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Near-Infrared Fluorescence-Enhanced Optical Tomography. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5040814. [PMID: 27803924 PMCID: PMC5075630 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging using near-infrared (NIR) light developed for in vivo molecular targeting and reporting of cancer provides promising opportunities for diagnostic imaging. The current state of the art of NIR fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography is reviewed in the context of the principle of fluorescence, the different measurement schemes employed, and the mathematical tools established to tomographically reconstruct the fluorescence optical properties in various tissue domains. Finally, we discuss the recent advances in forward modeling and distributed memory parallel computation to provide robust, accurate, and fast fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography.
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Erickson-Bhatt SJ, Roman M, Gonzalez J, Nunez A, Kiszonas R, Lopez-Penalver C, Godavarty A. Noninvasive Surface Imaging of Breast Cancer in Humans using a Hand-held Optical Imager. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015; 1. [PMID: 27366327 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
X-ray mammography, the current gold standard for breast cancer detection, has a 20% false-negative rate (cancer is undetected) and increases in younger women with denser breast tissue. Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a safe (nonionizing), and relatively inexpensive method for noninvasive imaging of breast cancer in human subjects (including dense breast tissues) by providing physiological information (e.g. oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin concentration). At the Optical Imaging Laboratory, a hand-held optical imager has been developed which employs a breast contourable probe head to perform simultaneous illumination and detection of large surfaces towards near real-time imaging of human breast cancer. Gen-1 and gen-2 versions of the handheld optical imager have been developed and previously demonstrated imaging in tissue phantoms and healthy human subjects. Herein, the hand-held optical imagers are applied towards in vivo imaging of breast cancer subjects in an attempt to determine the ability of the imager to detect breast tumors. Five female human subjects (ages 51-74) diagnosed with breast cancer were imaged with the gen-1 optical imager prior to surgical intervention. One of the subjects was also imaged with the gen-2 optical imager. Both imagers use 785 nm laser diode sources and ICCD camera detectors to generate 2D surfaces maps of total hemoglobin absorption. The subjects lay in supine position and images were collected at various locations on both the ipsilateral (tumor-containing) and contralateral (non-tumor containing) breasts. The optical images (2D surface maps of optical absorption due to total hemoglobin concentration) show regions of higher intensity at the tumor location, which is indicative of increased vasculature and higher blood content due to the presence of the tumor. Additionally, a preliminary result indicates the potential to image lymphatic spread. This study demonstrates the potential of the hand-held optical devices to noninvasively image breast cancer in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Erickson-Bhatt
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler St. EC2610, Miami, FL, USA 33174
| | - Manuela Roman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler St. EC2610, Miami, FL, USA 33174
| | - Jean Gonzalez
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler St. EC2610, Miami, FL, USA 33174
| | - Annie Nunez
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler St. EC2610, Miami, FL, USA 33174
| | - Richard Kiszonas
- Dept. of Breast Radiology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1475 N.W. 12th Ave., Miami, FL, USA 33136
| | | | - Anuradha Godavarty
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler St. EC2610, Miami, FL, USA 33174
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Godavarty A, Rodriguez S, Jung YJ, Gonzalez S. Optical imaging for breast cancer prescreening. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2015; 7:193-209. [PMID: 26229503 PMCID: PMC4516032 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s51702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer prescreening is carried out prior to the gold standard screening using X-ray mammography and/or ultrasound. Prescreening is typically carried out using clinical breast examination (CBE) or self-breast examinations (SBEs). Since CBE and SBE have high false-positive rates, there is a need for a low-cost, noninvasive, non-radiative, and portable imaging modality that can be used as a prescreening tool to complement CBE/SBE. This review focuses on the various hand-held optical imaging devices that have been developed and applied toward early-stage breast cancer detection or as a prescreening tool via phantom, in vivo, and breast cancer imaging studies. Apart from the various optical devices developed by different research groups, a wide-field fiber-free near-infrared optical scanner has been developed for transillumination-based breast imaging in our Optical Imaging Laboratory. Preliminary in vivo studies on normal breast tissues, with absorption-contrasted targets placed in the intramammary fold, detected targets as deep as 8.8 cm. Future work involves in vivo imaging studies on breast cancer subjects and comparison with the gold standard X-ray mammography approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Godavarty
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Suset Rodriguez
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Young-Jin Jung
- Department of Radiological Science, Dongseo University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Stephanie Gonzalez
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Darne C, Lu Y, Sevick-Muraca EM. Small animal fluorescence and bioluminescence tomography: a review of approaches, algorithms and technology update. Phys Med Biol 2013; 59:R1-64. [PMID: 24334634 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/1/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging fluorescence and bioluminescence tomography approaches have several common, yet several distinct features from established emission tomographies of PET and SPECT. Although both nuclear and optical imaging modalities involve counting of photons, nuclear imaging techniques collect the emitted high energy (100-511 keV) photons after radioactive decay of radionuclides while optical techniques count low-energy (1.5-4.1 eV) photons that are scattered and absorbed by tissues requiring models of light transport for quantitative image reconstruction. Fluorescence imaging has been recently translated into clinic demonstrating high sensitivity, modest tissue penetration depth, and fast, millisecond image acquisition times. As a consequence, the promise of quantitative optical tomography as a complement of small animal PET and SPECT remains high. In this review, we summarize the different instrumentation, methodological approaches and schema for inverse image reconstructions for optical tomography, including luminescence and fluorescence modalities, and comment on limitations and key technological advances needed for further discovery research and translation.
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Roman M, Gonzalez J, Carrasquilla J, Erickson SJ, Akhter R, Godavarty A. Resolution of a Gen-2 handheld optical imager: diffuse and fluorescence imaging studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:8060-8066. [PMID: 24513758 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A generation-2 (Gen-2) handheld optical imager capable of two-dimensional surface and three-dimensional tomographic imaging has recently been developed. Herein, the ability of the handheld imager to detect and resolve two targets under diffuse and fluorescence imaging conditions has been demonstrated via tissue phantom studies. Two-dimensional surface imaging studies demonstrated that two 0.96 cm diameter Indocyannine Green targets were detected and resolved ~0.5 cm apart (between edges) at a target depth of 1 cm during diffuse imaging and up to 2 cm depth during fluorescence imaging. Preliminary 3D tomographic imaging capability to resolve the two targets was also demonstrated, but requires extensive future studies.
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Erickson SJ, Martinez SL, DeCerce J, Romero A, Caldera L, Godavarty A. Three-dimensional fluorescence tomography of human breast tissues in vivo using a hand-held optical imager. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:1563-79. [PMID: 23417060 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging using non-ionizing radiation is a non-invasive method that shows promise towards breast cancer diagnosis. Hand-held optical imagers show potential for clinical translation of the technology, yet they have not been used towards 3D tomography. Herein, 3D tomography of human breast tissue in vivo is demonstrated for the first time using a hand-held optical imager with automated coregistration facilities. Simulation studies are performed on breast geometries to demonstrate the feasibility of 3D tomographic imaging using a hand-held imager under perfect (1:0) and imperfect (100:1, 50:1) fluorescence absorption contrast ratios. Experimental studies are performed in vivo using a 1 µM ICG filled phantom target placed non-invasively underneath the flap of the breast tissue. Results show the ability to perform automated tracking and coregistered imaging of human breast tissue (with tracking accuracy on the order of ∼1 cm). Three-dimensional tomography results demonstrated the ability to recover a single target placed at a depth of 2.5 cm, from both the simulated (at 1:0, 100:1 and 50:1 contrasts) and experimental cases on actual breast tissues. Ongoing efforts to improve target depth recovery are carried out via implementation of transmittance imaging in the hand-held imager.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Erickson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street EC 2610, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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Ban HY, Busch DR, Pathak S, Moscatelli FA, Machida M, Schotland JC, Markel VA, Yodh AG. Diffuse optical tomography in the presence of a chest wall. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:26016. [PMID: 23392384 PMCID: PMC3566530 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.2.026016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has been employed to derive spatial maps of physiologically important chromophores in the human breast, but the fidelity of these images is often compromised by boundary effects such as those due to the chest wall. We explore the image quality in fast, data-intensive analytic and algebraic linear DOT reconstructions of phantoms with subcentimeter target features and large absorptive regions mimicking the chest wall. Experiments demonstrate that the chest wall phantom can introduce severe image artifacts. We then show how these artifacts can be mitigated by exclusion of data affected by the chest wall. We also introduce and demonstrate a linear algebraic reconstruction method well suited for very large data sets in the presence of a chest wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Y Ban
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, USA.
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Gonzalez J, DeCerce J, Erickson SJ, Martinez SL, Nunez A, Roman M, Traub B, Flores CA, Roberts SM, Hernandez E, Aguirre W, Kiszonas R, Godavarty A. Hand-held optical imager (Gen-2): improved instrumentation and target detectability. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:081402-1. [PMID: 23224163 PMCID: PMC3381015 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hand-held optical imagers are developed by various researchers towards reflectance-based spectroscopic imaging of breast cancer. Recently, a Gen-1 handheld optical imager was developed with capabilities to perform two-dimensional (2-D) spectroscopic as well as three-dimensional (3-D) tomographic imaging studies. However, the imager was bulky with poor surface contact (~30%) along curved tissues, and limited sensitivity to detect targets consistently. Herein, a Gen-2 hand-held optical imager that overcame the above limitations of the Gen-1 imager has been developed and the instrumentation described. The Gen-2 hand-held imager is less bulky, portable, and has improved surface contact (~86%) on curved tissues. Additionally, the forked probe head design is capable of simultaneous bilateral reflectance imaging of both breast tissues, and also transillumination imaging of a single breast tissue. Experimental studies were performed on tissue phantoms to demonstrate the improved sensitivity in detecting targets using the Gen-2 imager. The improved instrumentation of the Gen-2 imager allowed detection of targets independent of their location with respect to the illumination points, unlike in Gen-1 imager. The developed imager has potential for future clinical breast imaging with enhanced sensitivity, via both reflectance and transillumination imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gonzalez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Joseph DeCerce
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Sarah J. Erickson
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Sergio L. Martinez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Annie Nunez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Manuela Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Barbara Traub
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Cecilia A. Flores
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Seigbeh M. Roberts
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Estrella Hernandez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Wenceslao Aguirre
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Richard Kiszonas
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Imaging Division, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Anuradha Godavarty
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33174
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Flexman ML, Kim HK, Stoll R, Khalil MA, Fong CJ, Hielscher AH. A wireless handheld probe with spectrally constrained evolution strategies for diffuse optical imaging of tissue. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:033108. [PMID: 22462907 PMCID: PMC3360692 DOI: 10.1063/1.3694494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a low-cost, portable, wireless diffuse optical imaging device. The handheld device is fast, portable, and can be applied to a wide range of both static and dynamic imaging applications including breast cancer, functional brain imaging, and peripheral artery disease. The continuous-wave probe has four near-infrared wavelengths and uses digital detection techniques to perform measurements at 2.3 Hz. Using a multispectral evolution algorithm for chromophore reconstruction, we can measure absolute oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration as well as scattering in tissue. Performance of the device is demonstrated using a series of liquid phantoms comprised of Intralipid(®), ink, and dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Flexman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Gen-2 hand-held optical imager towards cancer imaging: reflectance and transillumination phantom studies. SENSORS 2012; 12:1885-97. [PMID: 22438743 PMCID: PMC3304145 DOI: 10.3390/s120201885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hand-held near-infrared (NIR) optical imagers are developed by various researchers towards non-invasive clinical breast imaging. Unlike these existing imagers that can perform only reflectance imaging, a generation-2 (Gen-2) hand-held optical imager has been recently developed to perform both reflectance and transillumination imaging. The unique forked design of the hand-held probe head(s) allows for reflectance imaging (as in ultrasound) and transillumination or compressed imaging (as in X-ray mammography). Phantom studies were performed to demonstrate two-dimensional (2D) target detection via reflectance and transillumination imaging at various target depths (1–5 cm deep) and using simultaneous multiple point illumination approach. It was observed that 0.45 cc targets were detected up to 5 cm deep during transillumination, but limited to 2.5 cm deep during reflectance imaging. Additionally, implementing appropriate data post-processing techniques along with a polynomial fitting approach, to plot 2D surface contours of the detected signal, yields distinct target detectability and localization. The ability of the gen-2 imager to perform both reflectance and transillumination imaging allows its direct comparison to ultrasound and X-ray mammography results, respectively, in future clinical breast imaging studies.
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Zhu B, Tan IC, Rasmussen JC, Sevick-Muraca EM. Validating the Sensitivity and Performance of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Tomography Devices Using a Novel Solid Phantom and Measurement Approach. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 11:95-104. [DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aid of indocyanine green (ICG), lymphatic architecture and function in both mice and humans has been successfully imaged non-invasively using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging devices. Maximal measurement sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging devices is needed for “first-in-humans” molecularly targeting NIR fluorescence agents that are brighter than non-specific ICG. In this study, we developed a solid phantom and measurement approach for the quantification of excitation light leakage and measurement sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging devices. The constructed solid phantom, consisting of quantum dots impregnated onto specularly reflective surface, shows long-term stability and can be used as a traceable fluorescence standard. With the constructed solid phantom, the intensified CCD (ICCD)-based device demonstrated more than 300% higher measurement sensitivity compared to the Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) based device when integration time was maintained less than 1.0 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Zhu
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - I.-C. Tan
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - J. C. Rasmussen
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - E. M. Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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Two-dimensional Fast Surface Imaging Using a Handheld Optical Device: In Vitro and In Vivo Fluorescence Studies. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:16-22. [PMID: 20165691 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging is a noninvasive and nonionizing modality that is emerging as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer. The handheld optical devices developed to date using the NIR technology are predominantly developed for spectroscopic applications. A novel handheld probe-based optical imaging device has been recently developed toward area imaging and tomography applications. The three-dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging capabilities of the device have been demonstrated from previous fluorescence studies on tissue phantoms. In the current work, fluorescence imaging studies are performed on tissue phantoms, in vitro, and in vivo tissue models to demonstrate the fast two-dimensional (2D) surface imaging capabilities of this flexible handheld-based optical imaging device, toward clinical breast imaging studies. Preliminary experiments were performed using target(s) of varying volume (0.23 and 0.45 cm(3)) and depth (1-2 cm), using indocyanine green as the fluorescence contrast agent in liquid phantom, in vitro, and in vivo tissue models. The feasibility of fast 2D surface imaging ( approximately 5 seconds) over large surface areas of 36 cm(2) was demonstrated from various tissue models. The surface images could differentiate the target(s) from the background, allowing a rough estimate of the target's location before extensive 3D tomographic analysis (future studies).
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Ge J, Erickson SJ, Godavarty A. Multi-projection fluorescence optical tomography using a handheld-probe-based optical imager: phantom studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:4343-4354. [PMID: 20697435 PMCID: PMC2975621 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A handheld-probe-based optical imager has recently been developed toward three-dimensional tomography. In this study, the improvement of target depth recovery was demonstrated using a multi-projection technique on large slab phantoms using 0.45 cc fluorescing target(s) (with 1:0 contrast ratio) of 1.5 to 2.5 cm deep. Tomographic results using single- and multi- (here dual) projection measurements (with and without a priori information of target location) were compared. In all experimental cases, the use of multi-projection measurements along with a priori information recovered target depth and location closer to their true values, demonstrating its applicability for clinical translation.
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Erickson SJ, Martinez SL, Gonzalez J, Caldera L, Godavarty A. Improved detection limits using a hand-held optical imager with coregistration capabilities. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:126-134. [PMID: 21258452 PMCID: PMC3005178 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging is emerging as a non-invasive and non-ionizing method for breast cancer diagnosis. A hand-held optical imager has been developed with coregistration facilities towards flexible imaging of different tissue volumes and curvatures in near real-time. Herein, fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging experiments are performed to demonstrate deeper target detection under perfect and imperfect (100:1) uptake conditions in (liquid) tissue phantoms and in vitro. Upon summation of multiple scans (fluorescence intensity images), fluorescent targets are detected at greater depths than from single scan alone.
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Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography (NIRFC) in mouse models of bile duct injury. World J Surg 2010; 34:336-43. [PMID: 20033407 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accidental injury to the common bile duct is a rare but serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Accurate visualization of the biliary ducts may prevent injury or allow its early detection. Conventional X-ray cholangiography is often used and can mitigate the severity of injury when correctly interpreted. However, it may be useful to have an imaging method that could provide real-time extrahepatic bile duct visualization without changing the field of view from the laparoscope. The purpose of the present study was to test a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent agent that is rapidly excreted via the biliary route in preclinical models to evaluate intraoperative real-time near infrared fluorescent cholangiography (NIRFC). METHODS To investigate probe function and excretion, a lipophilic near-infrared fluorescent agent with hepatobiliary excretion was injected intravenously into one group of C57/BL6 control mice and four groups of C57/BL6 mice under the following experimentally induced conditions: (1) chronic biliary obstruction, (2) acute biliary obstruction (3) bile duct perforation, and (4) choledocholithiasis, respectively. The biliary system was imaged intravitally for 1 h with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) with an intraoperative small animal imaging system (excitation 649 nm, emission 675 nm). RESULTS The extrahepatic ducts and extraluminal bile were clearly visible due to the robust fluorescence of the excreted fluorochrome. Twenty-five minutes after intravenous injection, the target-to-background ratio peaked at 6.40 +/- 0.83 but signal was clearly visible for ~60 min. The agent facilitated rapid identification of biliary obstruction and bile duct perforation. Implanted beads simulating choledocholithiasis were promptly identifiable within the common bile duct lumen. CONCLUSIONS Near-infrared fluorescent agents with hepatobiliary excretion may be used intraoperatively to visualize extrahepatic biliary anatomy and physiology. Used in conjunction with laparoscopic imaging technologies, the use of this technique should enhance hepatobiliary surgery.
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Regalado S, Erickson SJ, Zhu B, Ge J, Godavarty A. Automated coregistered imaging using a hand-held probe-based optical imager. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:023702. [PMID: 20192497 DOI: 10.1063/1.3271019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared optical imaging holds a promise as a noninvasive technology toward cancer diagnostics and other tissue imaging applications. In recent years, hand-held based imagers are of great interest toward the clinical translation of the technology. However hand-held imagers developed to date are typically designed to obtain surface images and not tomography information due to lack of coregistration facilities. Herein, a recently developed hand-held probe-based optical imager in our Optical Imaging Laboratory has been implemented with novel coregistration facilities toward real-time and tomographic imaging of tissue phantoms. Continuous-wave fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging studies were performed using an intensified charge coupled device camera based imaging system in order to demonstrate the feasibility of automated coregistered imaging of flat phantom surfaces, using a flexible probe that can also contour to curvatures. Three-dimensional fluorescence tomographic reconstructions were also demonstrated using coregistered frequency-domain measurements obtained using the hand-held based optical imager. It was also observed from preliminary studies on cubical phantoms that multiple coregistered scans differentiated deeper targets (approximately 3 cm) from artifacts that were not feasible from a single coregistered scan, demonstrating the possibility of improved target depth detectability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Regalado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
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Biswal NC, Gamelin JK, Yuan B, Backer MV, Backer JM, Zhu Q. Fluorescence imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumors for mice embedded in a turbid medium. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:016012. [PMID: 20210458 PMCID: PMC2839800 DOI: 10.1117/1.3306704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of fluorescence imaging of deeply seated tumors using mice injected with an angiogenesis tracer, a vascular endothelial growth factor conjugated with the infrared dye cyanine 7 (VEGF/Cy7). Our optical-only imaging reconstruction method separately estimates the target depth, and then applies this information to reconstruct functional information such as fluorophore concentration. Fluorescence targets with concentrations as low as sub-25 nM are well reconstructed at depths up to 2 cm in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nrusingh C Biswal
- University of Connecticut, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Ge J, Erickson SJ, Godavarty A. Fluorescence tomographic imaging using a handheld-probe-based optical imager: extensive phantom studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6408-16. [PMID: 19935959 PMCID: PMC2975031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Handheld-probe-based optical imagers are a popular approach toward breast imaging because of their potential portability and maximum patient comfort. A novel handheld-probe-based optical imager has been developed and its feasibility for three-dimensional fluorescence tomographic imaging demonstrated. Extensive tomography studies were performed on large slab phantoms (650 ml) to assess the performance limits of the handheld imager. Experiments were performed by using different target volumes (0.1-0.45 cm3), target depths (1-3 cm), and fluorescence (Indocyanine Green) absorption contrast ratios in a nonfluorescing (1:0) and constant fluorescing backgrounds (1000:1 to 5:1). The estimated sensitivity and specificity of the handheld imager are 43% and 95%, respectively.
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Erickson SJ, Godavarty A. Hand-held based near-infrared optical imaging devices: A review. Med Eng Phys 2009; 31:495-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Photodiagnosis for cutaneous malignancy: a brief clinical and technical review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 5:247-50. [PMID: 19356664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodiagnosis (PD) for cutaneous malignancy attempts to differentiate between normal and diseased skin without the need for histological evaluation. This technique exploits natural or induced differences in fluorescent signatures between these tissues. The technique may be as simple as using ultraviolet light in combination with clinical exam to as complex as optical tomography. While the need is great due to the enormous number of skin lesions currently requiring physical biopsy, the results so far generated are not as specific or sensitive as is required in the clinic. This brief review outlines the value of PD, its potential applications and shortcomings as well as a short primer on the most common technique employed in clinical practice.
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Rasmussen JC, Tan IC, Marshall MV, Fife CE, Sevick-Muraca EM. Lymphatic imaging in humans with near-infrared fluorescence. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:74-82. [PMID: 19233639 PMCID: PMC2692490 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While the lymphatic system is increasingly associated with diseases of prevalence, study of these diseases is difficult owing to the paucity of imaging techniques with the sensitivity and temporal resolution to discriminate lymphatic function. Herein, we review the known, pertinent features of the human lymphatic system in health and disease and set the context for a number of emerging studies that use near-infrared fluorescence imaging to non-invasively assess tumor draining lymphatic basins in cancer patients, intraoperatively guide resection of first draining lymph nodes, and to interrogate the difference between normal and aberrant lymphatic structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Rasmussen
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St. SRB 330A, Houston, TX 77030
| | - I-Chih Tan
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St. SRB 330A, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Milton V. Marshall
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St. SRB 330A, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Caroline E. Fife
- Division of Cardiology, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Wound Healing and Lymphedema Therapy, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eva M. Sevick-Muraca
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St. SRB 330A, Houston, TX 77030
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