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Berasain J, Ávila-Fernández P, Cárdenas-Pérez R, Cànaves-Llabrés AI, Etayo-Escanilla M, Alaminos M, Carriel V, García-García ÓD, Chato-Astrain J, Campos F. Genipin crosslinking promotes biomechanical reinforcement and pro-regenerative macrophage polarization in bioartificial tubular substitutes. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116449. [PMID: 38518607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic nerve injuries are nowadays a significant clinical challenge and new substitutes with adequate biological and mechanical properties are in need. In this context, fibrin-agarose hydrogels (FA) have shown the possibility to generate tubular scaffolds with promising results for nerve repair. However, to be clinically viable, these scaffolds need to possess enhanced mechanical properties. In this line, genipin (GP) crosslinking has demonstrated to improve biomechanical properties with good biological properties compared to other crosslinkers. In this study, we evaluated the impact of different GP concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% (m/v)) and reaction times (6, 12, 24, 72 h) on bioartificial nerve substitutes (BNS) consisting of nanostructured FA scaffolds. First, crosslinked BNS were studied histologically, ultrastructurally and biomechanically and then, its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects were ex vivo assessed with a macrophage cell line. Results showed that GP was able to improve the biomechanical resistance of BNS, which were dependent on both the GP treatment time and concentration without altering the structure. Moreover, biocompatibility analyses on macrophages confirmed high cell viability and a minimal reduction of their metabolic activity by WST-1. In addition, GP-crosslinked BNS effectively directed macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory (M1) towards a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which was in line with the cytokines release profile. In conclusion, this study considers time and dose-dependent effects of GP in FA substitutes which exhibited increased biomechanical properties while reducing immunogenicity and promoting pro-regenerative macrophage shift. These tubular substitutes could be useful for nerve application or even other tissue engineering applications such as urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Berasain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Ávila-Fernández
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Rocío Cárdenas-Pérez
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Antoni Ignasi Cànaves-Llabrés
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Postgraduate Master Program in Tissue Engineering and Advanced Therapies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Etayo-Escanilla
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
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Martin‐Piedra MA, Carmona G, Campos F, Carriel V, Fernández‐González A, Campos A, Cuende N, Garzón I, Gacto P, Alaminos M. Histological assessment of nanostructured fibrin-agarose skin substitutes grafted in burnt patients. A time-course study. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10572. [PMID: 38023713 PMCID: PMC10658487 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously developed fibrin-agarose skin model-UGRSKIN-showed promising clinical results in severely burnt patients. To determine the histological parameters associated to the biocompatibility and therapeutic effects of this model, we carried out a comprehensive structural and ultrastructural study of UGRSKIN grafted in severely burnt patients after 3 months of follow-up. The grafted epidermis was analogue to native human skin from day 30th onward, revealing well-structured strata with well-differentiated keratinocytes expressing CK5, CK8, CK10, claudin, plakoglobin, filaggrin, and involucrin in a similar way to controls, suggesting that the epidermis was able to mature and differentiate very early. Melanocytes and Langerhans cells were found from day 30th onward, together with a basement membrane, abundant hemidesmosomes and lack of rete ridges. At the dermal layer, we found an interface between the grafted skin and the host tissue at day 30th, which tended to disappear with time. The grafted superficial dermis showed a progressive increase in properly-oriented collagen fibers, elastic fibers and proteoglycans, including decorin, similarly to control dermis at day 60-90th of in vivo follow-up. Blood vessels determined by CD31 and SMA expression were more abundant in grafted skin than controls, whereas lymphatic vessels were more abundant at day 90th. These results contribute to shed light on the histological parameters associated to biocompatibility and therapeutic effect of the UGRSKIN model grafted in patients and demonstrate that the bioengineered skin grafted in patients is able to mature and differentiate very early at the epithelial level and after 60-90 days at the dermal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Martin‐Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Gloria Carmona
- Andalusian Network for the Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies (former Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies) ‐ Fundación Andaluza Progreso y Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain; Andalusian Transplant Coordination, Servicio Andaluz de SaludSevilleSpain
- Doctoral program in BiomedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Ana Fernández‐González
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
- Andalusian Network for the Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies (former Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies) ‐ Fundación Andaluza Progreso y Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain; Andalusian Transplant Coordination, Servicio Andaluz de SaludSevilleSpain
- Unidad de Producción Celular e Ingeniería TisularHospital Universitario Virgen de las NievesGranadaSpain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Natividad Cuende
- Andalusian Network for the Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies (former Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies) ‐ Fundación Andaluza Progreso y Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain; Andalusian Transplant Coordination, Servicio Andaluz de SaludSevilleSpain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | | | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of HistologyUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
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Blanco-Elices C, Oruezabal RI, Sánchez-Porras D, Chato-Astrain J, Campos F, Alaminos M, Garzón I, Campos A. A novel 3D biofabrication strategy to improve cell proliferation and differentiation of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1235161. [PMID: 37636000 PMCID: PMC10448765 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1235161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Obtaining sufficient numbers of cells in a short time is a major goal of cell culturing in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, current bidimensional (2D) culture methods are associated to several limitations, including low efficiency and the loss of key cell differentiation markers on cultured cells. Methods: In the present work, we have designed a novel biofabrication method based on a three-dimensional (3D) culture system (FIBRIAGAR-3D). Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (HWJSC) were cultured in 3D using 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% concentrations of fibrin-agarose biomaterials (FA100, FA75, FA50 and FA25 group) and compared with control cells cultured using classical 2D systems (CTR-2D). Results: Our results showed a significant increase in the number of cells generated after 7 days of culture, with cells displaying numerous expansions towards the biomaterial, and a significant overexpression of the cell proliferation marker KI67 was found for the FA75 and FA100 groups. TUNEL and qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the use of FIBRIAGAR-3D was not associated with an induction of apoptosis by cultured cells. Instead, the 3D system retained the expression of typical phenotypic markers of HWJSC, including CD73, CD90, CD105, NANOG and OCT4, and biosynthesis markers such as types-I and IV collagens, with significant increase of some of these markers, especially in the FA100 group. Finally, our analysis of 8 cell signaling molecules revealed a significant decrease of GM-CSF, IFN-g, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, and TNFα, suggesting that the 3D culture system did not induce the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Conclusion: These results confirm the usefulness of FIBRIAGAR-3D culture systems to increase cell proliferation without altering cell phenotype of immunogenicity and opens the door to the possibility of using this novel biofabrication method in cell therapy and tissue engineering of the human cornea, oral mucosa, skin, urethra, among other structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Makvandi P, Shabani M, Rabiee N, Anjani QK, Maleki A, Zare EN, Sabri AHB, De Pasquale D, Koskinopoulou M, Sharifi E, Sartorius R, Seyedhamzeh M, Bochani S, Hirata I, Paiva-Santos AC, Mattos LS, Donnelly RF, Mattoli V. Engineering and Development of a Tissue Model for the Evaluation of Microneedle Penetration Ability, Drug Diffusion, Photothermal Activity, and Ultrasound Imaging: A Promising Surrogate to Ex Vivo and In Vivo Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210034. [PMID: 36739591 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Driven by regulatory authorities and the ever-growing demands from industry, various artificial tissue models have been developed. Nevertheless, there is no model to date that is capable of mimicking the biomechanical properties of the skin whilst exhibiting the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity properties of the skin layers. As a proof-of-concept study, tissue surrogates based on gel and silicone are fabricated for the evaluation of microneedle penetration, drug diffusion, photothermal activity, and ultrasound bioimaging. The silicone layer aims to imitate the stratum corneum while the gel layer aims to mimic the water-rich viable epidermis and dermis present in in vivo tissues. The diffusion of drugs across the tissue model is assessed, and the results reveal that the proposed tissue model shows similar behavior to a cancerous kidney. In place of typical in vitro aqueous solutions, this model can also be employed for evaluating the photoactivity of photothermal agents since the tissue model shows a similar heating profile to skin of mice when irradiated with near-infrared laser. In addition, the designed tissue model exhibits promising results for biomedical applications in optical coherence tomography and ultrasound imaging. Such a tissue model paves the way to reduce the use of animals testing in research whilst obviating ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Pisa, Italy
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Majid Shabani
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, 56025, Pisa, Italy
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical, Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
| | | | | | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Koskinopoulou
- Department of Advanced Robotics (ADVR), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 65178-38736, Iran
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammad Seyedhamzeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical, Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Bochani
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical, Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Ikue Hirata
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Leonardo S Mattos
- Department of Advanced Robotics (ADVR), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Pisa, Italy
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Rosell-Valle C, Martín-López M, Campos F, Chato-Astrain J, Campos-Cuerva R, Alaminos M, Santos González M. Inactivation of human plasma alters the structure and biomechanical properties of engineered tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908250. [PMID: 36082161 PMCID: PMC9445835 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is widely used for tissue engineering applications. The use of blood derivatives, however, carries a high risk of transmission of infectious agents, necessitating the application of pathogen reduction technology (PRT). The impact of this process on the structural and biomechanical properties of the final products is unknown. We used normal plasma (PLc) and plasma inactivated by riboflavin and ultraviolet light exposure (PLi) to manufacture nanostructured cellularized fibrin-agarose hydrogels (NFAHs), and then compared their structural and biomechanical properties. We also measured functional protein C, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and coagulation factors [fibrinogen, Factor (F) V, FVIII, FX, FXI, FXIII] in plasma samples before and after inactivation. The use of PLi to manufacture cellularized NFAHs increased the interfibrillar spacing and modified their biomechanical properties as compared with cellularized NFAH manufactured with PLc. PLi was also associated with a significant reduction in functional protein C, FV, FX, and FXI, and an increase in the international normalized ratio (derived from the PT), APTT, and TT. Our findings demonstrate that the use of PRT for fibrin-agarose bioartificial tissue manufacturing does not adequately preserve the structural and biomechanical properties of the product. Further investigations into PRT-induced changes are warranted to determine the applications of NFAH manufactured with inactivated plasma as a medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
| | - María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Campos-Cuerva
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos González
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mónica Santos González,
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6
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Advances in Fibrin-Based Materials in Wound Repair: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144504. [PMID: 35889381 PMCID: PMC9322155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first bioprocess that occurs in response to wounding is the deterrence of local hemorrhage. This is accomplished by platelet aggregation and initiation of the hemostasis cascade. The resulting blood clot immediately enables the cessation of bleeding and then functions as a provisional matrix for wound healing, which begins a few days after injury. Here, fibrinogen and fibrin fibers are the key players, because they literally serve as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and promote the migration of cells, as well as the ingrowth of tissues. Fibrin is also an important modulator of healing and a host defense system against microbes that effectively maintains incoming leukocytes and acts as reservoir for growth factors. This review presents recent advances in the understanding and applications of fibrin and fibrin-fiber-incorporated biomedical materials applied to wound healing and subsequent tissue repair. It also discusses how fibrin-based materials function through several wound healing stages including physical barrier formation, the entrapment of bacteria, drug and cell delivery, and eventual degradation. Pure fibrin is not mechanically strong and stable enough to act as a singular wound repair material. To alleviate this problem, this paper will demonstrate recent advances in the modification of fibrin with next-generation materials exhibiting enhanced stability and medical efficacy, along with a detailed look at the mechanical properties of fibrin and fibrin-laden materials. Specifically, fibrin-based nanocomposites and their role in wound repair, sustained drug release, cell delivery to wound sites, skin reconstruction, and biomedical applications of drug-loaded fibrin-based materials will be demonstrated and discussed.
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7
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Optical Behavior of Human Skin Substitutes: Absorbance in the 200-400 nm UV Range. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071640. [PMID: 35884945 PMCID: PMC9313464 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent generation of bioengineered human skin allows for the efficient treatment of patients with severe skin defects. Despite UV sunlight can seriously affect human skin, the optical behavior in the UV range of skin models is still unexplored. In the present study, absorbance and transmittance of the UGRSKIN bioartificial skin substitute generated with human skin cells combined with fibrin-agarose biomaterials were evaluated for: UV-C (200−280 nm), -B (280−315 nm), and -A (315−400 nm) spectral range after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of ex vivo development. The epidermis of the bioartificial skin substitute was able to mature and differentiate in a time-dependent manner, expressing relevant molecules able to absorb most of the incoming UV radiation. Absorbance spectral behavior of the skin substitutes showed similar patterns to control native skin (VAF > 99.4%), with values 0.85−0.90 times lower than control values at 7 and 14- days and 1.05−1.10 times the control values at 21- and 28-days. UV absorbance increased, and UV transmission decreased with culture time, and comparable results to the control were found at 21 and 28 days. These findings support the use of samples corresponding to 21 or 28 days of development for clinical purposes due to their higher histological similarities with native skin, but also because of their absorbance of UV radiation.
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8
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Cases-Perera O, Blanco-Elices C, Chato-Astrain J, Miranda-Fernández C, Campos F, Crespo PV, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Alaminos M, Martín-Piedra MA, Garzón I. Development of secretome-based strategies to improve cell culture protocols in tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10003. [PMID: 35705659 PMCID: PMC9200715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in skin tissue engineering have promoted the development of artificial skin substitutes to treat large burns and other major skin loss conditions. However, one of the main drawbacks to bioengineered skin is the need to obtain a large amount of viable epithelial cells in short periods of time, making the skin biofabrication process challenging and slow. Enhancing skin epithelial cell cultures by using mesenchymal stem cells secretome can favor the scalability of manufacturing processes for bioengineered skin. The effects of three different types of secretome derived from human mesenchymal stem cells, e.g. hADSC-s (adipose cells), hDPSC-s (dental pulp) and hWJSC-s (umbilical cord), were evaluated on cultured skin epithelial cells during 24, 48, 72 and 120 h to determine the potential of this product to enhance cell proliferation and improve biofabrication strategies for tissue engineering. Then, secretomes were applied in vivo in preliminary analyses carried out on Wistar rats. Results showed that the use of secretomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhanced currently available cell culture protocols. Secretome was associated with increased viability, proliferation and migration of human skin epithelial cells, with hDPSC-s and hWJSC-s yielding greater inductive effects than hADSC-s. Animals treated with hWJSC-s and especially, hDPSC-s tended to show enhanced wound healing in vivo with no detectable side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells derived secretomes could be considered as a promising approach to cell-free therapy able to improve skin wound healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cases-Perera
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Blanco-Elices
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - J Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - C Miranda-Fernández
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - F Campos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - P V Crespo
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - I Sánchez-Montesinos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Alaminos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - M A Martín-Piedra
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - I Garzón
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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9
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Girardeau-Hubert S, Lynch B, Zuttion F, Label R, Rayee C, Brizion S, Ricois S, Martinez A, Park E, Kim C, Marinho PA, Shim JH, Jin S, Rielland M, Soeur J. Impact of microstructure on cell behavior and tissue mechanics in collagen and dermal decellularized extra-cellular matrices. Acta Biomater 2022; 143:100-114. [PMID: 35235868 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin models are used for many applications such as research and development or grafting. Unfortunately, most lack a proper microenvironment producing poor mechanical properties and inaccurate extra-cellular matrix composition and organization. In this report we focused on mechanical properties, extra-cellular matrix organization and cell interactions in human skin samples reconstructed with pure collagen or dermal decellularized extra-cellular matrices (S-dECM) and compared them to native human skin. We found that Full-thickness S-dECM samples presented stiffness two times higher than collagen gel and similar to ex vivo human skin, and proved for the first time that keratinocytes also impact dermal mechanical properties. This was correlated with larger fibers in S-dECM matrices compared to collagen samples and with a differential expression of F-actin, vinculin and tenascin C between S-dECM and collagen samples. This is clear proof of the microenvironment's impact on cell behaviors and mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In vitro skin models have been used for a long time for clinical applications or in vitro knowledge and evaluation studies. However, most lack a proper microenvironment producing a poor combination of mechanical properties and appropriate biological outcomes, partly due to inaccurate extra-cellular matrix (ECM) composition and organization. This can lead to limited predictivity and weakness of skin substitutes after grafting. This study shows, for the first time, the importance of a complex and rich microenvironment on cell behaviors, matrix macro- and micro-organization and mechanical properties. The increased composition and organization complexity of dermal skin decellularized extra-cellular matrix populated with differentiated cells produces in vitro skin models closer to native human skin physiology.
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10
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Pender DJ. The Concept of a Rupture Risk Envelope for the Cochleo-Saccular Membranes. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 26:e561-e565. [PMID: 36405472 PMCID: PMC9668410 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Alterations in endolymphatic pressure have long been suspected of being associated with the development of endolymphatic hydrops and rupture of the membranous labyrinth. More recently, there has been a focus on how membrane mechanics might contribute to membrane rupture. This is suspected to involve the viscoelastoplastic properties of these membranes.
Objective
To construct a rupture risk envelope for the cochleo-saccular membranes based on viscoelastoplasticity to provide insight into lesion behavior in Meniere disease.
Methods
Reported deformation data from a collagen model of the cochleo-saccular membranes was utilized. Yield stress was defined as 80% of ultimate failure stress. The yield points at various strain rates were used to construct a rupture risk envelope for the membranes.
Results
The rupture risk envelope was found to be downward sloping in configuration. At the highest strain rate of 385% per minute, the membrane yield was associated with greater stress (7.0 kPa) and lesser strain (30%); while at the lowest strain rate of 19.2% per minute, there was substantially less membrane yield stress (4.3 kPa) but it was associated with greater strain (44%).
Conclusion
The concept of a rupture risk envelope based on viscoelastoplasticity provides insight into hydropic lesion behavior in Meniere disease. This concept helps to explain how variations in membrane distensibility might occur as suspected in the double hit theory of lesion generation in Meniere disease. Slowly developing lesions would appear have a lower rupture risk while rapidly developing lesions would appear to have a greater risk of early membrane rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Pender
- Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
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11
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Rosell-Valle C, Martín-López M, Campos F, Chato-Astrain J, Campos-Cuerva R, Alaminos M, Santos González M. Inactivation of human plasma alters the structure and biomechanical properties of engineered tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 36082161 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908250/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is widely used for tissue engineering applications. The use of blood derivatives, however, carries a high risk of transmission of infectious agents, necessitating the application of pathogen reduction technology (PRT). The impact of this process on the structural and biomechanical properties of the final products is unknown. We used normal plasma (PLc) and plasma inactivated by riboflavin and ultraviolet light exposure (PLi) to manufacture nanostructured cellularized fibrin-agarose hydrogels (NFAHs), and then compared their structural and biomechanical properties. We also measured functional protein C, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and coagulation factors [fibrinogen, Factor (F) V, FVIII, FX, FXI, FXIII] in plasma samples before and after inactivation. The use of PLi to manufacture cellularized NFAHs increased the interfibrillar spacing and modified their biomechanical properties as compared with cellularized NFAH manufactured with PLc. PLi was also associated with a significant reduction in functional protein C, FV, FX, and FXI, and an increase in the international normalized ratio (derived from the PT), APTT, and TT. Our findings demonstrate that the use of PRT for fibrin-agarose bioartificial tissue manufacturing does not adequately preserve the structural and biomechanical properties of the product. Further investigations into PRT-induced changes are warranted to determine the applications of NFAH manufactured with inactivated plasma as a medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
| | - María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Campos-Cuerva
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos González
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular de Sevilla (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RADyTTA), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Transfusiones, Tejidos y Células de Sevilla (CTTS), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud en Sevilla (FISEVI), Seville, Spain
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12
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Garzón I, Jaimes-Parra BD, Pascual-Geler M, Cózar JM, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Mosquera-Pacheco MA, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Fernández-Valadés R, Campos F, Alaminos M. Biofabrication of a Tubular Model of Human Urothelial Mucosa Using Human Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1568. [PMID: 34068343 PMCID: PMC8153323 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models of bioartificial human urothelial mucosa (UM) have been described recently. In this study, we generated novel tubularized UM substitutes using alternative sources of cells. Nanostructured fibrin-agarose biomaterials containing fibroblasts isolated from the human ureter were used as stroma substitutes. Then, human Wharton jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (HWJSC) were used to generate an epithelial-like layer on top. Three differentiation media were used for 7 and 14 days. Results showed that the biofabrication methods used here succeeded in generating a tubular structure consisting of a stromal substitute with a stratified epithelial-like layer on top, especially using a medium containing epithelial growth and differentiation factors (EM), although differentiation was not complete. At the functional level, UM substitutes were able to synthesize collagen fibers, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, although the levels of control UM were not reached ex vivo. Epithelial differentiation was partially achieved, especially with EM after 14 days of development, with expression of keratins 7, 8, and 13 and pancytokeratin, desmoplakin, tight-junction protein-1, and uroplakin 2, although at lower levels than controls. These results confirm the partial urothelial differentiative potential of HWJSC and suggest that the biofabrication methods explored here were able to generate a potential substitute of the human UM for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | - Boris Damián Jaimes-Parra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Autónoma de Bucaramanga, 680003 Santander, Colombia
| | | | - José Manuel Cózar
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Division of Urology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - María del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | | | - Indalecio Sánchez-Montesinos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.G.); (B.D.J.-P.); (M.d.C.S.-Q.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.M.C.); (I.S.-M.); (R.F.-V.)
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13
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Evaluation of Marine Agarose Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041923. [PMID: 33672027 PMCID: PMC7919481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five agarose types (D1LE, D2LE, LM, MS8 and D5) were evaluated in tissue engineering and compared for the first time using an array of analysis methods. Acellular and cellular constructs were generated from 0.3–3%, and their biomechanical properties, in vivo biocompatibility (as determined by LIVE/DEAD, WST-1 and DNA release, with n = 6 per sample) and in vivo biocompatibility (by hematological and biochemical analyses and histology, with n = 4 animals per agarose type) were analyzed. Results revealed that the biomechanical properties of each hydrogel were related to the agarose concentration (p < 0.001). Regarding the agarose type, the highest (p < 0.001) Young modulus, stress at fracture and break load were D1LE, D2LE and D5, whereas the strain at fracture was higher in D5 and MS8 at 3% (p < 0.05). All agaroses showed high biocompatibility on human skin cells, especially in indirect contact, with a correlation with agarose concentration (p = 0.0074 for LIVE/DEAD and p = 0.0014 for WST-1) and type, although cell function tended to decrease in direct contact with highly concentrated agaroses. All agaroses were safe in vivo, with no systemic effects as determined by hematological and biochemical analysis and histology of major organs. Locally, implants were partially encapsulated and a pro-regenerative response with abundant M2-type macrophages was found. In summary, we may state that all these agarose types can be safely used in tissue engineering and that the biomechanical properties and biocompatibility were strongly associated to the agarose concentration in the hydrogel and partially associated to the agarose type. These results open the door to the generation of specific agarose-based hydrogels for definite clinical applications such as the human skin, cornea or oral mucosa.
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14
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Chato-Astrain J, Chato-Astrain I, Sánchez-Porras D, García-García ÓD, Bermejo-Casares F, Vairo C, Villar-Vidal M, Gainza G, Villullas S, Oruezabal RI, Ponce-Polo Á, Garzón I, Carriel V, Campos F, Alaminos M. Generation of a novel human dermal substitute functionalized with antibiotic-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with antimicrobial properties for tissue engineering. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:174. [PMID: 33228673 PMCID: PMC7686763 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of patients affected by severe burns is challenging, especially due to the high risk of Pseudomonas infection. In the present work, we have generated a novel model of bioartificial human dermis substitute by tissue engineering to treat infected wounds using fibrin-agarose biomaterials functionalized with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with two anti-Pseudomonas antibiotics: sodium colistimethate (SCM) and amikacin (AMK). RESULTS Results show that the novel tissue-like substitutes have strong antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas cultures, directly proportional to the NLC concentration. Free DNA quantification, WST-1 and Caspase 7 immunohistochemical assays in the functionalized dermis substitute demonstrated that neither cell viability nor cell proliferation were affected by functionalization in most study groups. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for PCNA and KI67 and histochemistry for collagen and proteoglycans revealed that cells proliferated and were metabolically active in the functionalized tissue with no differences with controls. When functionalized tissues were biomechanically characterized, we found that NLCs were able to improve some of the major biomechanical properties of these artificial tissues, although this strongly depended on the type and concentration of NLCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that functionalization of fibrin-agarose human dermal substitutes with antibiotic-loaded NLCs is able to improve the antibacterial and biomechanical properties of these substitutes with no detectable side effects. This opens the door to future clinical use of functionalized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar-Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fabiola Bermejo-Casares
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Claudia Vairo
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | | | - Garazi Gainza
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | - Silvia Villullas
- BioKeralty Research Institute AIE, Albert Einstein, 25-E3, 01510, Miñano, Spain
| | | | - Ángela Ponce-Polo
- Red Andaluza de Diseño Y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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