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Cheng TY, Kim B, Zimmermann BB, Robinson MB, Renna M, Carp SA, Franceschini MA, Boas DA, Cheng X. Choosing a camera and optimizing system parameters for speckle contrast optical spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11915. [PMID: 38789499 PMCID: PMC11126420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (SCOS) is an emerging camera-based technique that can measure human cerebral blood flow (CBF) with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). At low photon flux levels typically encountered in human CBF measurements, camera noise and nonidealities could significantly impact SCOS measurement SNR and accuracy. Thus, a guide for characterizing, selecting, and optimizing a camera for SCOS measurements is crucial for the development of next-generation optical devices for monitoring human CBF and brain function. Here, we provide such a guide and illustrate it by evaluating three commercially available complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, considering a variety of factors including linearity, read noise, and quantization distortion. We show that some cameras that are well-suited for general intensity imaging could be challenged in accurately quantifying spatial contrast for SCOS. We then determine the optimal operating parameters for the preferred camera among the three and demonstrate measurement of human CBF with this selected low-cost camera. This work establishes a guideline for characterizing and selecting cameras as well as for determining optimal parameters for SCOS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Y Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Byungchan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bernhard B Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mitchell B Robinson
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Marco Renna
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Stefan A Carp
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaojun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Biswas A, Mohammad PPS, Moka S, Takshi A, Parthasarathy AB. Non-invasive low-cost deep tissue blood flow measurement with integrated Diffuse Speckle Contrast Spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2024; 4:1288922. [PMID: 38234484 PMCID: PMC10790947 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1288922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) is a widely used non-invasive measurement technique to quantitatively measure deep tissue blood flow. Conventional implementations of DCS use expensive single photon counters as detecting elements and optical probes with bulky fiber optic cables. In recent years, newer approaches to blood flow measurement such as Diffuse Speckle Contrast Analysis (DSCA) and Speckle Contrast Optical Spectroscopy (SCOS), have adapted speckle contrast analysis methods to simplify deep tissue blood flow measurements using cameras and single photon counting avalanche detector arrays as detectors. Here, we introduce and demonstrate integrated Diffuse Speckle Contrast Spectroscopy (iDSCS), a novel optical sensor setup which leverages diffuse speckle contrast analysis for probe-level quantitative measurement of tissue blood flow. iDSCS uses a standard photodiode configured in photovoltaic mode to integrate photon intensity fluctuations over multiple integration durations using a custom electronic circuit, as opposed to the high frequency sampling of photon counts with DCS. We show that the iDSCS device is sensitive to deep-tissue blood flow measurements with experiments on a human forearm and compare the sensitivity and dynamic range of the device to a conventional DCS instrument. The iDSCS device features a low-cost, low-power, small form factor instrument design that will enable wireless probe-level measurements of deep tissue blood flow.
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Biswas A, Moka S, Muller A, Parthasarathy AB. Fast diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a low-cost, fiber-less embedded diode laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6686-6700. [PMID: 34858674 PMCID: PMC8606156 DOI: 10.1364/boe.435136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a popular optical technique for fast noninvasive measurement of blood flow, is commonly implemented using expensive fiber-coupled long coherence length laser systems. Here, we report the development of a portable and fiber-less approach that can be used as a low-cost alternative to illuminate tissue in DCS instruments. We validate the accuracy and noise characteristics of the fiber-less DCS laser source, by comparisons against traditional DCS light sources, with experiments on controlled tissue-simulating phantoms and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Biswas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG030, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sadhu Moka
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG030, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Andreas Muller
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ISA2019, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG030, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Bi R, Du Y, Singh G, Ho CJH, Zhang S, Attia ABE, Li X, Olivo M. Fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue through a multimode detection fiber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-10. [PMID: 32406214 PMCID: PMC7219964 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Noninvasive in vivo fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue is important because the blood flow waveform is correlated with physiological parameters, such as blood pressure and elasticity of blood vessels. Compromised blood flow may cause diseases, such as stroke, foot ulcer, and myocardial ischemia. There is great clinical demand for a portable and cost-effective device for noninvasive pulsatile blood flow measurement. AIM A diffuse-optics-based method, diffuse speckle pulsatile flowmetry (DSPF), was developed for fast measurement (∼300 Hz) of deep tissue blood flow noninvasively. To validate its performance, both a phantom experiment and in vivo demonstration were conducted. APPROACH Over the past two decades, single-mode fibers have been used as detection fibers in most diffuse-optics-based deep tissue blood flow measurement modalities. We used a multimode (MM) detection fiber with a core size of 200 μm for diffused speckle pattern detection. A background intensity correction algorithm was implemented for speckle contrast calculation. The MM detection fiber helped to achieve a level of deep tissue blood flow measurement similar to that of conventional modalities, such as diffuse correlation spectroscopy and diffuse speckle contrast analysis, but it increases the measurement rate of blood flow to 300 Hz. RESULTS The design and implementation of the DSPF system were introduced. The theory of the background intensity correction for the diffused speckle pattern detected by the MM fiber was explained. A flow phantom was built for validation of the performance of the DSPF system. An in vivo cuff-induced occlusion experiment was performed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed DSPF system. CONCLUSIONS An MM detection fiber can help to achieve fast (∼300 Hz) pulsatile blood flow measurement in the proposed DSPF method. The cost-effective device and the fiber-based flexible probe increase the usability of the DSPF system significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhe Bi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yao Du
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiuting Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to Malini Olivo, E-mail:
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Lee K. Diffuse Speckle Contrast Analysis (DSCA) for Deep Tissue Blood Flow Monitoring. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kijoon Lee
- College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)
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Murali K, Nandakumaran AK, Durduran T, Varma HM. Recovery of the diffuse correlation spectroscopy data-type from speckle contrast measurements: towards low-cost, deep-tissue blood flow measurements. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5395-5413. [PMID: 31646054 PMCID: PMC6788603 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multi-step Volterra integral equation-based algorithm was developed to measure the electric field auto-correlation function from multi-exposure speckle contrast data. This enabled us to derive an estimate of the full diffuse correlation spectroscopy data-type from a low-cost, camera-based system. This method is equally applicable for both single and multiple scattering field auto-correlation models. The feasibility of the system and method was verified using simulation studies, tissue mimicking phantoms and subsequently in in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Murali
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IITB), India
| | - A. K. Nandakumaran
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hari M. Varma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IITB), India
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Liu J, Wang H, Wang P, Jin Z, Li W, Zhang H, Shen Z, Xiong D. Establishing the quantitative relationship between diffuse speckle contrast analysis signals with absolute blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4792-4806. [PMID: 30319903 PMCID: PMC6179414 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) measures blood flow in deep tissues by taking advantage of the sensitivity of the speckle contrast signal to red blood cells (RBCs) motions. However, there has yet to be presented a clearly defined relationship between the absolute blood flow BFabs and the measured speckle contrast signal. Here, we derive an expression of linear approximation function for speckle contrast, taking into account both shear-induced diffusive and correlated advective RBCs motions in the vessels. We provide a linear relationship between the slope k slope of this linear function and BFabs. The feasibility of this relationship is validated by Monte Carlo simulations of heterogeneous tissue with varying vessel radii. Furthermore, based on this quantitative relationship, we can determine the relative contributions of diffusive RBCs motion on the reduction of speckle contrast, considering different vascular morphology and flow profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zhiliang Jin
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhonghua Shen
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Daxi Xiong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
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Mazdeyasna S, Huang C, Zhao M, Agochukwu NB, Bahrani AA, Wong L, Yu G. Noncontact speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography of blood flow distributions in tissues with arbitrary geometries. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30251483 PMCID: PMC6183314 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.096005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A noncontact electron multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD)-based speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) technology has been recently developed in our laboratory, allowing for noninvasive three-dimensional measurement of tissue blood flow distributions. One major remaining constraint in the scDCT is the assumption of a semi-infinite tissue volume with a flat surface, which affects the image reconstruction accuracy for tissues with irregular geometries. An advanced photometric stereo technique (PST) was integrated into the scDCT system to obtain the surface geometry in real time for image reconstruction. Computer simulations demonstrated that a priori knowledge of tissue surface geometry is crucial for precisely reconstructing the anomaly with blood flow contrast. Importantly, the innovative integration design with one single-EMCCD camera for both PST and scDCT data collection obviates the need for offline alignment of sources and detectors on the tissue boundary. The in vivo imaging capability of the updated scDCT is demonstrated by imaging dynamic changes in forearm blood flow distribution during a cuff-occlusion procedure. The feasibility and safety in clinical use are evidenced by intraoperative imaging of mastectomy skin flaps and comparison with fluorescence angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Mazdeyasna
- University of Kentucky, F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Chong Huang
- University of Kentucky, F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Mingjun Zhao
- University of Kentucky, F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Nneamaka B. Agochukwu
- University of Kentucky, Division of Plastic Surgery, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Bahrani
- University of Kentucky, F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- University of Baghdad, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Aljadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Lesley Wong
- University of Kentucky, Division of Plastic Surgery, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- University of Kentucky, F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Liu J, Zhang H, Lu J, Ni X, Shen Z. Simultaneously extracting multiple parameters via multi-distance and multi-exposure diffuse speckle contrast analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4537-4550. [PMID: 29082083 PMCID: PMC5654798 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) have opened the path for noninvasive acquisition of deep tissue microvasculature blood flow. In fact, in addition to blood flow index αDB , the variations of tissue optical absorption μa , reduced scattering coefficients [Formula: see text], as well as coherence factor β can modulate temporal fluctuations of speckle patterns. In this study, we use multi-distance and multi-exposure DSCA (MDME-DSCA) to simultaneously extract multiple parameters such as μa , [Formula: see text], αDB , and β. The validity of MDME-DSCA has been validated by the simulated data and phantoms experiments. Moreover, as a comparison, the results also show that it is impractical to simultaneously obtain multiple parameters by multi-exposure DSCA (ME-DSCA).
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