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Aghili ZS, Magnani M, Ghatrehsamani M, Nourian Dehkordi A, Mirzaei SA, Banitalebi Dehkordi M. Intelligent berberine-loaded erythrocytes attenuated inflammatory cytokine productions in macrophages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9381. [PMID: 38654085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are impressive tools for drug delivery, especially to macrophages. Therefore, berberine was loaded into erythrocytes using both hypotonic pre-swelling and endocytosis methods to target macrophages. Physicochemical and kinetic parameters of the resulting carrier cells, such as drug loading/release kinetics, osmotic fragility, and hematological indices, were determined. Drug loading was optimized for the study using Taguchi experimental design and lab experiments. Loaded erythrocytes were targeted to macrophages using ZnCl2 and bis-sulfosuccinimidyl-suberate, and targeting was evaluated using flow cytometry and Wright-Giemsa staining. Differentiated macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and the inflammatory profiles of macrophages were evaluated using ELISA, western blotting, and real-time PCR. Findings indicated that the endocytosis method is preferred due to its low impact on the erythrocyte's structural integrity. Maximum loading achieved (1386.68 ± 22.43 μg/ml) at 1500 μg/ml berberine treatment at 37 °C for 2 h. Berberine successfully inhibited NF-κB translation in macrophages, and inflammatory response markers such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-23, and TNF-α were decreased by approximately ninefold, sixfold, twofold, eightfold, and twofold, respectively, compared to the LPS-treated macrophages. It was concluded that berberine-loaded erythrocytes can effectively target macrophages and modulate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadat Aghili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mehdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azar Nourian Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Banitalebi Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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2
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Morita Y, Sakata N, Nishimura M, Kawakami R, Shimizu M, Yoshimatsu G, Sawamoto O, Matsumoto S, Wada H, Kodama S. Efficacy of Neonatal Porcine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Xenotransplantation for the Therapy of Hind Limb Lymphedema in Mice. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241260195. [PMID: 38867486 PMCID: PMC11179447 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241260195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is an intractable disease with few effective therapeutic options. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapy for this disease. However, its use is limited by the cost and time for preparation. Recently, xenotransplantation of porcine MSCs has emerged as an alternative to autologous MSC transplantation. In this study, we aimed to clarify the usefulness of neonatal porcine bone marrow-derived MSC (NpBM-MSC) xenotransplantation for the treatment of lymphedema. One million NpBM-MSCs were xenotransplanted into the hind limbs of mice with severe lymphedema (MSC transplantation group). The therapeutic effects were assessed by measuring the femoral circumference, the volume of the hind limb, the number and diameter of lymphatic vessels in the hind limb, and lymphatic flow using a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system. We compared the effects using mice with lymphedema that did not undergo NpBM-MSC transplantation (negative control group). The condition of the transplanted NpBM-MSCs was also evaluated histologically. The femoral circumference and volume of the hind limb had been normalized by postoperative day (POD) 14 in the MSC transplantation group, but not in the negative control group (P = 0.041). NIRF imaging revealed that lymphatic flow had recovered in the MSC transplantation group by POD 14, as shown by an increase in luminance in the hind limb. Histological assessment also showed that the xenotransplantation of NpBM-MSC increased the proliferation of lymphatic vessels, but they had been rejected by POD 14. The xenotransplantation of NpBM-MSCs is an effective treatment for lymphedema, and this is mediated through the promotion of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Morita
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Nishimura
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Sawamoto
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Matsumoto
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Japan
| | - Hideichi Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gutierrez-Millan C, Barez Diaz C, Alvarez Vizan L, Colino CI. Evaluation of Two Osmosis-Based Methods for the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2281. [PMID: 37765250 PMCID: PMC10536362 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes have been thoroughly investigated as drug delivery systems for a wide range of therapeutic molecules and using different kinds of loading methods, outstanding the osmosis-based methods as the most used ones. Most of them involve too much handling of blood components and the immediate obtention of fresh blood. Based on our group's considerable experience in dialysis-based carrier erythrocyte preparation, this study details a simple method based on hypotonic dilution and subsequent resealing that has been developed for stavudine using packed erythrocytes from a local blood bank. Properties of the obtained carrier erythrocytes were studied in comparison to those prepared by dialysis. Erythrocytes' morphology, osmotic fragility, hematological parameters, and in vitro release profiles were evaluated. Loaded erythrocytes obtained with the proposed method did not show impaired properties in comparison with those obtained with our reference method, provided that the buffer composition remained the same. In the present work, we have optimized a simplified method for erythrocytes' drug loading, which can use blood transfusion products and could be easily automatized and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutierrez-Millan
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Celia Barez Diaz
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lydia Alvarez Vizan
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clara I Colino
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Choi A, Javius-Jones K, Hong S, Park H. Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems with Innate Homing Capability as a Novel Nanocarrier Platform. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:509-525. [PMID: 36742991 PMCID: PMC9893846 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been designed to treat various diseases. However, many problems remain, such as inadequate tumor targeting and poor therapeutic outcomes. To overcome these obstacles, cell-based drug delivery systems have been developed. Candidates for cell-mediated drug delivery include blood cells, immune cells, and stem cells with innate tumor tropism and low immunogenicity; they act as a disguise to deliver the therapeutic payload. In drug delivery systems, therapeutic agents are encapsulated intracellularly or attached to the surface of the plasma membrane and transported to the desired site. Here, we review the pros and cons of cell-based therapies and discuss their homing mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, different strategies to load therapeutic agents inside or on the surface of circulating cells and the current applications for a wide range of disease treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anseo Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaila Javius-Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Hansoo Park; Seungpyo Hong, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2 820 5804, Fax +82-2 813 8159, Email ;
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang Q, Xu F, Liu Z. Living Cell for Drug Delivery. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Tang JC, Lee CH, Lu T, Vankayala R, Hanley T, Azubuogu C, Li J, Nair MG, Jia W, Anvari B. Membrane Cholesterol Enrichment of Red Blood Cell-Derived Microparticles Results in Prolonged Circulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:650-660. [PMID: 35006664 PMCID: PMC9924066 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Particles fabricated from red blood cells (RBCs) can serve as vehicles for delivery of various biomedical cargos. Flipping of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet normally occurs during the fabrication of such particles. PS externalization is a signal for phagocytic removal of the particles from circulation. Herein, we demonstrate that membrane cholesterol enrichment can mitigate the outward display of PS on microparticles engineered from RBCs. Our in-vitro results show that the phagocytic uptake of cholesterol-enriched particles by murine macrophages takes place at a lowered rate, resulting in reduced uptake as compared to RBC-derived particles without cholesterol enrichment. When administered via tail-vein injection into healthy mice, the percent of injected dose (ID) per gram of extracted blood for cholesterol-enriched particles was ∼1.5 and 1.8 times higher than the particles without cholesterol enrichment at 4 and 24 h, respectively. At 24 h, ∼43% ID/g of the particles without cholesterol enrichment was eliminated or metabolized while ∼94% ID/g of the cholesterol-enriched particles were still retained in the body. These results indicate that membrane cholesterol enrichment is an effective method to reduce PS externalization on the surface of RBC-derived particles and increase their longevity in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C. Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States; Present Address: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Chi-Hua Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thompson Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States; Present Address: Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Taylor Hanley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chiemerie Azubuogu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Jiang Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Hanley T, Vankayala R, Lee CH, Tang JC, Burns JM, Anvari B. Phototheranostics Using Erythrocyte-Based Particles. Biomolecules 2021; 11:729. [PMID: 34068081 PMCID: PMC8152750 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the development of delivery systems based on red blood cells (RBCs) for light-mediated imaging and therapeutic applications. These constructs are able to take advantage of the immune evasion properties of the RBC, while the addition of an optical cargo allows the particles to be activated by light for a number of promising applications. Here, we review some of the common fabrication methods to engineer these constructs. We also present some of the current light-based applications with potential for clinical translation, and offer some insight into future directions in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hanley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (T.H.); (R.V.); (J.C.T.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (T.H.); (R.V.); (J.C.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Radoptics, Limited Liability Company, 1002 Health Sciences Road, East, Suite P214, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Jack C. Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (T.H.); (R.V.); (J.C.T.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Joshua M. Burns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (T.H.); (R.V.); (J.C.T.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (T.H.); (R.V.); (J.C.T.); (J.M.B.)
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Chronicles of Nanoerythrosomes: An Erythrocyte-Based Biomimetic Smart Drug Delivery System as a Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tool in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030368. [PMID: 33802156 PMCID: PMC7998655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, drug delivery using natural biological carriers has emerged as one of the most widely investigated topics of research. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, can act as potential carriers for a wide variety of drugs, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, along with various proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other macromolecules. The red blood cell-based nanocarrier systems, also called nanoerythrosomes, are nanovesicles poised with extraordinary features such as long blood circulation times, the ability to escape immune system, the ability to release the drug gradually, the protection of drugs from various endogenous factors, targeted and specified delivery of drugs, as well as possessing both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in various fields of biomedical sciences. Their journey over the last two decades is escalating with fast pace, ranging from in vivo to preclinical and clinical studies by encapsulating a number of drugs into these carriers. Being biomimetic nanoparticles, they have enhanced the stability profile of drugs and their excellent site-specific targeting ability makes them potential carrier systems in the diagnosis and therapy of wide variety of tumors including gliomas, lung cancers, breast cancers, colon cancers, gastric cancers, and other solid tumors. This review focuses on the most recent advancements in the field of nanoerythrosomes, as an excellent and promising nanoplatform for the novel drug delivery of various drugs particularly antineoplastic drugs along with their potential as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of different tumors.
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Cheng Z, Liu S, Wu X, Raza F, Li Y, Yuan W, Qiu M, Su J. Autologous erythrocytes delivery of berberine hydrochloride with long-acting effect for hypolipidemia treatment. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:283-291. [PMID: 32013620 PMCID: PMC7034074 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of novel pharmacological effects of berberine hydrochloride (BH) has made its clinical application valuable. However, further development and applications of BH are hampered by its short half-life and the side effects associated with its intravenous (iv) injection. To improve the hypolipidemia efficacy and reduce side effects, we encapsulated BH into biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) to explore its sustained-release effect by hypotonic pre-swelling method. From in vitro evaluation, BH loaded RBCs (BH-RBCs) presented similar morphology and osmotic fragility to native RBCs (NRBCs). After the loading process, the BH-RBCs maintained around 69% of Na+/K+-ATPase activity of NRBCs and phosphatidylserine externalization value of BH-RBCs was about 26.1 ± 2.9%. The survival test showed that the loaded cells could circulate in plasma for over 9 d. For in vivo evaluation, a series of tests including pharmacokinetics study and hypolipidemic effect were carried out to examine the long-acting effect of BH-RBCs. The results showed that the release of BH in the loaded cells could last for about 5 d and the hypolipidemic effect can still be observed on 5 d after injection. BH-loaded autologous erythrocytes seem to be a promising sustained releasing delivery system with long hypolipidemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Koleva L, Bovt E, Ataullakhanov F, Sinauridze E. Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E276. [PMID: 32197542 PMCID: PMC7151026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery using natural biological carriers, especially erythrocytes, is a rapidly developing field. Such erythrocytes can act as carriers that prolong the drug's action due to its gradual release from the carrier; as bioreactors with encapsulated enzymes performing the necessary reactions, while remaining inaccessible to the immune system and plasma proteases; or as a tool for targeted drug delivery to target organs, primarily to cells of the reticuloendothelial system, liver and spleen. To date, erythrocytes have been studied as carriers for a wide range of drugs, such as enzymes, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs, etc., and for diagnostic purposes (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging). The review focuses only on drugs loaded inside erythrocytes, defines the main lines of research for erythrocytes with bioactive substances, as well as the advantages and limitations of their application. Particular attention is paid to in vivo studies, opening-up the potential for the clinical use of drugs encapsulated into erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Koleva
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Bovt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Fazoil Ataullakhanov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Sinauridze
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
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