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Gökçe F, Kaestli A, Lohasz C, de Geus M, Kaltenbach HM, Renggli K, Bornhauser B, Hierlemann A, Modena M. Microphysiological Drug-Testing Platform for Identifying Responses to Prodrug Treatment in Primary Leukemia. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202506. [PMID: 36651229 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing survival rates of pediatric leukemia patients over the past decades, the outcome of some leukemia subtypes has remained dismal. Drug sensitivity and resistance testing on patient-derived leukemia samples provide important information to tailor treatments for high-risk patients. However, currently used well-based drug screening platforms have limitations in predicting the effects of prodrugs, a class of therapeutics that require metabolic activation to become effective. To address this issue, a microphysiological drug-testing platform is developed that enables co-culturing of patient-derived leukemia cells, human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, and human liver microtissues within the same microfluidic platform. This platform also enables to control the physical interaction between the diverse cell types. Herein, it is made possible to recapitulate hepatic prodrug activation of ifosfamide in their platform, which is very difficult in traditional well-based assays. By testing the susceptibility of primary patient-derived leukemia samples to the prodrug ifosfamide, sample-specific sensitivities to ifosfamide in primary leukemia samples are identified. The microfluidic platform is found to enable the recapitulation of physiologically relevant conditions and the testing of prodrugs including short-lived and unstable metabolites. The platform holds great potential for clinical translation and precision chemotherapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Gökçe
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Kaestli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lohasz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Martina de Geus
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, ZH, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Mario Modena
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, BS, 4058, Switzerland
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Kage D, Heinrich K, Volkmann KV, Kirsch J, Feher K, Giesecke-Thiel C, Kaiser T. Multi-angle pulse shape detection of scattered light in flow cytometry for label-free cell cycle classification. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1144. [PMID: 34593965 PMCID: PMC8484341 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometers are robust and ubiquitous tools of biomedical research, as they enable high-throughput fluorescence-based multi-parametric analysis and sorting of single cells. However, analysis is often constrained by the availability of detection reagents or functional changes of cells caused by fluorescent staining. Here, we introduce MAPS-FC (multi-angle pulse shape flow cytometry), an approach that measures angle- and time-resolved scattered light for high-throughput cell characterization to circumvent the constraints of conventional flow cytometry. In order to derive cell-specific properties from the acquired pulse shapes, we developed a data analysis procedure based on wavelet transform and k-means clustering. We analyzed cell cycle stages of Jurkat and HEK293 cells by MAPS-FC and were able to assign cells to the G1, S, and G2/M phases without the need for fluorescent labeling. The results were validated by DNA staining and by sorting and re-analysis of isolated G1, S, and G2/M populations. Our results demonstrate that MAPS-FC can be used to determine cell properties that are otherwise only accessible by invasive labeling. This approach is technically compatible with conventional flow cytometers and paves the way for label-free cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kage
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ)-Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1 (Virchowweg 12), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Heinrich
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ)-Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1 (Virchowweg 12), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad V Volkmann
- APE Angewandte Physik und Elektronik GmbH, Plauener Straße 163-165 / Haus N, 13053, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Kirsch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ)-Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1 (Virchowweg 12), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristen Feher
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudia Giesecke-Thiel
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ)-Cell Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ)-Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1 (Virchowweg 12), 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Cannon TM, Bouma BE, Uribe-Patarroyo N. Layer-based, depth-resolved computation of attenuation coefficients and backscattering fractions in tissue using optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5037-5056. [PMID: 34513241 PMCID: PMC8407832 DOI: 10.1364/boe.427833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of tissue stand to benefit from greater functionalization and quantitative interpretation. The OCT attenuation coefficient µ, an analogue of the imaged sample's scattering coefficient, offers potential functional contrast based on the relationship of µ to sub-resolution physical properties of the sample. Attenuation coefficients are computed either by fitting a representative µ over several depth-wise pixels of a sample's intensity decay, or by using previously-developed depth-resolved attenuation algorithms by Girard et al. [Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.52, 7738 (2011). 10.1167/iovs.10-6925] and Vermeer et al. [Biomed. Opt. Express5, 322 (2014). 10.1364/BOE.5.000322]. However, the former method sacrifices axial information in the tomogram, while the latter relies on the stringent assumption that the sample's backscattering fraction, another optical property, does not vary along depth. This assumption may be violated by layered tissues commonly observed in clinical imaging applications. Our approach preserves the full depth resolution of the attenuation map but removes its dependence on backscattering fraction by performing signal analysis inside individual discrete layers over which the scattering properties (e.g., attenuation and backscattering fraction) vary minimally. Although this approach necessitates the detection of these layers, it removes the constant-backscattering-fraction assumption that has constrained quantitative attenuation coefficient analysis in the past, and additionally yields a layer-resolved backscattering fraction, providing complementary scattering information to the attenuation coefficient. We validate our approach using automated layer detection in layered phantoms, for which the measured optical properties were in good agreement with theoretical values calculated with Mie theory, and show preliminary results in tissue alongside corresponding histological analysis. Together, accurate backscattering fraction and attenuation coefficient measurements enable the estimation of both particle density and size, which is not possible from attenuation measurements alone. We hope that this improvement to depth-resolved attenuation coefficient measurement, augmented by a layer-resolved backscattering fraction, will increase the diagnostic power of quantitative OCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Cannon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, 70 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, 70 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Néstor Uribe-Patarroyo
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Yu Wan W, Liu L, Liu X, Wang W, Zahurul Islam M, Dong C, Garen CR, Woodside MT, Gupta M, Mandal M, Rozmus W, Yin Tsui Y. Integration of light scattering with machine learning for label free cell detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3512-3529. [PMID: 34221676 PMCID: PMC8221935 DOI: 10.1364/boe.424357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering has been used for label-free cell detection. The angular light scattering patterns from the cells are unique to them based on the cell size, nucleus size, number of mitochondria, and cell surface roughness. The patterns collected from the cells can then be classified based on different image characteristics. We have also developed a machine learning (ML) method to classify these cell light scattering patterns. As a case study we have used this light scattering technique integrated with the machine learning to analyze staurosporine-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and compare them to non-treated control cells. Experimental results show that the ML technique can provide a classification accuracy (treated versus non-treated) of over 90%. The predicted percentage of the treated cells in a mixed solution is within 5% of the reference (ground-truth) value and the technique has the potential to be a viable method for real-time detection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Yu Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Authors with equal contribution
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Authors with equal contribution
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Md. Zahurul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chunhua Dong
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig R. Garen
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mrinal Mandal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wojciech Rozmus
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ying Yin Tsui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Arifler D, Guillaud M. Assessment of internal refractive index profile of stochastically inhomogeneous nuclear models via analysis of two-dimensional optical scattering patterns. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200345RR. [PMID: 33973424 PMCID: PMC8107832 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical scattering signals obtained from tissue constituents contain a wealth of structural information. Conventional intensity features, however, are mostly dictated by the overall morphology and mean refractive index of these constituents, making it very difficult to exclusively sense internal refractive index fluctuations. AIM We perform a systematic analysis to elucidate how changes in internal refractive index profile of cell nuclei can best be detected via optical scattering. APPROACH We construct stochastically inhomogeneous nuclear models and numerically simulate their azimuth-resolved scattering patterns. We then process these two-dimensional patterns with the goal of identifying features that directly point to subnuclear structure. RESULTS Azimuth-dependent intensity variations over the side scattering range provide significant insights into subnuclear refractive index profile. A particular feature we refer to as contrast ratio is observed to be highly sensitive to the length scale and extent of refractive index fluctuations; further, this feature is not susceptible to changes in the overall size and mean refractive index of nuclei, thereby allowing for selective tracking of subnuclear structure that can be linked to chromatin distribution. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis will potentially pave the way for scattering-based assessment of chromatin reorganization that is considered to be a key hallmark of precancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizem Arifler
- Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Physics Group, Kalkanli, Turkey
| | - Martial Guillaud
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Imaging Unit, Vancouver BC, Canada
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Zhang L, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Chen W, Yuan L. Relation between clinical mature and immature lymphocyte cells in human peripheral blood and their spatial label free scattering patterns. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:074301. [PMID: 27475572 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A single living cell's light scattering pattern (LSP) in the horizontal plane, which has been denoted as the cell's "2D fingerprint," may provide a powerful label-free detection tool in clinical applications. We have recently studied the LSP in spatial scattering planes, denoted as the cell's "3D fingerprint," for mature and immature lymphocyte cells in human peripheral blood. The effects of membrane size, morphology, and the existence of the nucleus on the spatial LSP are discussed. In order to distinguish clinical label-free mature and immature lymphocytes, the special features of the spatial LSP are studied by statistical method in both the spatial and frequency domains. Spatial LSP provides rich information on the cell's morphology and contents, which can distinguish mature from immature lymphocyte cells and hence ultimately it may be a useful label-free technique for clinical leukemia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Zhang L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Chen W, Zhao H, Zhao X, Li K, Yuan L. Scattering pulse of label free fine structure cells to determine the size scale of scattering structures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:044301. [PMID: 27131687 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scattering pulse is sensitive to the morphology and components of each single label-free cell. The most direct detection result, label free cell's scattering pulse is studied in this paper as a novel trait to recognize large malignant cells from small normal cells. A set of intrinsic scattering pulse calculation method is figured out, which combines both hydraulic focusing theory and small particle's scattering principle. Based on the scattering detection angle ranges of widely used flow cytometry, the scattering pulses formed by cell scattering energy in forward scattering angle 2°-5° and side scattering angle 80°-110° are discussed. Combining the analysis of cell's illuminating light energy, the peak, area, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of label free cells' scattering pulses for fine structure cells with diameter 1-20 μm are studied to extract the interrelations of scattering pulse's features and cell's morphology. The theoretical and experimental results show that cell's diameter and FWHM of its scattering pulse agree with approximate linear distribution; the peak and area of scattering pulse do not always increase with cell's diameter becoming larger, but when cell's diameter is less than about 16 μm the monotone increasing relation of scattering pulse peak or area with cell's diameter can be obtained. This relationship between the features of scattering pulse and cell's size is potentially a useful but very simple criterion to distinguishing malignant and normal cells by their sizes and morphologies in label free cells clinical examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kaixing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Rose-Nussbaumer J, Li Y, Lin P, Suhler E, Asquith M, Rosenbaum JT, Huang D. Aqueous cell differentiation in anterior uveitis using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1430-6. [PMID: 25650415 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with anterior uveitis is broad and can present a diagnostic challenge. In this study, we evaluate the characteristic findings of inflammatory cells on optical coherence tomography (OCT) both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Blood from two healthy volunteers was prepared using standardized methods for cell sorting with a flow cytometer (FASCAria). Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and red blood cells were placed in suspension and scanned with a 26-kHz Fourier-domain OCT system (RTVue) with 5-μm axial resolution. Custom software algorithms were used to identify cells based on their reflectance distribution. These algorithms were then applied to OCT images obtained from uveitis patients with active anterior chamber inflammation. RESULTS On OCT images the cells appeared as hyperreflective spots. In vitro, cell reflectance was statistically significantly different between all of the cell types (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and red blood cells, P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). In vivo, the relationship between underlying disease and cell type imaged on OCT was highly statistically significant, with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated uveitis patients having a predominantly polymorphonuclear pattern on OCT and sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease patients having a predominantly mononuclear pattern on OCT (P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS These in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the potential of OCT to evaluate cells in the anterior chamber of patients noninvasively. Optical coherence tomography may be a useful adjunct to guide the diagnosis and treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Phoebe Lin
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Eric Suhler
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mark Asquith
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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