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Malikidogo KP, Charnay T, Ndiaye D, Choi JH, Bridou L, Chartier B, Erbek S, Micouin G, Banyasz A, Maury O, Martel-Frachet V, Grichine A, Sénèque O. Efficient cytosolic delivery of luminescent lanthanide bioprobes in live cells for two-photon microscopy. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9694-9702. [PMID: 38939128 PMCID: PMC11206396 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide(iii) (Ln3+) complexes have desirable photophysical properties for optical bioimaging. However, despite their advantages over organic dyes, their use for microscopy imaging is limited by the high-energy UV excitation they require and their poor ability to cross the cell membrane and reach the cytosol. Here we describe a novel family of lanthanide-based luminescent probes, termed dTAT[Ln·L], based on (i) a DOTA-like chelator with a picolinate moiety, (ii) a two-photon absorbing antenna to shift the excitation to the near infrared and (ii) a dimeric TAT cell-penetrating peptide for cytosolic delivery. Several Tb3+ and Eu3+ probes were prepared and characterized. Two-photon microscopy of live cells was attempted using a commercial microscope with the three probes showing the highest quantum yields (>0.15). A diffuse Ln3+ emission was detected in most cells, which is characteristic of cytosolic delivery of the Ln3+ complex. The cytotoxicity of these three probes was evaluated and the IC50 ranged from 7 μM to >50 μM. The addition of a single positive or negative charge to the antenna of the most cytotoxic compound was sufficient to lower significantly or suppress its toxicity under the conditions used for two-photon microscopy. Therefore, the design reported here provides excellent lanthanide-based probes for two-photon microscopy of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyangwi P Malikidogo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM (UMR 5250) F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Thibault Charnay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM (UMR 5250) F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Ji-Hyung Choi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Lucile Bridou
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon F-69342 France
| | - Baptiste Chartier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Sule Erbek
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences F-38000 Grenoble France
- EPHE, PSL Research University 4-14 rue Ferrus 75014 Paris France
| | - Guillaume Micouin
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon F-69342 France
| | - Akos Banyasz
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon F-69342 France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie Lyon F-69342 France
| | - Véronique Martel-Frachet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences F-38000 Grenoble France
- EPHE, PSL Research University 4-14 rue Ferrus 75014 Paris France
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Olivier Sénèque
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249) F-38000 Grenoble France
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2
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Smith JT, Liu CJ, Degnan J, Ouellette JN, Conklin MW, Kellner AV, Scribano CM, Hrycyniak L, Oliner JD, Zahm C, Wait E, Eliceiri KW, Rafter J. Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging for the assessment of cell viability in living tumor fragments. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S22709. [PMID: 38881557 PMCID: PMC11177118 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s2.s22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Significance To enable non-destructive longitudinal assessment of drug agents in intact tumor tissue without the use of disruptive probes, we have designed a label-free method to quantify the health of individual tumor cells in excised tumor tissue using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (MP-FLIM). Aim Using murine tumor fragments which preserve the native tumor microenvironment, we seek to demonstrate signals generated by the intrinsically fluorescent metabolic co-factors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) correlate with irreversible cascades leading to cell death. Approach We use MP-FLIM of NAD(P)H and FAD on tissues and confirm viability using standard apoptosis and live/dead (Caspase 3/7 and propidium iodide, respectively) assays. Results Through a statistical approach, reproducible shifts in FLIM data, determined through phasor analysis, are shown to correlate with loss of cell viability. With this, we demonstrate that cell death achieved through either apoptosis/necrosis or necroptosis can be discriminated. In addition, specific responses to common chemotherapeutic treatment inducing cell death were detected. Conclusions These data demonstrate that MP-FLIM can detect and quantify cell viability without the use of potentially toxic dyes, thus enabling longitudinal multi-day studies assessing the effects of therapeutic agents on tumor fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Smith
- Elephas, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, Virginia, United States
| | - Chao J Liu
- Elephas, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Zahm
- Elephas, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Eric Wait
- Elephas, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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3
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Freitas RB, Rodrigues MJLF, Pimenta S, Belsley M, Correia JH, Maciel MJ. Highly-selective optical filter for NADH fluorescence detection in multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3317-3328. [PMID: 38855678 PMCID: PMC11161364 DOI: 10.1364/boe.506777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a pressing global health concern, emphasizing the need for early detection tools. In this study an optical filter for precise detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence via two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) was developed. Fabricated with silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide thin films in a Fabry-Perot structure, the filter achieved a peak transmittance of about 95% at 483 nm, with a 12 nm full-width at half maximum. TPEF measurements using a tailored setup and NADH liquid phantoms underscored the filter's significance in selectively capturing NADH fluorescence while mitigating interference from other fluorophores. This work marks a substantial stride towards integrating multiphoton microscopy into conventional colonoscopy, enabling non-invasive, objective optical biopsy for colorectal tissue analysis. Further refinements of the experimental setup are imperative to advance tissue differentiation and enhance CRC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Freitas
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M. J. L. F. Rodrigues
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - S. Pimenta
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M. Belsley
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J. H. Correia
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M. J. Maciel
- CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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4
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Iyer RR, Sorrells JE, Tan KKD, Yang L, Wang G, Tu H, Boppart SA. Analog multiplexing of a laser clock and computational photon counting for fast fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2048-2062. [PMID: 38633095 PMCID: PMC11019682 DOI: 10.1364/boe.514813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic range and fluctuations of fluorescence intensities and lifetimes in biological samples are large, demanding fast, precise, and versatile techniques. Among the high-speed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) techniques, directly sampling the output of analog single-photon detectors at GHz rates combined with computational photon counting can handle a larger range of photon rates. Traditionally, the laser clock is not sampled explicitly in fast FLIM; rather the detection is synchronized to the laser clock so that the excitation pulse train can be inferred from the cumulative photon statistics of several pixels. This has two disadvantages for sparse or weakly fluorescent samples: inconsistencies in inferring the laser clock within a frame and inaccuracies in aligning the decay curves from different frames for averaging. The data throughput is also very inefficient in systems with repetition rates much larger than the fluorescence lifetime due to significant silent regions where no photons are expected. We present a method for registering the photon arrival times to the excitation using time-domain multiplexing for fast FLIM. The laser clock is multiplexed with photocurrents into the silent region. Our technique does not add to the existing data bottleneck, has the sub-nanosecond dead time of computational photon counting based fast FLIM, works with various detectors, lasers, and electronics, and eliminates the errors in lifetime estimation in photon-starved conditions. We demonstrate this concept on two multiphoton setups of different laser repetition rates for single and multichannel FLIM multiplexed into a single digitizer channel for real-time imaging of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishyashring R. Iyer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kevin K. D. Tan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Geng Wang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- P41 Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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5
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Wang G, Boppart SA, Tu H. Compact simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic microscopy for user-friendly photodamage-monitored imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:036501. [PMID: 38487259 PMCID: PMC10939229 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.3.036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Significance Label-free nonlinear optical microscopy has become a powerful tool for biomedical research. However, the possible photodamage risk hinders further clinical applications. Aim To reduce these adverse effects, we constructed a new platform of simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic (SLAM) microscopy, featuring four-channel multimodal imaging, inline photodamage monitoring, and pulse repetition-rate tuning. Approach Using a large-core birefringent photonic crystal fiber for spectral broadening and a prism compressor for pulse pre-chirping, this system allows users to independently adjust pulse width, repetition rate, and energy, which is useful for optimizing imaging conditions towards no/minimal photodamage. Results It demonstrates label-free multichannel imaging at one excitation pulse per image pixel and thus paves the way for improving the imaging speed by a faster optical scanner with a low risk of nonlinear photodamage. Moreover, the system grants users the flexibility to autonomously fine-tune repetition rate, pulse width, and average power, free from interference, ensuring the discovery of optimal imaging conditions with high SNR and minimal phototoxicity across various applications. Conclusions The combination of a stable laser source, independently tunable ultrashort pulse, photodamage monitoring features, and a compact design makes this new system a robust, powerful, and user-friendly imaging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Center for Label-free Imaging and Multi-scale Biophotonics (CLIMB), Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Haohua Tu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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6
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McLaughlin MR, Weaver SA, Syed F, Evans-Molina C. Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells. Compr Physiol 2023; 14:5243-5267. [PMID: 38158370 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules, play a critical role in maintaining the heavy biosynthetic burden of insulin production, processing, and secretion. In addition, the mitochondria enable the process of insulin release by integrating the metabolism of nutrients into energy output. Advanced imaging techniques are needed to determine how changes in the structure and composition of these organelles contribute to the loss of insulin secretory capacity in the β cell during T2D. Several microscopy techniques, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and soft X-ray tomography, have been utilized to investigate the structure-function relationship within the β cell. In this overview article, we will detail the methodology, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5243-5267, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Staci A Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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7
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Gong S, Qin A, Tian J, Li M, Liang Y, Meng Z, Xu X, Wang Z, Wang S. Fluorescent probe for sensitive discrimination of GSH and Hcy/Cys with single-wavelength excitation in biological systems via different emission. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123128. [PMID: 37480806 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols (GSH, Hcy, Cys) are important active sulfur substances in biological systems and widely participate in various physiological processes. The three kinds of biothiols have similar chemical structures, including the sulfhydryl group (-SH) and an amino group (-NH2), so distinguishing two or more of them simultaneously is an important challenge. Herein, a nopinone-based fluorescent probe 3-(3-((4-nitrobenzoxadiazole vinyl) nopinyl difluoride (NF-NBD) was designed to distinguish GSH and Hcy/Cys by generating different fluorescence channels with a single excitation wavelength. The nitrobenzodioxazole (NBD) was introduced in the fluorescent probe by ether bounds that can quench fluorescence and selectively discriminate GSH and Hcy/Cys. After reacting with GSH and Hcy/Cys, NF-NBD exhibited strong fluorescence (green for GSH and yellow for Hcy/Cys). NF-NBD displayed a wide linear range, low detection limit, a rapid response time, and superior selectivity for biothiols. Furthermore, NF-NBD was applied to image and distinguish different biothiols in living cells and zebrafish via different fluorescence signals at a single excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ahui Qin
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jixiang Tian
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yueyin Liang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhonglong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shifa Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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8
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Klontz E, Obi JO, Wang Y, Glendening G, Carr J, Tsibouris C, Buddula S, Nallar S, Soares AS, Beckett D, Redzic JS, Eisenmesser E, Palm C, Schmidt K, Scudder AH, Obiorah T, Essuman K, Milbrandt J, Diantonio A, Ray K, Snyder MLD, Deredge D, Snyder GA. The structure of NAD + consuming protein Acinetobacter baumannii TIR domain shows unique kinetics and conformations. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105290. [PMID: 37758001 PMCID: PMC10641520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like and interleukin-1/18 receptor/resistance (TIR) domain-containing proteins function as important signaling and immune regulatory molecules. TIR domain-containing proteins identified in eukaryotic and prokaryotic species also exhibit NAD+ hydrolase activity in select bacteria, plants, and mammalian cells. We report the crystal structure of the Acinetobacter baumannii TIR domain protein (AbTir-TIR) with confirmed NAD+ hydrolysis and map the conformational effects of its interaction with NAD+ using hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry. NAD+ results in mild decreases in deuterium uptake at the dimeric interface. In addition, AbTir-TIR exhibits EX1 kinetics indicative of large cooperative conformational changes, which are slowed down upon substrate binding. Additionally, we have developed label-free imaging using the minimally invasive spectroscopic method 2-photon excitation with fluorescence lifetime imaging, which shows differences in bacteria expressing native and mutant NAD+ hydrolase-inactivated AbTir-TIRE208A protein. Our observations are consistent with substrate-induced conformational changes reported in other TIR model systems with NAD+ hydrolase activity. These studies provide further insight into bacterial TIR protein mechanisms and their varying roles in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Klontz
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliet O Obi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yajing Wang
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Gabrielle Glendening
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jahid Carr
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine Tsibouris
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sahthi Buddula
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexei S Soares
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Structural Biology Program, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Dorothy Beckett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jasmina S Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elan Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cheyenne Palm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Katrina Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexis H Scudder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinity Obiorah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Kow Essuman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Diantonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Greg A Snyder
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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9
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Song J, Kang J, Kang U, Nam HS, Kim HJ, Kim RH, Kim JW, Yoo H. SNR enhanced high-speed two-photon microscopy using a pulse picker and time gating detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14244. [PMID: 37648768 PMCID: PMC10468500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy (TPM) is an attractive biomedical imaging method due to its large penetration depth and optical sectioning capability. In particular, label-free autofluorescence imaging offers various advantages for imaging biological samples. However, relatively low intensity of autofluorescence leads to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), causing practical challenges for imaging biological samples. In this study, we present TPM using a pulse picker to utilize low pulse repetition rate of femtosecond pulsed laser to increase the pulse peak power of the excitation source leading to higher emission of two-photon fluorescence with the same average illumination power. Stronger autofluorescence emission allowed us to obtain higher SNR images of arterial and liver tissues. In addition, by applying the time gating detection method to the pulse signals obtained by TPM, we were able to significantly reduce the background noise of two-photon images. As a result, our TPM system using the pulsed light source with a 19 times lower repetition rate allowed us to obtain the same SNR image more than 19 times faster with the same average power. Although high pulse energy can increase the photobleaching, we also observed that high-speed imaging with low total illumination energy can mitigate the photobleaching effect to a level similar to that of conventional illumination with a high repetition rate. We anticipate that this simple approach will provide guidance for SNR enhancement with high-speed imaging in TPM as well as other nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonggeun Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Juehyung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ungyo Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Soo Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-Ro, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Ryeong Hyeon Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-Ro, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-Ro, Seoul, 08308, South Korea
| | - Hongki Yoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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10
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Snyder GA, Kumar S, Lewis GK, Ray K. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH metabolism in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213180. [PMID: 37662898 PMCID: PMC10468605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbial-induced cellular changes during the course of an infection is critical to understanding pathogenesis and immunological homeostasis. In the last two decades, fluorescence imaging has received significant attention for its ability to help characterize microbial induced cellular and tissue changes in in vitro and in vivo settings. However, most of these methods rely on the covalent conjugation of large exogenous probes and detection methods based on intensity-based imaging. Here, we report a quantitative, intrinsic, label-free, and minimally invasive method based on two-photon fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for imaging 1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) metabolism of virally infected cells and tissue sections. To better understand virally induced cellular and tissue changes in metabolism we have used 2p-FLIM to study differences in NADH intensity and fluorescence lifetimes in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Differences in NADH fluorescence lifetimes are associated with cellular changes in metabolism and changes in cellular metabolism are associated with HIV-1 infection. NADH is a critical co-enzyme and redox regulator and an essential biomarker in the metabolic processes. Label-free 2p-FLIM application and detection of NADH fluorescence using viral infection systems are in their infancy. In this study, the application of the 2p-FLIM assay and quantitative analyses of HIV-1 infected cells and tissue sections reveal increased fluorescence lifetime and higher enzyme-bound NADH fraction suggesting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) compared to uninfected cells and tissues. 2p-FLIM measurements improve signal to background, fluorescence specificity, provide spatial and temporal resolution of intracellular structures, and thus, are suitable for quantitative studies of cellular functions and tissue morphology. Furthermore, 2p-FLIM allows distinguishing free and bound populations of NADH by their different fluorescence lifetimes within single infected cells. Accordingly, NADH fluorescence measurements of individual single cells should provide necessary insight into the heterogeneity of metabolic activity of infected cells. Implementing 2p-FLIM to viral infection systems measuring NADH fluorescence at the single or subcellular level within a tissue can provide visual evidence, localization, and information in a real-time diagnostic or therapeutic metabolic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A. Snyder
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Liu H, Xing H, Gao Z, You M, Li B, Feng X, Zhou B, Cong Z, Zhu J, Jin M. A single-wavelength excited NIR fluorescence probe for distinguishing GSH/H 2S and Cys/Hcy in living cells and zebrafish through separated dual-channels. Talanta 2023; 254:124153. [PMID: 36493568 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biothiols and hydrogen sulfide, as critical sulfur-containing reactive substances, serve essential functions in various human pathological processes, making it challenging to simultaneously distinguish them due to their similar reactivity and structures (-SH). Here, we rationalized the development of a single-wavelength excitation near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe, FC-NBD, for distinguishing GSH/H2S and Cys/Hcy by separated fluorescence dual channels. In this probe, FC-NBD, composed of coumarin-benzopyrylium derivatives linked with nitro benzoxadiazole (NBD) via ether bonds, could quantitatively and selectively distinguish GSH/H2S and Cys/Hcy with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.199/0.177 μM and 0.106/0.076 μM, respectively. As expected, under single-wavelength excitation (470 nm), FC-NBD demonstrated distinctly separable green and NIR fluorescence emissions towards Cys/Hcy at 550 and 660 nm, but only exhibited a noticeable NIR fluorescence emission towards GSH/H2S at 660 nm. Moreover, FC-NBD could simultaneously visualize and discriminate GSH/H2S and Cys/Hcy in living cells as well as zebrafish through green and NIR channels at a single excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Haizhu Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Dadao, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Min You
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Dadao, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Xuyu Feng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Baojing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Cong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Dadao, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing, 210094, PR China.
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12
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Gorbunova IA, Sasin ME, Yachkov DV, Volkov DA, Vedyaykin AD, Nikiforov AA, Vasyutinskii OS. Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence of NADH-Alcohol Dehydrogenase Complex in a Mixture with Bacterial Enzymes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020256. [PMID: 36830625 PMCID: PMC9953378 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough study of composition and fluorescence properties of a commercial reagent of active equine NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase expressed and purified from E. coli has been carried out. Several experimental methods: spectral- and time-resolved two-photon excited fluorescence, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fast protein liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry were used for analysis. The reagent under study was found to contain also a number of natural fluorophores: free NAD(P)H, NADH-alcohol dehydrogenase, NADPH-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate-serine hydroxymethyltransferase complexes. The results obtained demonstrated the potential and limitations of popular optical methods as FLIM for separation of fluorescence signals from free and protein-bound forms of NADH, NADPH, and FAD that are essential coenzymes in redox reactions in all living cells. In particular, NADH-alcohol dehydrogenase and NADPH-isocitrate dehydrogenase complexes could not be optically separated in our experimental conditions although fast protein liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis undoubtedly indicated the presence of both enzymes in the molecular sample used. Also, the results of fluorescence, fast protein liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry analysis revealed a significant contribution of the enzyme-bound coenzyme pyridoxal 5-phosphate to the fluorescence signal that could be separated from enzyme-bound NADH by using bandpass filters, but could effectively mask contribution from enzyme-bound FAD because the fluorescence spectra of the species practically overlapped. It was shown that enzyme-bound pyridoxal 5-phosphate fluorescence can be separated from enzyme-bound NAD(P)H and FAD through analysis of short fluorescence decay times of about tens of picoseconds. However, this analysis was found to be effective only at relatively high number of peak photon counts in recorded fluorescence signals. The results obtained in this study can be used for interpretation of fluorescence signals from a mixture of enzyme-bound fluorophores and should be taken into consideration when determining the intracellular NADH/FAD ratio using FLIM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry V. Yachkov
- Ioffe Intstitute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | | | - Alexei D. Vedyaykin
- Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Nikiforov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Vasyutinskii
- Ioffe Intstitute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-981-802-7376
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13
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dos Santos Rodrigues FH, Delgado GG, Santana da Costa T, Tasic L. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in protein conformational changes and intermolecular contacts. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100091. [PMID: 37207090 PMCID: PMC10189374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emission fluorescence is one of the most versatile and powerful biophysical techniques used in several scientific subjects. It is extensively applied in the studies of proteins, their conformations, and intermolecular contacts, such as in protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions, allowing qualitative, quantitative, and structural data elucidation. This review, aimed to outline some of the most widely used fluorescence techniques in this area, illustrate their applications and display a few examples. At first, the data on the intrinsic fluorescence of proteins is disclosed, mainly on the tryptophan side chain. Predominantly, research to study protein conformational changes, protein interactions, and changes in intensities and shifts of the fluorescence emission maximums were discussed. Fluorescence anisotropy or fluorescence polarization is a measurement of the changing orientation of a molecule in space, concerning the time between the absorption and emission events. Absorption and emission indicate the spatial alignment of the molecule's dipoles relative to the electric vector of the electromagnetic wave of excitation and emitted light, respectively. In other words, if the fluorophore population is excited with vertically polarized light, the emitted light will retain some polarization based on how fast it rotates in solution. Therefore, fluorescence anisotropy can be successfully used in protein-protein interaction investigations. Then, green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), photo-transformable fluorescent proteins (FPs) such as photoswitchable and photoconvertible FPs, and those with Large Stokes Shift (LSS) are disclosed in more detail. FPs are potent tools for the study of biological systems. Their versatility and wide range of colours and properties allow many applications. Finally, the application of fluorescence in life sciences is exposed, especially the application of FPs in fluorescence microscopy techniques with super-resolution that enables precise in vivo photolabeling to monitor the movement and interactions of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Garcia Delgado
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Campinas, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Thyerre Santana da Costa
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Campinas, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Campinas, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Ljubica Tasic: IQ, UNICAMP, Rua Josué de Castro sn, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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14
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Reichert D, Wadiura LI, Erkkilae MT, Gesperger J, Lang A, Roetzer-Pejrimovsky T, Makolli J, Woehrer A, Wilzbach M, Hauger C, Kiesel B, Andreana M, Unterhuber A, Drexler W, Widhalm G, Leitgeb RA. Flavin fluorescence lifetime and autofluorescence optical redox ratio for improved visualization and classification of brain tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1105648. [PMID: 36890834 PMCID: PMC9986542 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Modern techniques for improved tumor visualization have the aim to maximize the extent of resection during brain tumor surgery and thus improve patient prognosis. Optical imaging of autofluorescence is a powerful and non-invasive tool to monitor metabolic changes and transformation in brain tumors. Cellular redox ratios can be retrieved from fluorescence emitted by the coenzymes reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Recent studies point out that the influence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) has been underestimated. Experimental design Fluorescence lifetime imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy were performed through a modified surgical microscope. We acquired 361 flavin fluorescence lifetime (500-580 nm) and fluorescence spectra (430-740 nm) data points on freshly excised different brain tumors: low-grade gliomas (N=17), high-grade gliomas (N=42), meningiomas (N=23), metastases (N=26) and specimens from the non-tumorous brain (N=3). Results Protein-bound FMN fluorescence in brain tumors did increase with a shift toward a more glycolytic metabolism (R=-0.87). This increased the average flavin fluorescence lifetime in tumor entities with respect to the non-tumorous brain. Further, these metrics were characteristic for the different tumor entities and showed promise for machine learning based brain tumor classification. Conclusions Our results shed light on FMN fluorescence in metabolic imaging and outline the potential for supporting the neurosurgeon in visualizing and classifying brain tumor tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reichert
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine (OPTRAMED), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa I Wadiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael T Erkkilae
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Roetzer-Pejrimovsky
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Makolli
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Wilzbach
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hauger
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine (OPTRAMED), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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FLIM of NAD(P)H in Lymphatic Nodes Resolves T-Cell Immune Response to the Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415829. [PMID: 36555468 PMCID: PMC9779489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of T-cell response to the tumor is important for diagnosis of the disease and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. For this, new non-destructive label-free methods are required. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of metabolic coenzymes is a promising innovative technology for the assessment of the functional status of cells. The purpose of this work was to test whether FLIM can resolve metabolic alterations that accompany T-cell reactivation to the tumors. The study was carried out on C57Bl/6 FoxP3-EGFP mice bearing B16F0 melanoma. Autofluorescence of the immune cells in fresh lymphatic nodes (LNs) was investigated. It was found that fluorescence lifetime parameters of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)H are sensitive to tumor development. Effector T-cells in the LNs displayed higher contribution of free NADH, the form associated with glycolysis, in all tumors and the presence of protein-bound NADPH, associated with biosynthetic processes, in the tumors of large size. Flow cytometry showed that the changes in the NADH fraction of the effector T-cells correlated with their activation, while changes in NADPH correlated with cell proliferation. In conclusion, FLIM of NAD(P)H in fresh lymphoid tissue is a powerful tool for assessing the immune response to tumor development.
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16
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Talone B, Bresci A, Manetti F, Vernuccio F, De la Cadena A, Ceconello C, Schiavone ML, Mantero S, Menale C, Vanna R, Cerullo G, Sobacchi C, Polli D. Label-free multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy reveals features of bone composition in pathophysiological conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042680. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue features a complex microarchitecture and biomolecular composition, which determine biomechanical properties. In addition to state-of-the-art technologies, innovative optical approaches allowing the characterization of the bone in native, label-free conditions can provide new, multi-level insight into this inherently challenging tissue. Here, we exploited multimodal nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy, including co-registered stimulated Raman scattering, two-photon excited fluorescence, and second-harmonic generation, to image entire vertebrae of murine spine sections. The quantitative nature of these nonlinear interactions allowed us to extract accurate biochemical, morphological, and topological information on the bone tissue and to highlight differences between normal and pathologic samples. Indeed, in a murine model showing bone loss, we observed increased collagen and lipid content as compared to the wild type, along with a decreased craniocaudal alignment of bone collagen fibres. We propose that NLO microscopy can be implemented in standard histopathological analysis of bone in preclinical studies, with the ambitious future perspective to introduce this technique in the clinical practice for the analysis of larger tissue sections.
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17
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Contribution of autofluorescence from intracellular proteins in multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16584. [PMID: 36198710 PMCID: PMC9534927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (MPM-FLIM) is extensively proposed as a non-invasive optical method to study tissue metabolism. The approach is based on recording changes in the fluorescence lifetime attributed to metabolic co-enzymes, of which nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is of major importance. However, intrinsic tissue fluorescence is complex. Particularly when utilizing two-photon excitation, as conventionally employed in MPM. This increases the possibility for spectral crosstalk and incorrect assignment of the origin of the FLIM signal. Here we demonstrate that in keratinocytes, proteins such as keratin may interfere with the signal usually assigned to NADH in MPM-FLIM by contributing to the lifetime component at 1.5 ns. This is supported by a change in fluorescence lifetime distribution in KRT5- and KRT14-silenced cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the MPM-FLIM data originating from cellular autofluorescence is far more complex than previously suggested and that the contribution from other tissue constituents should not be neglected-changing the paradigm for data interpretation in this context.
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18
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Kesavamoorthy N, Junge JA, Fraser SE, Ameri H. Insights into Metabolic Activity and Structure of the Retina through Multiphoton Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:2265. [PMID: 35892562 PMCID: PMC9331481 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) evaluates the metabolic state of tissue based on reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) can image the fundus of the eyes, but cannot detect NAD(P)H. We used multiphoton FLIM to study the metabolic state of the retina in fixed eyes of wild-type mice C57BL6/J. We sectioned the eye using a polyacrylamide gel-embedding technique and estimated the percentage of bound NAD(P)H. We found that oxidative phosphorylation was the predominant metabolic state, particularly in the inner retina, when a fixed retina was used. We also demonstrated the feasibility of FAD imaging of the retina. In addition, we demonstrated that autofluorescence and various FLIM channels, such as hemoglobin, melanin and collagen, can be used to evaluate the structure of the retina and other parts of the eye without any special staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Kesavamoorthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Jason A. Junge
- Department of Biological Sciences, David Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Dana, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (J.A.J.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, David Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Dana, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (J.A.J.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Hossein Ameri
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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Yang L, Park J, Chaney EJ, Sorrells JE, Marjanovic M, Phillips H, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging of needle biopsy cores for intraoperative cancer diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220031GR. [PMID: 35643823 PMCID: PMC9142840 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.056504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Needle biopsy (NB) procedures are important for the initial diagnosis of many types of cancer. However, the possibility of NB specimens being unable to provide diagnostic information, (i.e., non-diagnostic sampling) and the time-consuming histological evaluation process can cause delays in diagnoses that affect patient care. AIM We aim to demonstrate the advantages of this label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging (NLOI) technique as a non-destructive point-of-procedure evaluation method for NB tissue cores, for the visualization and characterization of the tissue microenvironment. APPROACH A portable, label-free, multimodal NLOI system combined second-harmonic generation (SHG) and third-harmonic generation and two- and three-photon autofluorescence (2PF, 3PF) microscopy. It was used for intraoperative imaging of fresh NB tissue cores acquired during canine cancer surgeries, which involved liver, lung, and mammary tumors as well as soft-tissue sarcoma; in total, eight canine patients were recruited. An added tissue culture chamber enabled the use of this NLOI system for longitudinal imaging of fresh NB tissue cores taken from an induced rat mammary tumor and healthy mouse livers. RESULTS The intraoperative NLOI system was used to assess fresh canine NB specimens during veterinary cancer surgeries. Histology-like morphological features were visualized by the combination of four NLOI modalities at the point-of-procedure. The NLOI results provided quantitative information on the tissue microenvironment such as the collagen fiber orientation using Fourier-domain SHG analysis and metabolic profiling by optical redox ratio (ORR) defined by 2PF/(2PF + 3PF). The analyses showed that the canine mammary tumor had more randomly oriented collagen fibers compared to the tumor margin, and hepatocarcinoma had a wider distribution of ORR with a lower mean value compared to the liver fibrosis and the normal-appearing liver. Moreover, the loss of metabolic information during tissue degradation of fresh murine NB specimens was shown by overall intensity decreases in all channels and an increase of mean ORR from 0.94 (standard deviation 0.099) to 0.97 (standard deviation 0.077) during 1-h longitudinal imaging of a rat mammary tumor NB specimen. The tissue response to staurosporine (STS), an apoptotic inducer, from fresh murine liver NB specimens was also observed. The mean ORR decreased from 0.86 to 0.74 in the first 40 min and then increased to 0.8 during the rest of the hour of imaging, compared to the imaging results without the addition of STS, which showed a continuous increase of ORR from 0.72 to 0.75. CONCLUSIONS A label-free, multimodal NLOI platform reveals microstructural and metabolic information of the fresh NB cores during intraoperative cancer imaging. This system has been demonstrated on animal models to show its potential to provide a more comprehensive histological assessment and a better understanding of the unperturbed tumor microenvironment. Considering tissue degradation, or loss of viability upon fixation, this intraoperative NLOI system has the advantage of immediate assessment of freshly excised tissue specimens at the point of procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jaena Park
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Champaign, Illinois, United States
| | - Heidi Phillips
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Champaign, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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20
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Zherebtsov EA, Potapova EV, Mamoshin AV, Shupletsov VV, Kandurova KY, Dremin VV, Abramov AY, Dunaev AV. Fluorescence lifetime needle optical biopsy discriminates hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:633-646. [PMID: 35284175 PMCID: PMC8884204 DOI: 10.1364/boe.447687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents results of in vivo and in situ measurements of hepatocellular carcinoma by a developed optical biopsy system. Here, we describe the technical details of the implementation of fluorescence lifetime and diffuse reflectance measurements by the system, equipped with an original needle optical probe, compatible with the 17.5G biopsy needle standard. The fluorescence lifetime measurements observed by the setup were verified in fresh solutions of NADH and FAD++, and then applied in a murine model for the characterisation of inoculated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent liver tissue. The technique, applied in vivo and in situ and supplemented by measurements of blood oxygen saturation, made it possible to reveal statistically significant transformation in the set of measured parameters linked with the cellular pools of NADH and NADPH. In the animal model, we demonstrate that the characteristic changes in registered fluorescent parameters can be used to reliably distinguish the HCC tissue, liver tissue in the control, and the metabolically changed liver tissues of animals with the developed HCC tumour. For further transition to clinical applications, the optical biopsy system was tested during the routing procedure of the PNB in humans with suspected HCC. The comparison of the data from murine and human HCC tissues suggests that the tested animal model is generally representative in the sense of the registered fluorescence lifetime parameters, while statistically significant differences between their absolute values can still be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii A Zherebtsov
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Elena V Potapova
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Andrian V Mamoshin
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
- Orel Regional Clinical Hospital, Orel, Russia
| | - Valery V Shupletsov
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
| | - Ksenia Y Kandurova
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
| | - Viktor V Dremin
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrey V Dunaev
- Research & Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Orel, Russia
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21
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Improved Protoporphyrin IX-Guided Neurosurgical Tumor Detection with Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Precise intraoperative brain tumor visualization supports surgeons in achieving maximal safe resection. In this sense, improved prognosis in patients with high-grade gliomas undergoing protoporphyrin IX fluorescence-guided surgery has been demonstrated. Phase fluorescence lifetime imaging in the frequency-domain has shown promise to distinguish weak protoporphyrin IX fluorescence from competing endogenous tissue fluorophores, thus allowing for brain tumor detection with high sensitivity. In this work, we show that this technique can be further improved by minimizing the crosstalk of autofluorescence signal contributions when only detecting the fluorescence emission above 615 nm. Combining fluorescence lifetime and spectroscopic measurements on a set of 130 ex vivo brain tumor specimens (14 low- and 56 high-grade gliomas, 39 meningiomas and 21 metastases) coherently substantiated the resulting increase of the fluorescence lifetime with respect to the detection band employed in previous work. This is of major interest for obtaining a clear-cut distinction from the autofluorescence background of the physiological brain. In particular, the median fluorescence lifetime of low- and high-grade glioma specimens lacking visual fluorescence during surgical resection was increased from 4.7 ns to 5.4 ns and 2.9 ns to 3.3 ns, respectively. While more data are needed to create statistical evidence, the coherence of what was observed throughout all tumor groups emphasized that this optimization should be taken into account for future studies.
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22
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Xue Y, Browne AW, Tang WC, Delgado J, McLelland BT, Nistor G, Chen JT, Chew K, Lee N, Keirstead HS, Seiler MJ. Retinal Organoids Long-Term Functional Characterization Using Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime and Hyperspectral Microscopy. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:796903. [PMID: 34955757 PMCID: PMC8707055 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.796903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoid technologies have opened avenues to preclinical basic science research, drug discovery, and transplantation therapy in organ systems. Stem cell-derived organoids follow a time course similar to species-specific organ gestation in vivo. However, heterogeneous tissue yields, and subjective tissue selection reduce the repeatability of organoid-based scientific experiments and clinical studies. To improve the quality control of organoids, we introduced a live imaging technique based on two-photon microscopy to non-invasively monitor and characterize retinal organoids’ (RtOgs’) long-term development. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to monitor the metabolic trajectory, and hyperspectral imaging was applied to characterize structural and molecular changes. We further validated the live imaging experimental results with endpoint biological tests, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), single-cell RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. With FLIM results, we analyzed the free/bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (f/b NADH) ratio of the imaged regions and found that there was a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. This shift occurred between the second and third months of differentiation. The total metabolic activity shifted slightly back toward glycolysis between the third and fourth months and stayed relatively stable between the fourth and sixth months. Consistency in organoid development among cell lines and production lots was examined. Molecular analysis showed that retinal progenitor genes were expressed in all groups between days 51 and 159. Photoreceptor gene expression emerged around the second month of differentiation, which corresponded to the shift in the f/b NADH ratio. RtOgs between 3 and 6 months of differentiation exhibited photoreceptor gene expression levels that were between the native human fetal and adult retina gene expression levels. The occurrence of cone opsin expression (OPN1 SW and OPN1 LW) indicated the maturation of photoreceptors in the fourth month of differentiation, which was consistent with the stabilized level of f/b NADH ratio starting from 4 months. Endpoint single-cell RNA and immunohistology data showed that the cellular compositions and lamination of RtOgs at different developmental stages followed those in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - William C Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Delgado
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jacqueline T Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kaylee Chew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nicolas Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Magdalene J Seiler
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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23
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Han S, Zhang H, Yue X, Wang J, Yang L, Wang B, Song X. A Ratiometric, Fast-Responsive , and Single-Wavelength Excited Fluorescent Probe for the Discrimination of Cys and Hcy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10934-10939. [PMID: 34319078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ratiometric detection of cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) is very challenging because of their highly similar chemical structures and properties. By introducing the phenylethynyl group into a coumarin dye as the sensing group, the ratiometric fluorescent probe CP was developed to selectively and rapidly discriminate between Cys and Hcy. With a single-wavelength excitation, the presence of Cys or Hcy induced the probe to produce distinct ratiometric fluorescence changes: from red (λmaxem = 608 nm) to blue (λmaxem = 485 nm) toward Cys and from red to mixed red/blue toward Hcy. Moreover, the probe was capable of visualizing and discriminating between intracellular Cys and Hcy in HeLa cells and zebrafish by exhibiting different ratiometric fluorescence signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yue
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jingpei Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
| | - Benhua Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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24
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Andreana M, Sturtzel C, Spielvogel CP, Papp L, Leitgeb R, Drexler W, Distel M, Unterhuber A. Toward Quantitative in vivo Label-Free Tracking of Lipid Distribution in a Zebrafish Cancer Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675636. [PMID: 34277618 PMCID: PMC8280786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often adapt their lipid metabolism to accommodate the increased fatty acid demand for membrane biogenesis and energy production. Upregulation of fatty acid uptake from the environment of cancer cells has also been reported as an alternative mechanism. To investigate the role of lipids in tumor onset and progression and to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers, lipids are ideally imaged directly within the intact tumor tissue in a label-free way. In this study, we investigated lipid accumulation and distribution in living zebrafish larvae developing a tumor by means of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Quantitative textural features based on radiomics revealed higher lipid accumulation in oncogene-expressing larvae compared to healthy ones. This high lipid accumulation could reflect an altered lipid metabolism in the hyperproliferating oncogene-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for Preclinical Drug Screening (ZANDR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens P Spielvogel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laszlo Papp
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Zebrafish Platform Austria for Preclinical Drug Screening (ZANDR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Bitton A, Sambrano J, Valentino S, Houston JP. A Review of New High-Throughput Methods Designed for Fluorescence Lifetime Sensing From Cells and Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:648553. [PMID: 34007839 PMCID: PMC8127321 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.648553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Though much of the interest in fluorescence in the past has been on measuring spectral qualities such as wavelength and intensity, there are two other highly useful intrinsic properties of fluorescence: lifetime (or decay) and anisotropy (or polarization). Each has its own set of unique advantages, limitations, and challenges in detection when it comes to use in biological studies. This review will focus on the property of fluorescence lifetime, providing a brief background on instrumentation and theory, and examine the recent advancements and applications of measuring lifetime in the fields of high-throughput fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (HT-FLIM) and time-resolved flow cytometry (TRFC). In addition, the crossover of these two methods and their outlooks will be discussed.
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26
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Borile G, Sandrin D, Filippi A, Anderson KI, Romanato F. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: Much More Than Fancy Images. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2657. [PMID: 33800802 PMCID: PMC7961783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has recently passed the milestone of its first 30 years of activity in biomedical research. The growing interest around this approach has led to a variety of applications from basic research to clinical practice. Moreover, this technique offers the advantage of label-free multiphoton imaging to analyze samples without staining processes and the need for a dedicated system. Here, we review the state of the art of label-free techniques; then, we focus on two-photon autofluorescence as well as second and third harmonic generation, describing physical and technical characteristics. We summarize some successful applications to a plethora of biomedical research fields and samples, underlying the versatility of this technique. A paragraph is dedicated to an overview of sample preparation, which is a crucial step in every microscopy experiment. Afterwards, we provide a detailed review analysis of the main quantitative methods to extract important information and parameters from acquired images using second harmonic generation. Lastly, we discuss advantages, limitations, and future perspectives in label-free multiphoton microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Borile
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Deborah Sandrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
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27
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Bianchetti G, Ciccarone F, Ciriolo MR, De Spirito M, Pani G, Maulucci G. Label-free metabolic clustering through unsupervised pixel classification of multiparametric fluorescent images. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1148:238173. [PMID: 33516373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence microscopy is a promising label-free approach to characterize NADH and FAD metabolites in live cells, with potential applications in clinical practice. Although spectrally resolved lifetime imaging techniques can acquire multiparametric information about the biophysical and biochemical state of the metabolites, these data are evaluated at the whole-cell level, thus providing only limited insights in the activation of metabolic networks at the microscale. To overcome this issue, here we introduce an artificial intelligence-based analysis that, leveraging the multiparametric content of spectrally resolved lifetime images, allows to detect and classify, through an unsupervised learning approach, metabolic clusters, which are regions having almost uniform metabolic properties. This method contextually detects the cellular mitochondrial turnover and the metabolic activation state of intracellular compartments at the pixel level, described by two functions: the cytosolic activation state (CAF) and the mitochondrial activation state (MAF). This method was applied to investigate metabolic changes elicited in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by specific inhibitors of glycolysis and electron transport chain, and by the deregulation of a specific mitochondrial enzyme (ACO2) leading to defective aerobic metabolism associated with tumor growth. In this model, mitochondrial fraction undergoes to a 13% increase upon ACO2 overexpression and the MAF function changes abruptly by altering the metabolic state of about the 25% of the mitochondrial pixels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Bianchetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciccarone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Barkauskas DS, Medley G, Liang X, Mohammed YH, Thorling CA, Wang H, Roberts MS. Using in vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to unravel disease-specific changes in the liver redox state. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2020; 8:034003. [PMID: 32422610 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab93de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime microscopy has revolutionized studies of pathophysiological and xenobiotic dynamics, enabling the spatial and temporal quantification of these processes in intact organs in vivo. We have previously used multiphoton fluorescence lifetime microscopy to characterise the morphology and amplitude weighted mean fluorescence lifetime of the endogenous fluorescent metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) of mouse livers in vivo following induction of various disease states. Here, we extend the characterisation of liver disease models by using nonlinear regression to estimate the unbound, bound fluorescence lifetimes for NAD(P)H, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), along with metabolic ratios and examine the impact of using multiple segmentation methods. We found that NAD(P)H amplitude ratio, and fluorescence lifetime redox ratio can be used as discriminators of diseased liver from normal liver. The redox ratio provided a sensitive measure of the changes in hepatic fibrosis and biliary fibrosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with an increase in spatial heterogeneity and redox ratio coupled with a decrease in mean fluorescence lifetime. We conclude that multiphoton fluorescence lifetime microscopy parameters and metabolic ratios provided insights into the in vivo redox state of diseased compared to normal liver that were not apparent from a global, mean fluorescence lifetime measurement alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Barkauskas
- Therapeutics Research Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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29
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Meyer BO, Stella MPJ, Holst B, Nielsen BS, Holmstrøm K, Andersen PE, Marti D. Selecting optimal spectral bands for improved detection of autofluorescent biomarkers in multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32638570 PMCID: PMC7338838 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.7.071206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In multiphoton microscopy, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) spectra carry valuable information on morphological and functional biological features. For measuring these biomarkers, separation of different parts of the fluorescence spectrum into channels is typically achieved by the use of optical band pass filters. However, spectra from different biomarkers can be unknown or overlapping, creating a crosstalk in between the channels. Previously, establishing these channels relied on prior knowledge or heuristic testing. AIM The presented method aims to provide spectral bands with optimal separation between groups of specimens expressing different biomarkers. APPROACH We have developed a system capable of resolving TPEF with high spectral resolution for the characterization of biomarkers. In addition, an algorithm is created to simulate and optimize optical band pass filters for fluorescence detection channels. To demonstrate the potential improvements in cell and tissue classification using these optimized channels, we recorded spectrally resolved images of cancerous (HT29) and normal epithelial colon cells (FHC), cultivated in 2D layers and in 3D to form spheroids. To provide an example of an application, we relate the results with the widely used redox ratio. RESULTS We show that in the case of two detection channels, our system and algorithm enable the selection of optimized band pass filters without the need of knowing involved fluorophores. An improvement of 31,5% in separating different 2D cell cultures is achieved, compared to using established spectral bands that assume NAD(P)H and FAD as main contributors of autofluorescence. The compromise is a reduced SNR in the images. CONCLUSIONS We show that the presented method has the ability to improve imaging contrast and can be used to tailor a given label-free optical imaging system using optical band pass filters targeting a specific biomarker or application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Ole Meyer
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter E. Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Roskilde, Denmark
- Address all correspondence to Peter E. Andersen, E-mail:
| | - Dominik Marti
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Roskilde, Denmark
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30
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Datta R, Heaster TM, Sharick JT, Gillette AA, Skala MC. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: fundamentals and advances in instrumentation, analysis, and applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-43. [PMID: 32406215 PMCID: PMC7219965 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.7.071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful technique to distinguish the unique molecular environment of fluorophores. FLIM measures the time a fluorophore remains in an excited state before emitting a photon, and detects molecular variations of fluorophores that are not apparent with spectral techniques alone. FLIM is sensitive to multiple biomedical processes including disease progression and drug efficacy. AIM We provide an overview of FLIM principles, instrumentation, and analysis while highlighting the latest developments and biological applications. APPROACH This review covers FLIM principles and theory, including advantages over intensity-based fluorescence measurements. Fundamentals of FLIM instrumentation in time- and frequency-domains are summarized, along with recent developments. Image segmentation and analysis strategies that quantify spatial and molecular features of cellular heterogeneity are reviewed. Finally, representative applications are provided including high-resolution FLIM of cell- and organelle-level molecular changes, use of exogenous and endogenous fluorophores, and imaging protein-protein interactions with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Advantages and limitations of FLIM are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS FLIM is advantageous for probing molecular environments of fluorophores to inform on fluorophore behavior that cannot be elucidated with intensity measurements alone. Development of FLIM technologies, analysis, and applications will further advance biological research and clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsa Datta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Heaster
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amani A. Gillette
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Semenov AN, Yakimov BP, Rubekina AA, Gorin DA, Drachev VP, Zarubin MP, Velikanov AN, Lademann J, Fadeev VV, Priezzhev AV, Darvin ME, Shirshin EA. The Oxidation-Induced Autofluorescence Hypothesis: Red Edge Excitation and Implications for Metabolic Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:E1863. [PMID: 32316642 PMCID: PMC7221974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous autofluorescence of biological tissues is an important source of information for biomedical diagnostics. Despite the molecular complexity of biological tissues, the list of commonly known fluorophores is strictly limited. Still, the question of molecular sources of the red and near-infrared excited autofluorescence remains open. In this work we demonstrated that the oxidation products of organic components (lipids, proteins, amino acids, etc.) can serve as the molecular source of such red and near-infrared excited autofluorescence. Using model solutions and cell systems (human keratinocytes) under oxidative stress induced by UV irradiation we demonstrated that oxidation products can contribute significantly to the autofluorescence signal of biological systems in the entire visible range of the spectrum, even at the emission and excitation wavelengths higher than 650 nm. The obtained results suggest the principal possibility to explain the red fluorescence excitation in a large class of biosystems-aggregates of proteins and peptides, cells and tissues-by the impact of oxidation products, since oxidation products are inevitably presented in the tissue. The observed fluorescence signal with broad excitation originated from oxidation products may also lead to the alteration of metabolic imaging results and has to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey N. Semenov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Boris P. Yakimov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Anna A. Rubekina
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Nobel st., Building 3, Moscow 121205, Russia; (D.A.G.); (V.P.D.)
| | - Vladimir P. Drachev
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Nobel st., Building 3, Moscow 121205, Russia; (D.A.G.); (V.P.D.)
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Mikhail P. Zarubin
- International Intergovernmental Organization Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 6 Joliot-Curie St., Dubna, Moscow 141980, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Velikanov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia;
| | - Juergen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité–Universitäts medizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Victor V. Fadeev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Alexander V. Priezzhev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Maxim E. Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité–Universitäts medizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Evgeny A. Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.N.S.); (B.P.Y.); (A.A.R.); (V.V.F.); (A.V.P.)
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fizicheskaya Str., 5, Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia
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Ito S, Hashimoto M, Taguchi Y. Development of a Robust Autofluorescence Lifetime Sensing Method for Use in an Endoscopic Application. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071847. [PMID: 32225086 PMCID: PMC7180751 DOI: 10.3390/s20071847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic autofluorescence lifetime imaging is a promising technique for making quantitative and non-invasive diagnoses of abnormal tissue. However, motion artifacts caused by vibration in the direction perpendicular to the tissue surface in a body makes clinical diagnosis difficult. Thus, this paper proposes a robust autofluorescence lifetime sensing technique with a lens tracking system based on a laser beam spot analysis. Our optical setup can be easily mounted on the head of an endoscope. The variation in distance between the optical system and the target surface is tracked by the change in the spot size of the laser beam captured by the camera, and the lens actuator is feedback-controlled to suppress motion artifacts. The experimental results show that, when using a lens tracking system, the standard deviation of fluorescence lifetime is dramatically reduced. Furthermore, the validity of the proposed method is experimentally confirmed by using a bio-mimicking phantom that replicates the shape, optical parameters, and chemical component distribution of the cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Ito
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (S.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Masaaki Hashimoto
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (S.I.); (M.H.)
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Taguchi
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-566-1809
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