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Ranchod S, Rakobowchuk M, Gonzalez C. Distinct age-related brain activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex when increasing cognitive load: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293394. [PMID: 38091335 PMCID: PMC10718428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have long observed distinct brain activity patterns in older adults compared with younger adults that correlate with cognitive performance. Mainly, older adults tend to show over-recruitment of bilateral brain regions during lower task loads and improved performance interpreted as compensation, but not observed at higher loads. However, there are discrepancies about whether increases in activity are compensatory and whether older adults can show compensation at higher loads. Our aim was to examine age-related differences in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity and cognitive performance using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during single and dual N-back tasks. Twenty-seven young adults (18-27 years) and 31 older adults (64-84 yrs) took part in the study. We used a robust fNIRS data methodology consisting of channel and region of interest analyses. Results showed differences in performance between task load conditions and age-related differences in reaction times but no age-group effects for accuracy. Older adults exhibited more bilateral PFC activation compared with young adults across all tasks and showed increases in brain activity in high compared to low load conditions. Our findings further support previous reports showing that older adults use compensatory recruitment of additional brain regions in PFC to maintain cognitive performance but go against the notion that such compensation is not present at higher cognitive loads. Additionally, our results indicate that fNIRS is a sensitive tool that can characterize adaptive cortical changes in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeta Ranchod
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claudia Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Eleveld N, Esquivel-Franco DC, Drost G, Absalom AR, Zeebregts CJ, de Vries JPPM, Elting JWJ, Maurits NM. The Influence of Extracerebral Tissue on Continuous Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Adults: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082776. [PMID: 37109113 PMCID: PMC10146120 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique for measuring regional tissue haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and oxygen saturation (rSO2). It may be used to monitor cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in patients at risk of cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, for example, during cardiothoracic or carotid surgery. However, extracerebral tissue (mainly scalp and skull tissue) influences NIRS measurements, and the extent of this influence is not clear. Thus, before more widespread use of NIRS as an intraoperative monitoring modality is warranted, this issue needs to be better understood. We therefore conducted a systematic review of published in vivo studies of the influence of extracerebral tissue on NIRS measurements in the adult population. Studies that used reference techniques for the perfusion of the intra- and extracerebral tissues or that selectively altered the intra- or extracerebral perfusion were included. Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria and were of sufficient quality. In 14 articles, Hb concentrations were compared directly with measurements from reference techniques, using correlation coefficients. When the intracerebral perfusion was altered, the correlations between Hb concentrations and intracerebral reference technique measurements ranged between |r| = 0.45-0.88. When the extracerebral perfusion was altered, correlations between Hb concentrations and extracerebral reference technique measurements ranged between |r| = 0.22-0.93. In studies without selective perfusion modification, correlations of Hb with intra- and extracerebral reference technique measurements were generally lower (|r| < 0.52). Five articles studied rSO2. There were varying correlations of rSO2 with both intra- and extracerebral reference technique measurements (intracerebral: |r| = 0.18-0.77, extracerebral: |r| = 0.13-0.81). Regarding study quality, details on the domains, participant selection and flow and timing were often unclear. We conclude that extracerebral tissue indeed influences NIRS measurements, although the evidence (i.e., correlation) for this influence varies considerably across the assessed studies. These results are strongly affected by the study protocols and analysis techniques used. Studies employing multiple protocols and reference techniques for both intra- and extracerebral tissues are therefore needed. To quantitatively compare NIRS with intra- and extracerebral reference techniques, we recommend applying a complete regression analysis. The current uncertainty regarding the influence of extracerebral tissue remains a hurdle in the clinical implementation of NIRS for intraoperative monitoring. The protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020199053).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Eleveld
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C Esquivel-Franco
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gea Drost
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony R Absalom
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clark J Zeebregts
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul P M de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem J Elting
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang BBB, Kan RLD, Giron CG, Lin TTZ, Yau SY, Kranz GS. Dose-response relationship between iTBS and prefrontal activation during executive functioning: A fNIRS study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1049130. [PMID: 36606127 PMCID: PMC9807664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1049130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation paradigm that has demonstrated promising therapeutic benefits for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. It has recently garnered widespread favor among researchers and clinicians, owing to its comparable potentiation effects as conventional high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), but administered in a much shorter time frame. However, there is still a lack of agreement over the optimal stimulation intensity, particularly when targeting the prefrontal regions. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of different stimulation intensities of iTBS, applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), on brain activity and executive function in healthy adults. METHODS Twenty young healthy adults were enrolled in this randomized cross-over experiment. All participants received a single session iTBS over the left DLPFC at intensities of 50, 70, or 100% of their individual resting motor threshold (RMT), each on separate visits. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure changes of hemoglobin concentrations in prefrontal areas during the verbal fluency task (VFT) before and after stimulation. RESULTS After stimulation, iTBS to the left DLPFC with 70% RMT maintained the concentration change of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) in the target area during the VFT. In contrast, 50% [t (17) = 2.203, P = 0.042, d = 0.523] and 100% iTBS [t (17) = 2.947, P = 0.009, d = 0.547] significantly decreased change of HbO concentration, indicating an inverse U-shape relationship between stimulation intensity and prefrontal hemodynamic response in healthy young adults. Notably, improved VFT performance was only observed after 70% RMT stimulation [t (17) = 2.511, P = 0.022, d = 0.592]. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between task performance and the difference in HbO concentration change in the targeted area after 70% RMT stimulation (r = 0.496, P = 0.036) but not after 50 or 100% RMT stimulation. CONCLUSION The linear relationship between stimulation intensity and behavioral outcomes reported in previous conventional rTMS studies may not be translated to iTBS. Instead, iTBS at 70% RMT may be more efficacious than 100% RMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella B B Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca L D Kan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cristian G Giron
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tim T Z Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Mental Health Research Center (MHRC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Mental Health Research Center (MHRC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zheng X, Luo J, Deng L, Li B, Li L, Huang DF, Song R. Detection of functional connectivity in the brain during visuo-guided grip force tracking tasks: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1108-1119. [PMID: 33368535 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The functional connectivity (FC) between multiple brain regions during tasks is currently gradually being explored with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, the FC present during grip force tracking tasks performed under visual feedback remains unclear. In the present study, we used fNIRS to measure brain activity during resting states and grip force tracking tasks at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in 11 healthy subjects, and the activity was measured from four target brain regions: the left prefrontal cortex (lPFC), right prefrontal cortex (rPFC), left sensorimotor cortex (lSMC), and right sensorimotor cortex (rSMC). We determined the FC between these regions utilizing three different methods: Pearson's correlation method, partial correlation method, and a pairwise maximum entropy model (MEM). The results showed that the FC of lSMC-rSMC and lPFC-rPFC (interhemispheric homologous pairs) were significantly stronger than those of other brain region pairs. Moreover, FC of lPFC-rPFC was strengthened during the 75% MVC task compared to the other task states and the resting states. The FC of lSMC-lPFC and rSMC-rPFC (intrahemispheric region pairs) strengthened with a higher task load. The results provided new insights into the FC between brain regions during visuo-guided grip force tracking tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Feng Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lim LG, Ung WC, Chan YL, Lu CK, Sutoko S, Funane T, Kiguchi M, Tang TB. A Unified Analytical Framework With Multiple fNIRS Features for Mental Workload Assessment in the Prefrontal Cortex. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:2367-2376. [PMID: 32986555 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3026991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the actual level of mental workload is important to ensure the efficacy of brain-computer interface (BCI) based cognitive training. Extracting signals from limited area of a brain region might not reveal the actual information. In this study, a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device equipped with multi-channel and multi-distance measurement capability was employed for the development of an analytical framework to assess mental workload in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In addition to the conventional features, e.g. hemodynamic slope, we introduced a new feature - deep contribution ratio which is the proportion of cerebral hemodynamics to the fNIRS signals. Multiple sets of features were examined by a simple logical operator to suppress the false detection rate in identifying the activated channels. Using the number of activated channels as input to a linear support vector machine (SVM), the performance of the proposed analytical framework was assessed in classifying three levels of mental workload. The best set of features involves the combination of hemodynamic slope and deep contribution ratio, where the identified number of activated channels returned an average accuracy of 80.6% in predicting mental workload, compared to a single conventional feature (accuracy: 59.8%). This suggests the feasibility of the proposed analytical framework with multiple features as a means towards a more accurate assessment of mental workload in fNIRS-based BCI applications.
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Chen WL, Wagner J, Heugel N, Sugar J, Lee YW, Conant L, Malloy M, Heffernan J, Quirk B, Zinos A, Beardsley SA, Prost R, Whelan HT. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Clinical Application in the Field of Neuroscience: Advances and Future Directions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:724. [PMID: 32742257 PMCID: PMC7364176 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) detects the changes of hemoglobin species inside the brain, but via differences in optical absorption. Within the near-infrared spectrum, light can penetrate biological tissues and be absorbed by chromophores, such as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. What makes fNIRS more advantageous is its portability and potential for long-term monitoring. This paper reviews the basic mechanisms of fNIRS and its current clinical applications, the limitations toward more widespread clinical usage of fNIRS, and current efforts to improve the temporal and spatial resolution of fNIRS toward robust clinical usage within subjects. Oligochannel fNIRS is adequate for estimating global cerebral function and it has become an important tool in the critical care setting for evaluating cerebral oxygenation and autoregulation in patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury. When it comes to a more sophisticated utilization, spatial and temporal resolution becomes critical. Multichannel NIRS has improved the spatial resolution of fNIRS for brain mapping in certain task modalities, such as language mapping. However, averaging and group analysis are currently required, limiting its clinical use for monitoring and real-time event detection in individual subjects. Advances in signal processing have moved fNIRS toward individual clinical use for detecting certain types of seizures, assessing autonomic function and cortical spreading depression. However, its lack of accuracy and precision has been the major obstacle toward more sophisticated clinical use of fNIRS. The use of high-density whole head optode arrays, precise sensor locations relative to the head, anatomical co-registration, short-distance channels, and multi-dimensional signal processing can be combined to improve the sensitivity of fNIRS and increase its use as a wide-spread clinical tool for the robust assessment of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Wagner
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Nicholas Heugel
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jeffrey Sugar
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Lee
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lisa Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marsha Malloy
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Joseph Heffernan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brendan Quirk
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anthony Zinos
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Scott A Beardsley
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert Prost
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Harry T Whelan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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7
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Chang F, Li H, Zhang S, Chen C, Liu C, Cai W. Research progress of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with psychiatric disorders. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 6:141-147. [PMID: 34377571 PMCID: PMC8330753 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1720901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a technique of detecting cerebral cortical function by using near-infrared light, which is a multifunctional neuroimaging technique and provides a convenient and efficient detection method in neuroscience. In consideration of acceptability, safety, high spatial and temporal resolutions compared with electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fNIRS is widely used to study different psychiatric disorders, most prominently affective disorders, schizophrenic illnesses, brain organic mental disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders, etc. The article focuses on the latest research progress and practical application of fNIRS in psychiatric disorders, especially traumatic brain, including studies on the characterization of phenomenology, treatment effects and descriptions of neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.,School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haozhe Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixiong Cai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.,School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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8
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Cao J, Wang X, Liu H, Alexandrakis G. Directional changes in information flow between human brain cortical regions after application of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over Broca's area. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5296-5317. [PMID: 30460129 PMCID: PMC6238934 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done on the information flow in functional brain imaging and none so far in fNIRS. In this work, alterations in the directionality of net information flow induced by a short-duration, low-current (2 min 40 s; 0.5 mA) and a longer-duration, high-current (8 min; 1 mA) anodal tDCS applied over the Broca's area of the dominant language hemisphere were studied by fNIRS. The tDCS-induced patterns of information flow, quantified by a novel directed phase transfer entropy (dPTE) analysis, were distinct for different hemodynamic frequency bands and were qualitatively similar between low and high-current tDCS. In the endothelial band (0.003-0.02 Hz), the stimulated Broca's area became the strongest hub of outgoing information flow, whereas in the neurogenic band (0.02-0.04 Hz) the contralateral homologous area became the strongest information outflow source. In the myogenic band (0.04-0.15 Hz), only global patterns were seen, independent of tDCS stimulation that were interpreted as Mayer waves. These findings showcase dPTE analysis in fNIRS as a novel, complementary tool for studying cortical activity reorganization after an intervention.
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9
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Witmer JS, Aeschlimann EA, Metz AJ, Troche SJ, Rammsayer TH. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings of Visuospatial Working Memory Processes. Part II: A Replication Study in Children on Sensitivity and Mental-Ability-Induced Differences in Functional Activation. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E152. [PMID: 30103538 PMCID: PMC6119993 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study in young adults, we showed that hemodynamic changes as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were sensitive for identifying visuospatial working memory (WM)-related functional brain activation in the prefrontal cortex. This functional activation, however, could not be verified for participants with far-above-average mental ability, suggesting different cognitive processes adopted by this group. The present study was designed to confirm these findings in 11- to 13-year-old children by applying the same study design, experimental task, fNIRS setup, and statistical approach. We successfully replicated the earlier findings on sensitivity of fNIRS with regard to visuospatial WM-specific task demands in our children sample. Likewise, mental-ability-induced differences in functional activation were even more pronounced in the children compared with in the young adults. By testing a children sample, we were able to not only replicate our previous findings based on adult participants but also generalize the validity of these findings to children. This latter aspect seems to be of particular significance considering the relatively large number of fNIRS studies on WM performance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle S Witmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva A Aeschlimann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas J Metz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan J Troche
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Strangman GE, Ivkovic V, Zhang Q. Wearable brain imaging with multimodal physiological monitoring. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:564-572. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00297.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a central component of cognitive and physical human performance. Measures, including functional brain activation, cerebral perfusion, cerebral oxygenation, evoked electrical responses, and resting hemodynamic and electrical activity are all related to, or can predict, health status or performance decrements. However, measuring brain physiology typically requires large, stationary machines that are not suitable for mobile or self-monitoring. Moreover, when individuals are ambulatory, systemic physiological fluctuations—e.g., in heart rate, blood pressure, skin perfusion, and more—can interfere with noninvasive brain measurements. In efforts to address the physiological monitoring and performance assessment needs for astronauts during spaceflight, we have developed easy-to-use, wearable prototypes, such as NINscan, for near-infrared scanning, which can collect synchronized multimodal physiology data, including hemodynamic deep-tissue imaging (including brain and muscles), electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, electrooculography, accelerometry, gyroscopy, pressure, respiration, and temperature measurements. Given their self-contained and portable nature, these devices can be deployed in a much broader range of settings—including austere environments—thereby, enabling a wider range of novel medical and research physiology applications. We review these, including high-altitude assessments, self-deployable multimodal e.g., (polysomnographic) recordings in remote or low-resource environments, fluid shifts in variable-gravity, or spaceflight analog environments, intracranial brain motion during high-impact sports, and long-duration monitoring for clinical symptom-capture in various clinical conditions. In addition to further enhancing sensitivity and miniaturization, advanced computational algorithms could help support real-time feedback and alerts regarding performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E. Strangman
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Translational Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Vladimir Ivkovic
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Quan Zhang
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Nambu I, Ozawa T, Sato T, Aihara T, Fujiwara Y, Otaka Y, Osu R, Izawa J, Wada Y. Transient increase in systemic interferences in the superficial layer and its influence on event-related motor tasks: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:35008. [PMID: 28294282 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.035008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a widely utilized neuroimaging tool in fundamental neuroscience research and clinical investigation. Previous research has revealed that task-evoked systemic artifacts mainly originating from the superficial-tissue may preclude the identification of cerebral activation during a given task. We examined the influence of such artifacts on event-related brain activity during a brisk squeezing movement. We estimated task-evoked superficial-tissue hemodynamics from short source–detector distance channels (15 mm) by applying principal component analysis. The estimated superficial-tissue hemodynamics exhibited temporal profiles similar to the canonical cerebral hemodynamic model. Importantly, this task-evoked profile was also observed in data from a block design motor experiment, suggesting a transient increase in superficial-tissue hemodynamics occurs following motor behavior, irrespective of task design. We also confirmed that estimation of event-related cerebral hemodynamics was improved by a simple superficial-tissue hemodynamic artifact removal process using 15-mm short distance channels, compared to the results when no artifact removal was applied. Thus, our results elucidate task design-independent characteristics of superficial-tissue hemodynamics and highlight the need for the application of superficial-tissue hemodynamic artifact removal methods when analyzing fNIRS data obtained during event-related motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nambu
- Nagaoka University of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Ozawa
- Nagaoka University of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka, JapanbATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanori Sato
- Nagaoka University of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Aihara
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujiwara
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Otaka
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, JapancTokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Narashino, Chiba, JapandKeio University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Izawa
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Lab Group, Keihanna-Science City, Kyoto, JapaneUniversity of Tsukuba, Faculty of Engineering, Information and System, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Nagaoka University of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka, Japan
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12
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Measuring speaker-listener neural coupling with functional near infrared spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43293. [PMID: 28240295 PMCID: PMC5327440 DOI: 10.1038/srep43293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates brain-to-brain coupling, defined as inter-subject correlations in the hemodynamic response, during natural verbal communication. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record brain activity of 3 speakers telling stories and 15 listeners comprehending audio recordings of these stories. Listeners’ brain activity was significantly correlated with speakers’ with a delay. This between-brain correlation disappeared when verbal communication failed. We further compared the fNIRS and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings of listeners comprehending the same story and found a significant relationship between the fNIRS oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration changes and the fMRI BOLD in brain areas associated with speech comprehension. This correlation between fNIRS and fMRI was only present when data from the same story were compared between the two modalities and vanished when data from different stories were compared; this cross-modality consistency further highlights the reliability of the spatiotemporal brain activation pattern as a measure of story comprehension. Our findings suggest that fNIRS can be used for investigating brain-to-brain coupling during verbal communication in natural settings.
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13
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Hu G, Zhang Q, Ivkovic V, Strangman GE. Ambulatory diffuse optical tomography and multimodality physiological monitoring system for muscle and exercise applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:091314. [PMID: 27467190 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambulatory diffuse optical tomography (aDOT) is based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and enables three-dimensional imaging of regional hemodynamics and oxygen consumption during a person’s normal activities. Although NIRS has been previously used for muscle assessment, it has been notably limited in terms of the number of channels measured, the extent to which subjects can be ambulatory, and/or the ability to simultaneously acquire synchronized auxiliary data such as electromyography (EMG) or electrocardiography (ECG). We describe the development of a prototype aDOT system, called NINscan-M, capable of ambulatory tomographic imaging as well as simultaneous auxiliary multimodal physiological monitoring. Powered by four AA size batteries and weighing 577 g, the NINscan-M prototype can synchronously record 64-channel NIRS imaging data, eight channels of EMG, ECG, or other analog signals, plus force, acceleration, rotation, and temperature for 24+ h at up to 250 Hz. We describe the system’s design, characterization, and performance characteristics. We also describe examples of isometric, cycle ergometer, and free-running ambulatory exercise to demonstrate tomographic imaging at 25 Hz. NINscan-M represents a multiuse tool for muscle physiology studies as well as clinical muscle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neural Systems Group, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Quan Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neural Systems Group, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United StatesbBaylor College of Medicine, Center for Space Medicine, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United
| | - Vladimir Ivkovic
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neural Systems Group, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Gary E Strangman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neural Systems Group, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United StatesbBaylor College of Medicine, Center for Space Medicine, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United
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14
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Sakakibara E, Homae F, Kawasaki S, Nishimura Y, Takizawa R, Koike S, Kinoshita A, Sakurada H, Yamagishi M, Nishimura F, Yoshikawa A, Inai A, Nishioka M, Eriguchi Y, Matsuoka J, Satomura Y, Okada N, Kakiuchi C, Araki T, Kan C, Umeda M, Shimazu A, Uga M, Dan I, Hashimoto H, Kawakami N, Kasai K. Detection of resting state functional connectivity using partial correlation analysis: A study using multi-distance and whole-head probe near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2016; 142:590-601. [PMID: 27521742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a functional neuroimaging modality that enables easy-to-use and noninvasive measurement of changes in blood oxygenation levels. We developed a clinically-applicable method for estimating resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) with NIRS using a partial correlation analysis to reduce the influence of extraneural components. Using a multi-distance probe arrangement NIRS, we measured resting state brain activity for 8min in 17 healthy participants. Independent component analysis was used to extract shallow and deep signals from the original NIRS data. Pearson's correlation calculated from original signals was significantly higher than that calculated from deep signals, while partial correlation calculated from original signals was comparable to that calculated from deep (cerebral-tissue) signals alone. To further test the validity of our method, we also measured 8min of resting state brain activity using a whole-head NIRS arrangement consisting of 17 cortical regions in 80 healthy participants. Significant RSFC between neighboring, interhemispheric homologous, and some distant ipsilateral brain region pairs was revealed. Additionally, females exhibited higher RSFC between interhemispheric occipital region-pairs, in addition to higher connectivity between some ipsilateral pairs in the left hemisphere, when compared to males. The combined results of the two component experiments indicate that partial correlation analysis is effective in reducing the influence of extracerebral signals, and that NIRS is able to detect well-described resting state networks and sex-related differences in RSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sakakibara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Homae
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Hitachi Medical Corporation, Application Development Office, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Kinoshita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Sakurada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yamagishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumichika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Yoshikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inai
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishioka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Eriguchi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Satomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Department of Youth Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiemi Kan
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Umeda
- Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Uga
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Health Economics & Epidemiology Research, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Tachtsidis I, Scholkmann F. False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:031405. [PMID: 27054143 PMCID: PMC4791590 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We highlight a significant problem that needs to be considered and addressed when performing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies, namely the possibility of inadvertently measuring fNIRS hemodynamic responses that are not due to neurovascular coupling. These can be misinterpreted as brain activity, i.e., "false positives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a detected hemodynamic response to functional brain activity), or mask brain activity, i.e., "false negatives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a not observed hemodynamic response in the presence of functional brain activity). Here, we summarize the possible physiological origins of these issues and suggest ways to avoid and remove them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Address all correspondence to: Felix Scholkmann, E-mail:
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16
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Tachtsidis I, Scholkmann F. False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016. [PMID: 27054143 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We highlight a significant problem that needs to be considered and addressed when performing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies, namely the possibility of inadvertently measuring fNIRS hemodynamic responses that are not due to neurovascular coupling. These can be misinterpreted as brain activity, i.e., "false positives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a detected hemodynamic response to functional brain activity), or mask brain activity, i.e., "false negatives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a not observed hemodynamic response in the presence of functional brain activity). Here, we summarize the possible physiological origins of these issues and suggest ways to avoid and remove them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London , Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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