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Zhu Y, Le O, Xue J, Wycoff S, Fried D. Clinical SWIR and CP-OCT imaging of interproximal lesions. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:959. [PMID: 39153971 PMCID: PMC11330057 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel is highly transparent at short wavelength infrared imaging (SWIR) wavelengths allowing the detection of dental decay without the need for ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to use SWIR imaging methods including cross polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT), occlusal transillumination (SWIR-OT), proximal transillumination (SWIR-PT), and occlusal reflectance (SWIR-R) to image interproximal lesions in vivo and compare the sensitivity with radiography. METHODS Participants (n = 30) aged 18-80 each with a radiopositive interproximal lesion scheduled for restoration were enrolled in the study. Studies have shown that the opposing proximal surfaces across the contact will likely also have lesions. SWIR images were acquired of the adjoining teeth at each contact with an interproximal lesion scheduled for restoration. Lesion presence and depth were assessed on each side of the contact for radiography and each SWIR imaging method. Lesions on radiographs and in CP-OCT images were identified by a single examiner while lesions in SWIR images were identified by a contrast threshold via semi-automatic image segmentation. RESULTS All SWIR imaging methods had significantly higher sensitivity (P < 0.05) than radiographs for the detection of interproximal lesions on the teeth opposite those restored. CP-OCT and SWIR-R imaging methods had significantly higher sensitivity than the other methods. SWIR imaging methods showed significantly higher lesion contrast than radiography. CONCLUSIONS SWIR imaging methods can be used to detect interproximal lesions on posterior teeth with higher diagnostic performance than radiographs. CP-OCT appears well suited as a potential gold standard for the detection of interproximal lesions and assessment of their severity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Zhu
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA
| | - Oanh Le
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA
| | - Joany Xue
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA
| | - Spencer Wycoff
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA
| | - Daniel Fried
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA.
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Angelakopoulos N, Anton Y Otero CI, Franco A, Vazquez L, Leprince J, Abdelaziz M. Atlas of Dental Near-Infrared Transillumination Images. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1154. [PMID: 38893679 PMCID: PMC11172093 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Technological improvements have introduced significant innovations in dentistry and broadened the array of tools and techniques in dental care. One technological development that has been widely researched over the past 20 years is the use of Near-Infrared Transillumination (NIRT) imaging for the diagnosis of dental caries. This paper aims to introduce a comprehensive collection of NIRT images, intended as a reference tool for routine dental examinations, dental research, pedagogical activities, and forensic odontology. The collection presents pairwise clinical and NIRT images categorized as follows: (a) healthy teeth, (b) carious teeth, (c) restored teeth, (d) enamel defects, and (e) diverse findings. This atlas could be a valuable tool for the dental community as it is designed as an identification guide of NIRT illustrated dental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Angelakopoulos
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clara Isabel Anton Y Otero
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ademir Franco
- Division of Forensic Dentistry, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Lydia Vazquez
- Department of Orofacial Rehabilitation, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julian Leprince
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhu Y, Ng C, Le O, Ho YC, Fried D. Diagnostic Performance of Multispectral SWIR Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging for Caries Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2824. [PMID: 37685362 PMCID: PMC10487234 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this clinical study was to compare the diagnostic performance of dual short wavelength infrared (SWIR) occlusal transillumination and reflectance multispectral imaging with conventional visual assessment and radiography for caries detection on premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontics reasons. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) and micro-computed tomography (microCT) performed after tooth extraction were used as gold standards. The custom-fabricated imaging probe was 3D-printed and the imaging system employed a SWIR camera and fiber-optic light sources emitting light at 1300 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600 nm for reflectance measurements. Teeth (n = 135) on 40 test subjects were imaged in vivo using the SWIR imaging prototype in the study and teeth were extracted after imaging. Our study demonstrates for the first time that near-simultaneous real-time transillumination and reflectance video can be successfully acquired for caries detection. Both SWIR imaging modalities had markedly higher sensitivity for lesions on proximal and occlusal surfaces compared to conventional methods (visual and radiographic). Reflectance imaging at 1600 nm had higher sensitivity and specificity than transillumination at 1300 nm. The combined SWIR methods yielded higher specificity but the combined sensitivity was lower than for each individual method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Zhu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (Y.Z.); (C.N.); (O.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chung Ng
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (Y.Z.); (C.N.); (O.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Oanh Le
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (Y.Z.); (C.N.); (O.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Ching Ho
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (Y.Z.); (C.N.); (O.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Fried
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (Y.Z.); (C.N.); (O.L.); (Y.-C.H.)
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Li Z, Li Z, Zaid W, Osborn ML, Li Y, Yao S, Xu J. Mouthwash as a non-invasive method of indocyanine green delivery for near-infrared fluorescence dental imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210326SSRR. [PMID: 35689334 PMCID: PMC9186466 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE X-ray imaging serves as the mainstream imaging in dentistry, but it involves risk of ionizing radiation. AIM This study presents the feasibility of indocyanine green-assisted near-infrared fluorescence (ICG-NIRF) dental imaging with 785-nm NIR laser in the first (ICG-NIRF-I: 700 to 1000 nm) and second (ICG-NIRF-II: 1000 to 1700 nm) NIR wavelengths. APPROACH Sprague Dawley rats with different postnatal days were used as animal models. ICG, as a fluorescence agent, was delivered to dental structures by subcutaneous injection (SC) and oral administration (OA). RESULTS For SC method, erupted and unerupted molars could be observed from ICG-NIRF images at a short imaging time (<1 min). ICG-NIRF-II could achieve a better image contrast in unerupted molars at 24 h after ICG injection. The OA could serve as a non-invasive method for ICG delivery; it could also cause the glow-in-dark effect in unerupted molars. For erupted molars, OA can be considered as mouthwash and exhibits outstanding performance for delivery of ICG dye; erupted molar structures could be observed at a short imaging time (<1 min) and low ICG dose (0.05 mg / kg). CONCLUSIONS Overall, ICG-NIRF with mouthwash could perform in-vivo dental imaging in two NIR wavelengths at a short time and low ICG dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Li
- Louisiana State University, College of Engineering, Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Louisiana State University, College of Engineering, Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Waleed Zaid
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Michelle L. Osborn
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Yanping Li
- University of Saskatchewan, School of Environment and Sustainability, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shaomian Yao
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- University of Saskatchewan, School of Environment and Sustainability, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Zhu Y, Fried D. Measurement of the Depth of Lesions on Proximal Surfaces with SWIR Multispectral Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:597. [PMID: 35328150 PMCID: PMC8947190 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of dual short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) transillumination and reflectance multispectral imaging devices for imaging interproximal lesions with radiography using extracted teeth that had been imaged with micro-computed tomography (microCT). Thirty-six extracted teeth with 67 lesions on the proximal surfaces were imaged using a newly fabricated SWIR multispectral proximal transillumination and reflectance imaging device along with an existing SWIR multispectral occlusal transillumination and reflectance device. The ability of SWIR imaging and radiography to detect lesions and accurately assess lesion dimensions were compared using microCT as a standard. Occlusal and proximal transillumination and occlusal reflectance performed best for imaging interproximal lesions while proximal reflectance was not useful for imaging interproximal lesions from tooth buccal and lingual surfaces. There was high correlation of the lesion dimensions measured in occlusal and proximal transillumination images compared to microCT and moderate correlation in occlusal reflectance images. The correlation between the lesion depth measured in radiographs and the lesion depth measured with microCT was not significant. This study demonstrates that SWIR occlusal and proximal transillumination and SWIR occlusal reflectance images are useful for imaging interproximal lesions and they provide more accurate measurements of lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Fried
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
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Zhu Y, Fried D. Evaluating interproximal and occlusal lesion severity with a dual SWIR transillumination/reflectance probe. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 11942:1194203. [PMID: 35444360 PMCID: PMC9017391 DOI: 10.1117/12.2608288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a clinical probe capable of acquiring simultaneous, multispectral short wavelength infrared (SWIR) reflectance and occlusal transillumination images of lesions on tooth proximal and occlusal surfaces to reduce the potential of false positives and enhance diagnosis. The dual probe was 3D printed and the imaging system uses an InGaAs camera and broadband light sources at 1310 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600 nm for cross-polarization reflectance measurements. In this study a mathematical model to estimate the penetration depth of "hidden" occlusal lesions from the SWIR images was developed. We compared the model's estimated lesion depth on 18 extracted teeth with lesions against microCT measurements. Although the model estimated depth deviates from that measured in microCT at higher depths, there is a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.93) between the estimated depth from SWIR images and the measured depth using microCT. SWIR occlusal transillumination images at 1300 nm also provide information about interproximal lesion penetration depth which can be directly viewed from the occlusal surface. SWIR occlusal transillumination and reflectance depth measurements on 49 natural interproximal lesions were compared with microCT measurements. There was significant correlation between the depths measured with SWIR occlusal transillumination (R2 = 0.81) and reflectance (R2 = 0.19) compared with the depths measured with microCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Zhu
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758
| | - Daniel Fried
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758
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Xing H, Eckert GJ, Ando M. Detection and analyzing plane of non-cavitated approximal caries by cross-polarized optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT). J Dent 2021; 110:103679. [PMID: 33895241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the detection ability and the effect of analyzing plane of CP-OCT for non-cavitated approximal caries. METHODS Thirty human extracted premolars were selected based on micro-computed tomography [μ-CT: μ- CT = 0: sound (n = 12), μ-CT = 1/2: caries into outer-/inner-half of enamel (n = 6 each), μ-CT = 3: caries into outer one-third of dentine (n = 6)]. Teeth were mounted in a custommade device to simulate approximal contact, and scanned from the marginal ridge above the contact area. CP-OCT images were analyzed by deepest caries extension from horizontal and coronal planes, and repeated 48-hrs later. Sensitivity, specificity,percent correct, area under the ROC curve (Az), intra-examiner repeatability and correlation with μ-CT were determined. RESULTS Sensitivity/specificity/Az for Horizontalplane, Coronal-plane, and Deepest from both planes were 94percent/58percent/0.76,81percent/100percent/0.90, and 94 %/58 %/0.82. Coronal-plane had significantly higher specificity than Horizontal-plane and Deepest (p = 0.004) but Horizontal-plane and Deepest were not different (p = 1.00). Horizontal-plane had significantly lower Az than Deepest (p = 0.048), but Coronal-plane was not different than Horizontal-plane (p = 0.07) or Deepest (p = 0.20). Correlation coefficients were Horizontal-plane (0.53, p < 0.001), Coronal-plane (0.84, p < 0.001), and Deepest (0.66, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, CP-OCT could be used to detect non-cavitated approximal caries. Analysis using the Coronal-plane is superior to the Horizontal-plane. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It is challenging to detect non-cavitated approximal caries clinically due to the adjacent tooth. CP-OCT is a nondestructive, no ionized-radiation caries detection technique. CP-OCT seems suitable to detect non-cavitated approximal caries and observing the Coronal-plane appears better than Horizontal-plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xing
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Masatoshi Ando
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Zhu Y, Simon J, Ng C, Fried D. Compact in vivo handheld dual SWIR transillumination/reflectance imaging system for the detection of proximal and occlusal lesions. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 11627:116270N. [PMID: 33790493 PMCID: PMC8008980 DOI: 10.1117/12.2584903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a clinical probe capable of acquiring simultaneous short wavelength infrared (SWIR) cross-polarized reflectance and occlusal transillumination images of lesions on tooth proximal and occlusal surfaces. We hypothesize that the dual SWIR reflectance and transillumination probe will improve the diagnostic accuracy of the device by reducing false positives since it is unlikely that confounding structural features or specular reflection are going to be present in both reflectance and transillumination images. In addition, the dual probe will provide complementary diagnostic information about lesion severity to help discriminate early superficial lesions on tooth surfaces from deeply penetrating lesions. The dual probe was 3D printed and equipped with a compact InGaAs camera and broadband superluminescent diode light sources that emit broadband light at 1300 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600 nm light for cross-polarization reflectance measurements. The first clinical images acquired using this novel probe are presented.
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