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Vasudevan V, Narayanan Unni S. Quantification of soft tissue parameters from spatially resolved diffuse reflectance finite element models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3546. [PMID: 34719121 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that helps in clinical diagnosis of various tissue microcirculation and skin pigmentation disorders based on collected backscattered light from multi-layered tissue. The extraction of the optical properties from the reflectance spectrum using analytical solutions is laborious. Model-based light tissue interaction studies help in quantifying the optical properties. This work presents the use of finite element models of light tissue interaction for this purpose. A bilayer model mimicking human skin was considered and the diffused reflectance spectra at multiple detector points were generated using finite element modelling for varying melanin concentration, epidermal thickness, blood volume fraction, oxygen saturation and scattering components. The reflectance value based on varying optical parameters from multiple detection points lead to the generation of a look-up table (LUT), which is further used for finding the tissue parameters that contribute to the spatially resolved reflectance values. The tissue parameters estimated after inverse modelling showed a high degree of agreement with the expected tissue parameters for a test dataset different from the training dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vysakh Vasudevan
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan Unni
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Predictive Value of Anastomotic Blood Supply for Anastomotic Stricture After Esophagectomy in Esophageal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:3307-3313. [PMID: 30632053 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient blood supply in the gastric tube is considered as a risk factor for postoperative anastomotic strictures in patients receiving esophagectomy, but the direct evidence is lacking. AIMS We aimed to investigate the correlation between perioperative blood supply in the anastomotic area of the gastric tube and the formation of anastomotic strictures in the patients undergoing esophagectomy. METHODS This prospective study included 60 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma undergoing Ivor Lewis esophagectomy between March 2014 and February 2016, which were divided into stricture group (n = 13) and non-stricture group (n = 47) based on their severity of anastomotic strictures at 3 months post-operation. The perioperative anastomotic blood supply was measured using a laser Doppler flowmetry. The gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) was measured by a gastric tonometer within 72 h post-operation. The perfusion index and gastric pHi were compared between groups. RESULTS The stricture group had a significantly lower blood flow index (P < 0.001) and gastric pHi values from day 1 to day 3 post-operation than the non-stricture group (all P < 0.001). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that both the perfusion index and gastric pHi were significantly correlated with stricture size and stricture scores, respectively (r = 0.65 - 0.32, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that perfusion index was an influential factor associated with postoperative anastomotic strictures (OR 0.84. 95% CI 0.72-0.98, P = 0.026). CONCLUSION These results suggested that poor blood supply in the anastomotic area of the gastric tube in the perioperative period was a risk factor for postoperative anastomotic strictures.
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Jonasson H, Fredriksson I, Bergstrand S, Östgren CJ, Larsson M, Strömberg T. In vivo characterization of light scattering properties of human skin in the 475- to 850-nm wavelength range in a Swedish cohort. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 30267487 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have determined in vivo optical scattering properties of normal human skin in 1734 subjects, mostly with fair skin type, within the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study. The measurements were performed with a noninvasive system, integrating spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Data were analyzed with an inverse Monte Carlo algorithm, accounting for both scattering, geometrical, and absorbing properties of the tissue. The reduced scattering coefficient was found to decrease from 3.16 ± 0.72 to 1.13 ± 0.27 mm-1 (mean ± SD) in the 475- to 850-nm wavelength range. There was a negative correlation between the reduced scattering coefficient and age, and a significant difference between men and women in the reduced scattering coefficient as well as in the fraction of small scattering particles. This large study on tissue scattering with mean values and normal variation can serve as a reference when designing diagnostic techniques or when evaluating the effect of therapeutic optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jonasson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
- Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
- Perimed AB, Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergstrand
- Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Östgren
- Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marcus Larsson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strömberg
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
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Saager RB, Baldado ML, Rowland RA, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. Method using in vivo quantitative spectroscopy to guide design and optimization of low-cost, compact clinical imaging devices: emulation and evaluation of multispectral imaging systems. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 29633609 PMCID: PMC5890028 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With recent proliferation in compact and/or low-cost clinical multispectral imaging approaches and commercially available components, questions remain whether they adequately capture the requisite spectral content of their applications. We present a method to emulate the spectral range and resolution of a variety of multispectral imagers, based on in-vivo data acquired from spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS). This approach simulates spectral responses over 400 to 1100 nm. Comparing emulated data with full SFDS spectra of in-vivo tissue affords the opportunity to evaluate whether the sparse spectral content of these imagers can (1) account for all sources of optical contrast present (completeness) and (2) robustly separate and quantify sources of optical contrast (crosstalk). We validate the approach over a range of tissue-simulating phantoms, comparing the SFDS-based emulated spectra against measurements from an independently characterized multispectral imager. Emulated results match the imager across all phantoms (<3 % absorption, <1 % reduced scattering). In-vivo test cases (burn wounds and photoaging) illustrate how SFDS can be used to evaluate different multispectral imagers. This approach provides an in-vivo measurement method to evaluate the performance of multispectral imagers specific to their targeted clinical applications and can assist in the design and optimization of new spectral imaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Melissa L. Baldado
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Rowland
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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Periyasamy V, Pramanik M. Advances in Monte Carlo Simulation for Light Propagation in Tissue. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:122-135. [PMID: 28816674 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2739801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for light propagation in tissue is the gold standard for studying the light propagation in biological tissue and has been used for years. Interaction of photons with a medium is simulated based on its optical properties. New simulation geometries, tissue-light interaction methods, and recording techniques recently have been designed. Applications, such as whole mouse body simulations for fluorescence imaging, eye modeling for blood vessel imaging, skin modeling for terahertz imaging, and human head modeling for sinus imaging, have emerged. Here, we review the technical advances and recent applications of MC simulation.
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Jonasson H, Bergstrand S, Nystrom FH, Länne T, Östgren CJ, Bjarnegård N, Fredriksson I, Larsson M, Strömberg T. Skin microvascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with type 2 diabetes independently of microalbuminuria and arterial stiffness. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:363-371. [PMID: 28482676 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117707706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and kidney microvascular functions may be affected independently in diabetes mellitus. We investigated skin microcirculatory function in 79 subjects with diabetes type 2, where 41 had microalbuminuria and 38 not, and in 41 age-matched controls. The oxygen saturation, fraction of red blood cells and speed-resolved microcirculatory perfusion (% red blood cells × mm/s) divided into three speed regions: 0-1, 1-10 and above 10 mm/s, were assessed during baseline and after local heating of the foot with a new device integrating diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Arterial stiffness was assessed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Subjects with diabetes and microalbuminuria had significantly higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity compared to subjects without microalbuminuria and to controls. The perfusion for speeds 0-1 mm/s and red blood cell tissue fraction were reduced in subjects with diabetes at baseline and after heating, independent of microalbuminuria. These parameters were correlated to HbA1c. In conclusion, the reduced nutritive perfusion and red blood cell tissue fraction in type 2 diabetes were related to long-term glucose control but independent of microvascular changes in the kidneys and large-vessel stiffness. This may be due to different pathogenic pathways in the development of nephropathy, large-vessel stiffness and cutaneous microvascular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jonasson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergstrand
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- 2 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik H Nystrom
- 2 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toste Länne
- 2 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Östgren
- 2 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niclas Bjarnegård
- 2 Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- 3 Perimed AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Larsson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strömberg
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Strömberg T, Sjöberg F, Bergstrand S. Temporal and spatiotemporal variability in comprehensive forearm skin microcirculation assessment during occlusion protocols. Microvasc Res 2017; 113:50-55. [PMID: 28455225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forearm skin hyperemia during release after brachial occlusion has been proposed for evaluating peripheral arterial disease and endothelial dysfunction. We used a novel fiberoptic system integrating Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for a comprehensive pointwise model based microcirculation characterization. The aim was to evaluate and compare the temporal and the spatiotemporal variabilities in forearm skin microcirculation parameters (speed resolved perfusion; low speed <1mm/s, PerfSR, <1; mid-speed 1-10mm/s, high speed >10mm/s, and total perfusion (PerfSR, tot); the concentration and oxygenation of red blood cells, CRBC and SO2). Ten healthy subjects underwent arterial and venous forearm occlusions (AO, VO), repeated within one week. The repeatability was calculated as the coefficient of variation (CV) and the agreement as the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The temporal CVs for conventional perfusion, Perfconv, PerfSR, tot, CRBC and SO2 were 14%, 12%, 9% and 9%, respectively, while the ICC were >0.75 (excellent). The perfusion measures generally had a higher spatiotemporal than temporal variability, which was not the case for SO2 and CRBC. The corresponding spatiotemporal CVs were 33%, 32%, 18% and 15%, respectively. During VO, CRBC had a CV<35% and ICC>0.40 (fair-good), and after release this was the case for CRBC (AO and VO), SO2 (VO) and PerfSR, <1 (VO). In conclusion, the skin microcirculation parameters showed excellent temporal repeatability, while the spatiotemporal repeatability especially for perfusion was poorer. The parameters with acceptable repeatability and fair-good agreement were: CRBC during and after release of VO, the PerfSR, <1 after release of VO, the SO2 and the CRBC after release of AO. However, the value of these parameters in discriminating endothelial function remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Strömberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergstrand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Jonasson H, Fredriksson I, Pettersson A, Larsson M, Strömberg T. Oxygen saturation, red blood cell tissue fraction and speed resolved perfusion - A new optical method for microcirculatory assessment. Microvasc Res 2015; 102:70-7. [PMID: 26279347 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new fiber-optic system that combines diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) for a multi-modal assessment of the microcirculation. Quantitative data is achieved with an inverse Monte Carlo algorithm based on an individually adaptive skin model. The output parameters are calculated from the model and given in absolute units: hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%), red blood cell (RBC) tissue fraction (%), and the speed resolved RBC perfusion separated into three speed regions; 0-1mm/s, 1-10mm/s and above 10mm/s (% mm/s). The aim was to explore microcirculatory parameters using the new optical method, integrating DRS and LDF in a joint skin model, during local heating of the dorsal foot and venous and arterial occlusion of the forearm in 23 healthy subjects (age 20-28years). There were differences in the three speed regions in regard to blood flow changes due to local heating, where perfusion for high speeds increased the most. There was also a high correlation between changes in oxygenation and changes in perfusion for higher speeds. Oxygen saturation at baseline was 44% on foot, increasing to 83% at plateau after heating. The larger increase in perfusion for higher speeds than for lower speeds together with the oxygenation increase during thermal provocation, shows a local thermoregulatory blood flow in presumably arteriolar dermal vessels. In conclusion, there are improved possibilities to assess microcirculation using integrated DRS and LDF in a joint skin model by enabling both oxygenation and speed resolved blood flow assessment simultaneously and in the same skin site. Output parameters in absolute units may also yield new insights about the microcirculatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jonasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden; Perimed AB, Datavägen 9A, 175 43 Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marcus Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strömberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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