. Optoporation is better suited to cells in culture, photomechanical and photochemical approaches appear well suited to in vivo use. Additional studies explored the impact of photothermal for enhancing gene transfection. Each approach has merits and limitations. Augmenting nucleic acid delivery using laser irradiation is a promising method for improving gene therapy. Laser protocols can be non-invasive because of the penetration of desirable wavelengths of light, but it depends on various parameters such as power density, treatment duration, irradiation mode, etc. The current protocols show low efficiency, and there is a need for further work to optimize irradiation parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Hosseinpour
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen THP, Shamis Y, Croft RJ, Wood A, McIntosh RL, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. 18 GHz electromagnetic field induces permeability of Gram-positive cocci. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10980. [PMID: 26077933 PMCID: PMC4468521 DOI: 10.1038/srep10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures at the microwave (MW) frequency of 18 GHz, on four cocci, Planococcus maritimus KMM 3738, Staphylococcus aureus CIP 65.8(T), S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 14990(T), was investigated. We demonstrate that exposing the bacteria to an EMF induced permeability in the bacterial membranes of all strains studied, as confirmed directly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and indirectly via the propidium iodide assay and the uptake of silica nanospheres. The cells remained permeable for at least nine minutes after EMF exposure. It was shown that all strains internalized 23.5 nm nanospheres, whereas the internalization of the 46.3 nm nanospheres differed amongst the bacterial strains (S. epidermidis ATCC 14990(T) ~ 0%; Staphylococcus aureus CIP 65.8(T) S. aureus ATCC 25923, ~40%; Planococcus maritimus KMM 3738, ~ 80%). Cell viability experiments indicated that up to 84% of the cells exposed to the EMF remained viable. The morphology of the bacterial cells was not altered, as inferred from the scanning electron micrographs, however traces of leaked cytosolic fluids from the EMF exposed cells could be detected. EMF-induced permeabilization may represent an innovative, alternative cell permeability technique for applications in biomedical engineering, cell drug delivery and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury Shamis
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Croft
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Australia
| | - Andrew Wood
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Australia
- School of Health Sciences
| | - Robert L. McIntosh
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Australia
- School of Health Sciences
| | | | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Terakawa M, Tanaka Y. Dielectric microsphere mediated transfection using a femtosecond laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2877-9. [PMID: 21808344 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the permeabilization of cell membranes by an enhanced optical field generated under polystyrene microspheres of 1000 nm diameter excited by a femtosecond laser pulse. Fluorescent molecules and short interfering RNA (siRNA) have been successfully delivered to many cells in the irradiated area by a single 80 fs laser pulse at 800 nm wavelength in the presence of antibody-conjugated polystyrene spheres. The ratios of the cells showing permeabilization were 38% and 21% for Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and siRNA, respectively, at the laser fluence of 1.06 J/cm(2). The present method has advantages both in high throughput of many cell treatments and precise processing of minute areas on cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Terakawa
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Praveen BB, Stevenson DJ, Antkowiak M, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore FJ. Enhancement and optimization of plasmid expression in femtosecond optical transfection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:229-235. [PMID: 21446012 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell transfection using femtosecond lasers is gaining importance for its proven ability to achieve selective transfection in a sterile and relatively non-invasive manner. However, the net efficiency of this technique is limited due to a number of factors that ultimately makes it difficult to be used as a viable and widely used technique. We report here a method to achieve significant enhancement in the efficiency of femtosecond optical transfection. The transfection procedure is modified by incorporating a suitable synthetic peptide containing nuclear localization and DNA binding sequences, assisting DNA import into the nucleus. We achieved a 3-fold enhancement in the transfection efficiency for adherent Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells with this modified protocol. Further, in the presence of this biochemical reagent, we were able to reduce the required plasmid concentration by ~70% without compromising the transfection efficiency. Also, we report for the first time the successful photo-transfection of recently trypsinised cells with significantly high transfection efficiency when transfected with modified plasmid. This paves the way for the development of high throughput microfluidic optical transfection devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bavishna B Praveen
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma N, Gunn-Moore F, Dholakia K. Optical transfection using an endoscope-like system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:028002. [PMID: 21361709 DOI: 10.1117/1.3541781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical transfection is a powerful method for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to biological cells. A tightly focused pulsed laser beam may transiently change the permeability of a cell membrane to facilitate the delivery of foreign genetic material into cells. We report the first realization of an endoscope-like integrated system for optical transfection. An imaging fiber (coherent optical fiber bundle) with ∼ 6000 cores (pixels) embedded in a fiber cladding of ∼ 300 μm in diameter, produces an image circle (area) of ∼ 270 μm diam. This imaging fiber, with an ordered axicon lens array chemically etched at its exit face, is used for the delivery of a femtosecond laser to the cell membrane for optical transfection along with subcellular resolution imaging. A microcapillary-based microfluidic system for localized drug delivery was also combined in this miniature, flexible system. Using this novel system, a plasmid transfection efficiency up to ∼ 72% was obtained for CHO-K1 cells. This endoscope-like system opens a range of exciting applications, in particular, in the targeted in vivo optical microsurgery area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- University of St. Andrews, School of Physics & Astronomy, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antkowiak M, Torres-Mapa ML, Gunn-Moore F, Dholakia K. Application of dynamic diffractive optics for enhanced femtosecond laser based cell transfection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:696-705. [PMID: 20583035 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the advantages of a dynamic diffractive optical element, namely a spatial light modulator (SLM) for the controlled and enhanced optoinjection and phototransfection of mammalian cells with a femtosecond light source. The SLM provides full control over the lateral and axial positioning of the beam with sub-micron precision. Fast beam translation enables time-sequenced irradiation, which is shown to enhance the optoinjection efficiency and alleviate the problem of exact beam positioning on the cell membrane. We show that irradiation in three axial positions doubles the number of viably optoinjected cells when compared with a single dose. The presented system also enables untargeted raster scan irradiation which provides a higher throughput transfection of adherent cells at the rate of 1 cell per second. Additionally, fluorescent imaging is used to demonstrate cell selective two-step gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Antkowiak
- SULSA, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY169TS, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marchington RF, Arita Y, Tsampoula X, Gunn-Moore FJ, Dholakia K. Optical injection of mammalian cells using a microfluidic platform. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:527-536. [PMID: 21258487 PMCID: PMC3017997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of a focused laser beam to create a sub-micron hole in the plasma membrane of a cell (photoporation), for the selective introduction of membrane impermeable substances (optical injection) including nucleic acids (optical transfection), is a powerful technique most commonly applied to treat single cells. However, particularly for femtosecond photoporation, these studies have been limited to low throughput, small-scale studies, because they require sequential dosing of individual cells. Herein, we describe a microfluidic photoporation system for increased throughput and automated optical injection of cells. Hydrodynamic focusing is employed to direct a flow of single-file cells through a focused femtosecond laser beam for photoporation. Upon traversing the beam, a number of transient pores potentially open across the extracellular membrane, which allows the uptake of the surrounding fluid media into the cytoplasm, also containing the chosen injection agent. The process is entirely automated and a rate of 1 cell/sec could readily be obtained, enabling several thousand cells to be injected per hour using this system. The efficiency of optically injecting propidium iodide into HEK293 mammalian cells was found to be 42 ± 8%, or 28 ± 4% taking into account the requirement of post-injection viability, as tested using Calcein AM. This work now opens the way for combining photoporation with microfluidic analyses, sorting, purification or on-chip cell culture studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Marchington
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Yoshihiko Arita
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Xanthi Tsampoula
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Frank J. Gunn-Moore
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antkowiak M, Torres-Mapa ML, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore FJ. Quantitative phase study of the dynamic cellular response in femtosecond laser photoporation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:414-424. [PMID: 21258476 PMCID: PMC3018012 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We use Digital Holographic Microscopy to study dynamic responses of live cells to femtosecond laser cellular membrane photoporation. Temporal and spatial characteristics of morphological changes as well as dry mass variation are analyzed and compared with conventional fluorescent assays for viability and photoporation efficiency. With the latter, the results provide a new insight into the efficiency and toxicity of this novel optical method of drug delivery. In addition, quantitative phase maps reveal photoporation related sub-cellular dynamics of cytoplasmic vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Antkowiak
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland
- SULSA, School of Biology, Bute Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9TS, Scotland
| | - Maria Leilani Torres-Mapa
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland
- Authors have equal contribution
| | - Frank J. Gunn-Moore
- SULSA, School of Biology, Bute Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9TS, Scotland
- Authors have equal contribution
| |
Collapse
|