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Liu R, Pitruzzello G, Rosa M, Battisti A, Cerri C, Tortora G. Towards an Innovative Sensor in Smart Capsule for Aerial Drones for Blood and Blood Component Delivery. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1664. [PMID: 36296017 PMCID: PMC9611978 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerial drone technology is currently being investigated worldwide for the delivery of blood components. Although it has been demonstrated to be safe, the delivered medical substances still need to be analyzed at the end of the flight mission to assess the level of haemolysis and pH prior to the use in a patient. This process can last up to 30 min and prevent the time saved using drone delivery. Our study aims to integrating an innovative sensor for the haemolysis and pH detection into the Smart Capsule, an already demonstrated technology capable of managing transfusion transport through drones. In the proposed scenario, the haemolysis is evaluated optically by a minilysis device using LED-photodetector combination. The preliminary validation has been demonstrated for both the thermal stability of the Smart Capsule and the haemolysis detection of the minilysis device prototype. Firstly, the onboard temperature test has shown that the delivery system is capable of maintaining proper temperature, even though the samples have been manipulated to reach a higher temperature before inserting into the Smart Capsule. Then, in the laboratory haemolysis test, the trend of linear regression between the outputs from the spectrophotometer and the minilysis prototype confirmed the concept design of the minilysis device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pitruzzello
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Smart Medical Theatre Laboratory, ABzero, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mafalda Rosa
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Battisti
- Istituto Nanoscienze—CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Kanamori KS, Tarragó MG, Jones A, Cheek EH, Warner GM, Jenkins SM, Povero D, Graham RP, Mounajjed T, Chedid MF, Sabat BD, Torbenson MS, Heimbach JK, Chini EN, Moreira RK. Surface color spectrophotometry in a murine model of steatosis: an accurate technique with potential applicability in liver procurement. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1098-1109. [PMID: 33859335 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Steatosis is the most important prognostic histologic feature in the setting of liver procurement. The currently utilized diagnostic methods, including gross evaluation and frozen section examination, have important shortcomings. Novel techniques that offer advantages over the current tools could be of significant practical utility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of surface color spectrophotometry in the quantitative assessment of steatosis in a murine model of fatty liver. C57BL/6 mice were divided into a control group receiving normal chow (n = 19), and two steatosis groups receiving high-fat diets for up to 20 weeks-mild steatosis (n = 10) and moderate-to-severe steatosis (n = 19). Mouse liver surfaces were scanned with a hand-held spectrophotometer (CM-600D; Konica-Minolta, Osaka, Japan). Spectral reflectance data and color space values (L*a*b*, XYZ, L*c*h*, RBG, and CMYK) were correlated with histopathologic steatosis evaluation by visual estimate, digital image analysis (DIA), as well as biochemical tissue triglyceride measurement. Spectral reflectance and most color space values were very strongly correlated with histologic assessment of total steatosis, with the best predictor being % reflectance at 700 nm (r = 0.91 [0.88-0.94] for visual assessment, r = 0.92 [0.88-0.95] for DIA of H&E slides, r = 0.92 [0.87-0.95] for DIA of oil-red-O stains, and r = 0.78 [0.63-0.87] for biochemical tissue triglyceride measurement, p < 0.0001 for all). Several spectrophotometric parameters were also independently predictive of large droplet steatosis. In conclusion, hepatic steatosis can accurately be assessed using a portable, commercially available hand-held spectrophotometer device. If similarly accurate in human livers, this technique could be utilized as a point-of-care tool for the quantitation of steatosis, which may be especially valuable in assessing livers during deceased donor organ procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kanamori
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M G Tarragó
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Jones
- Clinical Pathology Associates, Austin, TX, USA
| | - E H Cheek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - G M Warner
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S M Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - T Mounajjed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M F Chedid
- Liver and Pancreas Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B D Sabat
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - M S Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J K Heimbach
- Division of Transplant Surgery, William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E N Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R K Moreira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Pinto RN, Hysi E, Bagga K, Sebastian JA, Douplik A, Acker JP, Kolios MC. Feasibility of photoacoustic imaging for the non-invasive quality management of stored blood bags. Vox Sang 2019; 114:701-710. [PMID: 31392743 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES During the in vitro storage of red blood cells (RBCs), unfavourable changes (storage lesions) cause a rapid consumption of intracellular diphosphoglycerate. The latter deregulates the oxygen-haemoglobin binding potential, subsequently increasing oxygen saturation (SO2 ) and membrane degradation, transforming RBCs from biconcave discs to rigid spherical bodies (spheroechinocytes). Current laboratory techniques invasively extract RBC samples to assess the quality of red cell concentrate (RCC) units. Optical technologies could provide a means of assessing quality non-invasively. MATERIALS AND METHODS A photoacoustic (PA) imaging technique was developed for acquiring the SO2 of blood bags non-invasively. Seven RCC units were monitored every 3-5 days until expiry (6 weeks). Measurements were validated against a conventional blood gas analyzer (BGA). Using an image flow cytometry assay, morphological profile trends were compared against the SO2 trends during blood bag storage. RESULTS A strong correlation (r2 ≥ 0·95) was found when comparing temporal data between PA and BGA SO2 measurements. Inter-sample PA variability was found to be similar to that produced by BGA (±0·8%). A strong correlation was found to exist between the temporal changes in SO2 and relative spheroechinocyte population (0·79 ≤ r2 ≤ 0·97). CONCLUSION This study suggests that PA imaging can non-invasively track the SO2 of stored RBCs non-invasively. By longitudinally monitoring the change in SO2 , it is possible to infer the effects of the storage lesion on RBC morphology. This non-invasive monitoring technique allows for the assessment of blood bags, without compromising sterility pre-transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben N Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eno Hysi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karan Bagga
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph A Sebastian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Douplik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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