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Park S, Brooks FJ, Villa U, Su R, Anastasio MA, Oraevsky AA. Normalization of optical fluence distribution for three-dimensional functional optoacoustic tomography of the breast. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210367GR. [PMID: 35293163 PMCID: PMC8923705 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.3.036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In three-dimensional (3D) functional optoacoustic tomography (OAT), wavelength-dependent optical attenuation and nonuniform incident optical fluence limit imaging depth and field of view and can hinder accurate estimation of functional quantities, such as the vascular blood oxygenation. These limitations hinder OAT of large objects, such as a human female breast. AIM We aim to develop a measurement-data-driven method for normalization of the optical fluence distribution and to investigate blood vasculature detectability and accuracy for estimating vascular blood oxygenation. APPROACH The proposed method is based on reasonable assumptions regarding breast anatomy and optical properties. The nonuniform incident optical fluence is estimated based on the illumination geometry in the OAT system, and the depth-dependent optical attenuation is approximated using Beer-Lambert law. RESULTS Numerical studies demonstrated that the proposed method significantly enhanced blood vessel detectability and improved estimation accuracy of the vascular blood oxygenation from multiwavelength OAT measurements, compared with direct application of spectral linear unmixing without optical fluence compensation. Experimental results showed that the proposed method revealed previously invisible structures in regions deeper than 15 mm and/or near the chest wall. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method provides a straightforward and computationally inexpensive approximation of wavelength-dependent effective optical attenuation and, thus, enables mitigation of the spectral coloring effect in functional 3D OAT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonyeong Park
- University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Frank J. Brooks
- University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Umberto Villa
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Richard Su
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander A. Oraevsky
- TomoWave Laboratories, Houston, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to Alexander A. Oraevsky,
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Yan Y, Hernandez-Andrade E, Basij M, Alshahrani SS, Kondle S, Brown BO, Gelovani J, Hassan S, Hsu CD, Mehrmohammadi M. Endocavity ultrasound and photoacoustic system for fetal and maternal imaging: design, implementation, and ex-vivo validation. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2021; 8:066001. [PMID: 34778491 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.8.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is a widely used real-time and non-invasive imaging technique for fetal and maternal care. It can provide structural and functional measurements about the fetal brain, such as blood vessel diameter and blood flow. However, it lacks certain biochemical estimations, such as hemoglobin oxygen saturation ( SO 2 ), which limits its ability to indicate a fetus at risk of birth asphyxia. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been steadily growing in recognition as a complement to ultrasound (US). Studies have shown PA imaging is capable of providing such biochemical estimations as SO 2 at relatively high penetration depth (up to 30 mm). Approach: In this study, we have designed and developed a multi-modal (US, PA, and Doppler) endocavity imaging system (ECUSPA) around a commercialized TVUS probe (Philips ATL C9-5). Results: The integrated system was evaluated through a set of in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo studies. Imaging of excised sheep brain tissue demonstrated the system's utility and penetration depth in transfontanelle imaging conditions. The accuracy of using the spectroscopic PA imaging (sPA) method to estimate SO 2 was validated by comparing sPA oximetry results with the gold standard measurements indicated by a blood gas analyzer. The ability of US and Doppler to measure moving blood volume was evaluated in-vivo. Spectral unmixing capabilities were tested using fluorophores within sheep brains. Conclusion: The developed system is a high resolution (about 200 μ m at 30 mm depth), real-time (at 30 Hz), and quantitative ( SO 2 estimation error < 10 % ) imaging tool with a total diameter less than 30 mm, making it suitable for intrapartum applications such as fetal and maternal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Edgar Hernandez-Andrade
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,University of Texas, McGovern Medical School, Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Maryam Basij
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Suhail S Alshahrani
- King Saud University, Department of Biomedical Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirisha Kondle
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Barrington O Brown
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Juri Gelovani
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sonia Hassan
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Office of Women's Health, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Wayne State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Pattyn A, Mumm Z, Alijabbari N, Duric N, Anastasio MA, Mehrmohammadi M. Model-based optical and acoustical compensation for photoacoustic tomography of heterogeneous mediums. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100275. [PMID: 34094852 PMCID: PMC8167150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a non-invasive, high-resolution imaging modality, capable of providing functional and molecular information of various pathologies, such as cancer. One limitation of PAT is the depth and wavelength dependent optical fluence, which results in reduced PA signal amplitude from deeper tissue regions. These factors can therefore introduce errors into quantitative measurements such as oxygen saturation (sO2) or the localization and concentration of various chromophores. The variation in the speed-of-sound between different tissues can also lead to distortions in object location and shape. Compensating for these effects allows PAT to be used more quantitatively. We have developed a proof-of-concept algorithm capable of compensating for the heterogeneity in speed-of-sound and depth dependent optical fluence. Speed-of-sound correction was done by using a straight ray-based algorithm for calculating the family of iso-time-of-flight contours between the transducers and every pixel in the imaging grid, while fluence compensation was done by utilizing the graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated software MCXCL for Monte Carlo modeling of optical fluence variation. This algorithm was tested on a polyvinyl chloride plastisol (PVCP) phantom, which contained cyst mimics and blood inclusions to test the algorithm under relatively heterogeneous conditions. Our results indicate that our PAT algorithm can compensate for the speed-of-sound variation and depth dependent fluence effects within a heterogeneous phantom. The results of this study will pave the way for further development and evaluation of the proposed method in more complex in-vitro and ex-vivo phantoms, as well as compensating for the wavelength-dependent optical fluence in spectroscopic PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pattyn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zackary Mumm
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Naser Alijabbari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Neb Duric
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Najafzadeh E, Farnia P, Lavasani SN, Basij M, Yan Y, Ghadiri H, Ahmadian A, Mehrmohammadi M. Photoacoustic image improvement based on a combination of sparse coding and filtering. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200164RR. [PMID: 33029991 PMCID: PMC7540346 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.10.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has been greatly developed in a broad range of diagnostic applications. The efficiency of light to sound conversion in PAI is limited by the ubiquitous noise arising from the tissue background, leading to a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and thus a poor quality of images. Frame averaging has been widely used to reduce the noise; however, it compromises the temporal resolution of PAI. AIM We propose an approach for photoacoustic (PA) signal denoising based on a combination of low-pass filtering and sparse coding (LPFSC). APPROACH LPFSC method is based on the fact that PA signal can be modeled as the sum of low frequency and sparse components, which allows for the reduction of noise levels using a hybrid alternating direction method of multipliers in an optimization process. RESULTS LPFSC method was evaluated using in-silico and experimental phantoms. The results show a 26% improvement in the peak SNR of PA signal compared to the averaging method for in-silico data. On average, LPFSC method offers a 63% improvement in the image contrast-to-noise ratio and a 33% improvement in the structural similarity index compared to the averaging method for objects located at three different depths, ranging from 10 to 20 mm, in a porcine tissue phantom. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is an effective tool for PA signal denoising, whereas it ultimately improves the quality of reconstructed images, especially at higher depths, without limiting the image acquisition speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Najafzadeh
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre of Biomedical Technology and Robotics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Farnia
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre of Biomedical Technology and Robotics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh N. Lavasani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre of Biomedical Technology and Robotics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Basij
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Yan Yan
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Hossein Ghadiri
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ahmadian
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre of Biomedical Technology and Robotics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Wayne State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Wayne State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Yan Y, Jing W, Mehrmohammadi M. Photoacoustic Imaging to Track Magnetic-manipulated Micro-Robots in Deep Tissue. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2816. [PMID: 32429159 PMCID: PMC7287980 DOI: 10.3390/s20102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The next generation of intelligent robotic systems has been envisioned as micro-scale mobile and externally controllable robots. Visualization of such small size microrobots to track their motion in nontransparent medium such as human tissue remains a major challenge, limiting translation into clinical applications. Herein, we present a novel, non-invasive, real-time imaging method by integrating ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging modalities for tracking and detecting the motion of a single microrobot in deep biological tissue. We developed and evaluated a prototyped PA-guided magnetic microrobot tracking system. The microrobots are fabricated using photoresist mixed with nickel (Ni) particles. The microrobot motion was controlled using an externally applied magnetic field. Our experimental results evaluated the capabilities of PA imaging in visualizing and tracking microrobots in opaque tissue and tissue-mimicking phantoms. The results also demonstrate the ability of PA imaging in detecting a microrobot with the sizes less than the minimum detectable size by US imaging (down to 50 µm). The spectroscopic PA imaging studies determined an optimal wavelength (700 nm) for imaging microrobots with embedded Ni particles in oxygenated (fresh) human blood. In addition, we examined the ability of PA imaging to detect the microrobots through a nontransparent tissue mimic and at a depth of 25 mm, where conventional optical methods are unable to be used in tracking the objects. These initial results demonstrate the feasibility of an integrated US and PA imaging method to push the boundaries of microrobot applications into translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Wuming Jing
- A. Linton Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI 48075, USA;
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Alijabbari N, Alshahrani SS, Pattyn A, Mehrmohammadi M. Photoacoustic Tomography with a Ring Ultrasound Transducer: A Comparison of Different Illumination Strategies. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:10.3390/app9153094. [PMID: 32095283 PMCID: PMC7039403 DOI: 10.3390/app9153094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a methodology that uses the absorption of short laser pulses by endogenous or exogenous chromophores within human tissue, and the subsequent generation of acoustic waves acquired by an ultrasound (US) transducer, to form an image that can provide functional and molecular information. Amongst the various types of PA imaging, PA tomography (PAT) has been proposed for imaging pathologies such as breast cancer. However, the main challenge for PAT imaging is the deliverance of sufficient light energy horizontally through an imaging cross-section as well as vertically. In this study, three different illumination methods are compared for a full-ring ultrasound (US) PAT system. The three distinct illumination setups are full-ring, diffused-beam, and point source illumination. The full-ring system utilizes a cone mirror and parabolic reflector to create the ringed-shaped beam for PAT, while the diffuse scheme uses a light diffuser to expand the beam, which illuminates tissue-mimicking phantoms. The results indicate that the full-ring illumination is capable of providing a more uniform fluence irrespective of the vertical depth of the imaged cross-section, while the point source and diffused illumination methods provide a higher fluence at regions closer to the point of entry, which diminishes with depth. In addition, a set of experiments was conducted to determine the optimum position of ring-illumination with respect to the position of the acoustic detectors to achieve the highest signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Alijabbari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Suhail S. Alshahrani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alexander Pattyn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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