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Janson M, Glimelius L, Fredriksson A, Traneus E, Engwall E. Treatment planning of scanned proton beams in RayStation. Med Dosim 2023; 49:2-12. [PMID: 37996354 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of scanned proton beams in external beam radiation therapy has seen a rapid development over the past decade. This technique places new demands on treatment planning, as compared to conventional photon-based radiation therapy. In this article, several proton specific functions as implemented in the treatment planning system RayStation are presented. We will cover algorithms for energy layer and spot selection, basic optimization including the handling of spot weight limits, optimization of the linear energy transfer (LET) distribution, robust optimization including the special case of 4D optimization, proton arc planning, and automatic planning using deep learning. We will further present the Monte Carlo (MC) proton dose engine in RayStation to some detail, from the material interpretation of the CT data, through the beam model parameterization, to the actual MC transport mechanism. Useful tools for plan evaluation, including robustness evaluation, and the versatile scripting interface are also described. The overall aim of the paper is to give an overview of some of the key proton planning functions in RayStation, with example usages, and at the same time provide the details about the underlying algorithms that previously have not been fully publicly available.
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Rutherford H, Chacon A, Mohammadi A, Takyu S, Tashima H, Yoshida E, Nishikido F, Hofmann T, Pinto M, Franklin DR, Yamaya T, Parodi K, Rosenfeld AB, Guatelli S, Safavi-Naeini M. Dose quantification in carbon ion therapy using in-beam positron emission tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:235052. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abaa23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tao L, Zhu K, Zhu J, Xu X, Lin C, Ma W, Lu H, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Chen JE, Yan X. An analytical reconstruction model of the spread-out Bragg peak using laser-accelerated proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:5200-5212. [PMID: 28447960 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6fce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of laser technology, laser-driven proton acceleration provides a new method for proton tumor therapy. However, it has not been applied in practice because of the wide and decreasing energy spectrum of laser-accelerated proton beams. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to reconstruct the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) using laser-accelerated proton beams. Firstly, we present a modified weighting formula for protons of different energies. Secondly, a theoretical model for the reconstruction of SOBPs with laser-accelerated proton beams has been built. It can quickly calculate the number of laser shots needed for each energy interval of the laser-accelerated protons. Finally, we show the 2D reconstruction results of SOBPs for laser-accelerated proton beams and the ideal situation. The final results show that our analytical model can give an SOBP reconstruction scheme that can be used for actual tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Kim YK, Kang T, Jung MY, Hur MS. Effects of laser polarizations on shock generation and shock ion acceleration in overdense plasmas. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:033211. [PMID: 27739790 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.033211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of laser-pulse polarization on the generation of an electrostatic shock in an overdense plasma were investigated using particle-in-cell simulations. We found, from one-dimensional simulations, that total and average energies of reflected ions from a circular polarization- (CP) driven shock front are a few times higher than those from a linear polarization- (LP) driven one for a given pulse energy. Moreover, it was discovered that the pulse transmittance is the single dominant factor for determining the CP-shock formation, while the LP shock is affected by the plasma scale length as well as the transmittance. In two-dimensional simulations, it is observed that the transverse instability, such as Weibel-like instability, can be suppressed more efficiently by CP pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kuk Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Teyoun Kang
- School of Natural Science, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Moon Youn Jung
- Bio-Photonics Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea
| | - Min Sup Hur
- School of Natural Science, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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Dense blocks of energetic ions driven by multi-petawatt lasers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22150. [PMID: 26924793 PMCID: PMC4770588 DOI: 10.1038/srep22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-driven ion accelerators have the advantages of compact size, high density, and short bunch duration over conventional accelerators. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to simultaneously enhance the yield and quality of laser-driven ion beams for practical applications. Here we propose a scheme to address this challenge via the use of emerging multi-petawatt lasers and a density-modulated target. The density-modulated target permits its ions to be uniformly accelerated as a dense block by laser radiation pressure. In addition, the beam quality of the accelerated ions is remarkably improved by embedding the target in a thick enough substrate, which suppresses hot electron refluxing and thus alleviates plasma heating. Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that almost all ions in a solid-density plasma of a few microns can be uniformly accelerated to about 25% of the speed of light by a laser pulse at an intensity around 1022 W/cm2. The resulting dense block of energetic ions may drive fusion ignition and more generally create matter with unprecedented high energy density.
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Kim YK, Cho MH, Song HS, Kang T, Park HJ, Jung MY, Hur MS. Shock ion acceleration by an ultrashort circularly polarized laser pulse via relativistic transparency in an exploded target. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:043102. [PMID: 26565351 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.043102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated ion acceleration by an electrostatic shock in an exploded target irradiated by an ultrashort, circularly polarized laser pulse by means of one- and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We discovered that the laser field penetrating via relativistic transparency (RT) rapidly heated the upstream electron plasma to enable the formation of a high-speed electrostatic shock. Owing to the RT-based rapid heating and the fast compression of the initial density spike by a circularly polarized pulse, a new regime of the shock ion acceleration driven by an ultrashort (20-40 fs), moderately intense (1-1.4 PW) laser pulse is envisaged. This regime enables more efficient shock ion acceleration under a limited total pulse energy than a linearly polarized pulse with crystal laser systems of λ∼1μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kuk Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
| | - Myung-Hoon Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Hyung Seon Song
- School of Natural Science, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
| | - Teyoun Kang
- School of Natural Science, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Park
- Biomed Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea
| | - Moon Youn Jung
- Biomed Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea
| | - Min Sup Hur
- School of Natural Science, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
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Yoo SH, Cho I, Cho S, Song Y, Jung WG, Kim DH, Shin D, Lee SB, Pae KH, Park SY. Effective generation of the spread-out-Bragg peak from the laser accelerated proton beams using a carbon-proton mixed target. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2014; 37:635-44. [PMID: 25154880 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-014-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional laser accelerated proton beam has broad energy spectra. It is not suitable for clinical use directly, so it is necessary for employing energy selection system. However, in the conventional laser accelerated proton system, the intensity of the proton beams in the low energy regime is higher than that in the high energy regime. Thus, to generate spread-out-Bragg peak (SOBP), stronger weighting value to the higher energy proton beams is needed and weaker weighting value to the lower energy proton beams is needed, which results in the wide range of weighting values. The purpose of this research is to investigate a method for efficient generating of the SOBP with varying magnetic field in the energy selection system using a carbon-proton mixture target. Energy spectrum of the laser accelerated proton beams was acquired using Particle-In-Cell simulations. The Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit was implemented for energy selection, particle transportation, and dosimetric property measurement. The energy selection collimator hole size of the energy selection system was changed from 1 to 5 mm in order to investigate the effect of hole size on the dosimetric properties for Bragg peak and SOBP. To generate SOBP, magnetic field in the energy selection system was changed during beam irradiation with each beam weighting factor. In this study, our results suggest that carbon-proton mixture target based laser accelerated proton beams can generate quasi-monoenergetic energy distribution and result in the efficient generation of SOBP. A further research is needed to optimize SOBP according to each range and modulated width using an optimized weighting algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Yoo
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Korea,
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Richter C, Karsch L, Dammene Y, Kraft SD, Metzkes J, Schramm U, Schürer M, Sobiella M, Weber A, Zeil K, Pawelke J. A dosimetric system for quantitative cell irradiation experiments with laser-accelerated protons. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:1529-43. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/6/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jette D, Yuan J, Chen W. Oblique incidence for broad monoenergetic proton beams. Med Phys 2010; 37:5683-90. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3495969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Schell S, Wilkens JJ. Advanced treatment planning methods for efficient radiation therapy with laser accelerated proton and ion beams. Med Phys 2010; 37:5330-40. [PMID: 21089768 DOI: 10.1118/1.3491406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Schell S, Wilkens JJ. Modifying proton fluence spectra to generate spread-out Bragg peaks with laser accelerated proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:N459-66. [PMID: 19741280 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/n04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chen M, Pukhov A, Yu TP, Sheng ZM. Enhanced collimated GeV monoenergetic ion acceleration from a shaped foil target irradiated by a circularly polarized laser pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:024801. [PMID: 19659213 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.024801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations we study ion acceleration from a foil irradiated by a circularly polarized laser pulse at 10;{22} W/cm;{2} intensity. When the foil is shaped initially in the transverse direction to match the laser intensity profile, three different regions (acceleration, transparency, and deformation region) are observed. In the acceleration region, the foil can be uniformly accelerated for a longer time compared to a usual flat target. Undesirable plasma heating is effectively suppressed. The final energy spectrum of the accelerated ion beam in the acceleration region is improved dramatically. Collimated GeV quasi-monoenergetic ion beams carrying as much as 19% of the laser energy are observed in multidimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Fourkal E, Fan J, Veltchev I. Absolute dose reconstruction in proton therapy using PET imaging modality: feasibility study. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:N217-28. [PMID: 19436106 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fan J, Luo W, Fourkal E, Lin T, Li J, Veltchev I, Ma CM. Shielding design for a laser-accelerated proton therapy system. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:3913-30. [PMID: 17664585 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/13/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the shielding analysis to determine the necessary neutron and photon shielding for a laser-accelerated proton therapy system. Laser-accelerated protons coming out of a solid high-density target have broad energy and angular spectra leading to dose distributions that cannot be directly used for therapeutic applications. A special particle selection and collimation device is needed to generate desired proton beams for energy- and intensity-modulated proton therapy. A great number of unwanted protons and even more electrons as a side-product of laser acceleration have to be stopped by collimation devices and shielding walls, posing a challenge in radiation shielding. Parameters of primary particles resulting from the laser-target interaction have been investigated by particle-in-cell simulations, which predicted energy spectra with 300 MeV maximum energy for protons and 270 MeV for electrons at a laser intensity of 2 x 10(21) W cm(-2). Monte Carlo simulations using FLUKA have been performed to design the collimators and shielding walls inside the treatment gantry, which consist of stainless steel, tungsten, polyethylene and lead. A composite primary collimator was designed to effectively reduce high-energy neutron production since their highly penetrating nature makes shielding very difficult. The necessary shielding for the treatment gantry was carefully studied to meet the criteria of head leakage <0.1% of therapeutic absorbed dose. A layer of polyethylene enclosing the whole particle selection and collimation device was used to shield neutrons and an outer layer of lead was used to reduce photon dose from neutron capture and electron bremsstrahlung. It is shown that the two-layer shielding design with 10-12 cm thick polyethylene and 4 cm thick lead can effectively absorb the unwanted particles to meet the shielding requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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