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Antão J, de Mast J, Marques A, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Deng Q. Demystification of artificial intelligence for respiratory clinicians managing patients with obstructive lung diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:1207-1219. [PMID: 38270524 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2302940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite all available diagnostics and treatments, these conditions pose a significant individual, economic and social burden. Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to support clinical decision-making processes by optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies of these heterogeneous and complex chronic respiratory diseases. Its capabilities extend to predicting exacerbation risk, disease progression and mortality, providing healthcare professionals with valuable insights for more effective care. Nevertheless, the knowledge gap between respiratory clinicians and data scientists remains a major constraint for wide application of AI and may hinder future progress. This narrative review aims to bridge this gap and encourage AI deployment by explaining its methodology and added value in asthma and COPD diagnosis and treatment. AREAS COVERED This review offers an overview of the fundamental concepts of AI and machine learning, outlines the key steps in building a model, provides examples of their applicability in asthma and COPD care, and discusses barriers to their implementation. EXPERT OPINION Machine learning can advance our understanding of asthma and COPD, enabling personalized therapy and better outcomes. Further research and validation are needed to ensure the development of clinically meaningful and generalizable models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Antão
- Lab3R - Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro (ESSUA), Aveiro, Portugal
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Mast
- Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alda Marques
- Lab3R - Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro (ESSUA), Aveiro, Portugal
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Frits M E Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Qichen Deng
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Behrendt F, Bengs M, Bhattacharya D, Krüger J, Opfer R, Schlaefer A. A systematic approach to deep learning-based nodule detection in chest radiographs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10120. [PMID: 37344565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a serious disease responsible for millions of deaths every year. Early stages of lung cancer can be manifested in pulmonary lung nodules. To assist radiologists in reducing the number of overseen nodules and to increase the detection accuracy in general, automatic detection algorithms have been proposed. Particularly, deep learning methods are promising. However, obtaining clinically relevant results remains challenging. While a variety of approaches have been proposed for general purpose object detection, these are typically evaluated on benchmark data sets. Achieving competitive performance for specific real-world problems like lung nodule detection typically requires careful analysis of the problem at hand and the selection and tuning of suitable deep learning models. We present a systematic comparison of state-of-the-art object detection algorithms for the task of lung nodule detection. In this regard, we address the critical aspect of class imbalance and and demonstrate a data augmentation approach as well as transfer learning to boost performance. We illustrate how this analysis and a combination of multiple architectures results in state-of-the-art performance for lung nodule detection, which is demonstrated by the proposed model winning the detection track of the Node21 competition. The code for our approach is available at https://github.com/FinnBehrendt/node21-submit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Behrendt
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Bengs
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Debayan Bhattacharya
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Schlaefer
- Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
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Juan J, Monsó E, Lozano C, Cufí M, Subías-Beltrán P, Ruiz-Dern L, Rafael-Palou X, Andreu M, Castañer E, Gallardo X, Ullastres A, Sans C, Lujàn M, Rubiés C, Ribas-Ripoll V. Computer-assisted diagnosis for an early identification of lung cancer in chest X rays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7720. [PMID: 37173327 PMCID: PMC10182094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms have shown its usefulness for the identification of pulmonary nodules in chest x-rays, but its capability to diagnose lung cancer (LC) is unknown. A CAD algorithm for the identification of pulmonary nodules was created and used on a retrospective cohort of patients with x-rays performed in 2008 and not examined by a radiologist when obtained. X-rays were sorted according to the probability of pulmonary nodule, read by a radiologist and the evolution for the following three years was assessed. The CAD algorithm sorted 20,303 x-rays and defined four subgroups with 250 images each (percentiles ≥ 98, 66, 33 and 0). Fifty-eight pulmonary nodules were identified in the ≥ 98 percentile (23,2%), while only 64 were found in lower percentiles (8,5%) (p < 0.001). A pulmonary nodule was confirmed by the radiologist in 39 out of 173 patients in the high-probability group who had follow-up information (22.5%), and in 5 of them a LC was diagnosed with a delay of 11 months (12.8%). In one quarter of the chest x-rays considered as high-probability for pulmonary nodule by a CAD algorithm, the finding is confirmed and corresponds to an undiagnosed LC in one tenth of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Juan
- Innovation Department, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Eduard Monsó
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.
| | - Carme Lozano
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Marta Cufí
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Andreu
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Eva Castañer
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Xavier Gallardo
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Anna Ullastres
- Innovation Department, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Carles Sans
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Lujàn
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Carles Rubiés
- Informatics and Systems Department, Granollers General Hospital, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
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Utilizing Synthetic Nodules for Improving Nodule Detection in Chest Radiographs. J Digit Imaging 2022; 35:1061-1068. [PMID: 35304676 PMCID: PMC9485384 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-022-00608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Algorithms that automatically identify nodular patterns in chest X-ray (CXR) images could benefit radiologists by reducing reading time and improving accuracy. A promising approach is to use deep learning, where a deep neural network (DNN) is trained to classify and localize nodular patterns (including mass) in CXR images. Such algorithms, however, require enough abnormal cases to learn representations of nodular patterns arising in practical clinical settings. Obtaining large amounts of high-quality data is impractical in medical imaging where (1) acquiring labeled images is extremely expensive, (2) annotations are subject to inaccuracies due to the inherent difficulty in interpreting images, and (3) normal cases occur far more frequently than abnormal cases. In this work, we devise a framework to generate realistic nodules and demonstrate how they can be used to train a DNN identify and localize nodular patterns in CXR images. While most previous research applying generative models to medical imaging are limited to generating visually plausible abnormalities and using these patterns for augmentation, we go a step further to show how the training algorithm can be adjusted accordingly to maximally benefit from synthetic abnormal patterns. A high-precision detection model was first developed and tested on internal and external datasets, and the proposed method was shown to enhance the model's recall while retaining the low level of false positives.
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Martin SS, Kolaneci D, Wichmann JL, Lenga L, Leithner D, Vogl TJ, Jacobi V. Development and evaluation of a computer-based decision support system for diffuse lung diseases at high-resolution computed tomography. Acta Radiol 2022; 63:328-335. [PMID: 33657848 DOI: 10.1177/0284185121995799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is essential in narrowing the possible differential diagnoses of diffuse and interstitial lung diseases. PURPOSE To investigate the value of a novel computer-based decision support system (CDSS) for facilitating diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases at HRCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS A CDSS was developed that includes about 100 different illustrations of the most common HRCT signs and patterns and describes the corresponding pathologies in detail. The logical set-up of the software facilitates a structured evaluation. By selecting one or more CT patterns, the program generates a ranked list of the most likely differential diagnoses. Three independent and blinded radiology residents initially evaluated 40 cases with different lung diseases alone; after at least 12 weeks, observers re-evaluated all cases using the CDSS. RESULTS In 40 patients, a total of 113 HRCT patterns were evaluated. The percentage of correctly classified patterns was higher with CDSS (96.8%) compared to assessment without CDSS (90.3%; P < 0.01). Moreover, the percentage of correct diagnosis (81.7% vs. 64.2%) and differential diagnoses (89.2% vs. 38.3%) were superior with CDSS compared to evaluation without CDSS (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Addition of a CDSS using a structured approach providing explanations of typical HRCT patterns and graphical illustrations significantly improved the performance of trainees in characterizing and correctly identifying diffuse lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Martin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Delina Kolaneci
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julian L Wichmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Lenga
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Doris Leithner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas J Vogl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volkmar Jacobi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Alzaid A, Wignall A, Dogramadzi S, Pandit H, Xie SQ. Automatic detection and classification of peri-prosthetic femur fracture. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2022; 17:649-660. [PMID: 35157227 PMCID: PMC8948116 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-021-02552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Object classification and localization is a key task of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool. Although there have been numerous generic deep learning (DL) models developed for CAD, there is no work in the literature to evaluate their effectiveness when utilized in diagnosing fractures in proximity of joint implants. In this work, we aim to assess the performance of existing classification systems on binary and multi-class problems (fracture types) using plain radiographs. In addition, we evaluated the performance of object detection systems using the one- and two-stage DL architectures. Methods A data set of 1272 X-ray images of Peri-prosthetic Femur Fracture PFF was collected. The fractures were annotated with bounding boxes and classified according to the Vancouver Classification System (type A, B, C) by two clinical specialists. Four classification models such as Densenet161, Resnet50, Inception, VGG and two object detection models such as Faster RCNN and RetinaNet were evaluated, and their performance compared. Six confusion matrix-based measures were reported to evaluate fracture classification. For localization of the fracture, Average Precision and localization accuracy were reported. Results The Resnet50 showed the best performance with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$95\%$$\end{document}95% accuracy and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$94\%$$\end{document}94% F1-score in the binary classification: fracture/normal. In addition, the Resnet50 showed \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$90\%$$\end{document}90% accuracy in multi-classification (normal, Vancouver type A, B and C). Conclusions A large data set of PFF images and the annotations of fracture features by two independent assessments were created to implement a DL-based approach for detecting, classifying and localizing PFFs. It was shown that this approach could be a promising diagnostic tool of fractures in proximity of joint implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alzaid
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Sanja Dogramadzi
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hemant Pandit
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheng Quan Xie
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Collaborates with Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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Agrawal T, Choudhary P. Segmentation and classification on chest radiography: a systematic survey. THE VISUAL COMPUTER 2022; 39:875-913. [PMID: 35035008 PMCID: PMC8741572 DOI: 10.1007/s00371-021-02352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chest radiography (X-ray) is the most common diagnostic method for pulmonary disorders. A trained radiologist is required for interpreting the radiographs. But sometimes, even experienced radiologists can misinterpret the findings. This leads to the need for computer-aided detection diagnosis. For decades, researchers were automatically detecting pulmonary disorders using the traditional computer vision (CV) methods. Now the availability of large annotated datasets and computing hardware has made it possible for deep learning to dominate the area. It is now the modus operandi for feature extraction, segmentation, detection, and classification tasks in medical imaging analysis. This paper focuses on the research conducted using chest X-rays for the lung segmentation and detection/classification of pulmonary disorders on publicly available datasets. The studies performed using the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models for segmentation and classification on chest X-rays are also included in this study. GAN has gained the interest of the CV community as it can help with medical data scarcity. In this study, we have also included the research conducted before the popularity of deep learning models to have a clear picture of the field. Many surveys have been published, but none of them is dedicated to chest X-rays. This study will help the readers to know about the existing techniques, approaches, and their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agrawal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005 India
| | - Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005 India
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Dorri Giv M, Haghighi Borujeini M, Seifi Makrani D, Dastranj L, Yadollahi M, Semyari S, Sadrnia M, Ataei G, Riahi Madvar H. Lung Segmentation using Active Shape Model to Detect the Disease from Chest Radiography. J Biomed Phys Eng 2021; 11:747-756. [PMID: 34904071 PMCID: PMC8649165 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2105-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Some parametric models are used to diagnose problems of lung segmentation more easily and effectively. Objective: The present study aims to detect lung diseases (nodules and tuberculosis) better using an active shape model (ASM) from chest radiographs. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, six grouping methods, including three primary methods such as physicians, Dice similarity, and correlation coefficients) and also three secondary methods using SVM (Support Vector Machine) were used to classify the chest radiographs regarding diaphragm congestion and heart reshaping. The most effective method, based on the evaluation of the results by a radiologist, was found and used as input data for segmenting the images by active shape model (ASM). Several segmentation parameters were evaluated to calculate the accuracy of segmentation. This work was conducted on JSRT (Japanese Society of Radiological Technology) database images and tuberculosis database images were used for validation. Results: The results indicated that the ASM can detect 94.12 ± 2.34 % and 94.38 ± 3.74 % (mean± standard deviation) of pulmonary nodules in left and right lungs, respectively, from the JRST radiology datasets. Furthermore, the ASM model detected 88.33 ± 6.72 % and 90.37 ± 5.48 % of tuberculosis in left and right lungs, respectively. Conclusion: The ASM segmentation method combined with pre-segmentation grouping can be used as a preliminary step to identify areas with tuberculosis or pulmonary nodules. In addition, this presented approach can be used to measure the size and dimensions of the heart in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Dorri Giv
- PhD, Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Danial Seifi Makrani
- PhD Candidate, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dastranj
- MSc, Department of Physics, Hakim Sabzevari Universuty, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Yadollahi
- MSc, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Semyari
- MSc, Department of Physic, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadrnia
- BSc, Department of Radiology Technology, Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ataei
- MSc, Department of Radiology Technology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamideh Riahi Madvar
- MSc, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research of Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Moses DA. Deep learning applied to automatic disease detection using chest X-rays. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2021; 65:498-517. [PMID: 34231311 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) has shown rapid advancement and considerable promise when applied to the automatic detection of diseases using CXRs. This is important given the widespread use of CXRs across the world in diagnosing significant pathologies, and the lack of trained radiologists to report them. This review article introduces the basic concepts of DL as applied to CXR image analysis including basic deep neural network (DNN) structure, the use of transfer learning and the application of data augmentation. It then reviews the current literature on how DNN models have been applied to the detection of common CXR abnormalities (e.g. lung nodules, pneumonia, tuberculosis and pneumothorax) over the last few years. This includes DL approaches employed for the classification of multiple different diseases (multi-class classification). Performance of different techniques and models and their comparison with human observers are presented. Some of the challenges facing DNN models, including their future implementation and relationships to radiologists, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Moses
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Agrawal T, Choudhary P. FocusCovid: automated COVID-19 detection using deep learning with chest X-ray images. EVOLVING SYSTEMS 2021; 13:519-533. [PMID: 38624806 PMCID: PMC8106902 DOI: 10.1007/s12530-021-09385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acronym for coronavirus disease 2019. Initially, it was called 2019-nCoV, and later International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) termed it SARS-CoV-2. On 30th January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic. With an increasing number of COVID-19 cases, the available medical infrastructure is essential to detect the suspected cases. Medical imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT), chest radiography can play an important role in the early screening and detection of COVID-19 cases. It is important to identify and separate the cases to stop the further spread of the virus. Artificial Intelligence can play an important role in COVID-19 detection and decreases the workload on collapsing medical infrastructure. In this paper, a deep convolutional neural network-based architecture is proposed for the COVID-19 detection using chest radiographs. The dataset used to train and test the model is available on different public repositories. Despite having the high accuracy of the model, the decision on COVID-19 should be made in consultation with the trained medical clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agrawal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005 India
| | - Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005 India
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On the performance of lung nodule detection, segmentation and classification. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 89:101886. [PMID: 33706112 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) screening is an effective way for early detection of lung cancer in order to improve the survival rate of such a deadly disease. For more than two decades, image processing techniques such as nodule detection, segmentation, and classification have been extensively studied to assist physicians in identifying nodules from hundreds of CT slices to measure shapes and HU distributions of nodules automatically and to distinguish their malignancy. Thanks to new parallel computation, multi-layer convolution, nonlinear pooling operation, and the big data learning strategy, recent development of deep-learning algorithms has shown great progress in lung nodule screening and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) applications due to their high sensitivity and low false positive rates. This paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art deep-learning-based lung nodule screening and analysis techniques focusing on their performance and clinical applications, aiming to help better understand the current performance, the limitation, and the future trends of lung nodule analysis.
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Rajagopalan K, Babu S. The detection of lung cancer using massive artificial neural network based on soft tissue technique. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:282. [PMID: 33129343 PMCID: PMC7602294 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proposed computer aided detection (CAD) scheme faces major issues during subtle nodule recognition. However, radiologists have not noticed subtle nodules in beginning stage of lung cancer while a proposed CAD scheme recognizes non subtle nodules using x-ray images. METHOD Such an issue has been resolved by creating MANN (Massive Artificial Neural Network) based soft tissue technique from the lung segmented x-ray image. A soft tissue image recognizes nodule candidate for feature extortion and classification. X-ray images are downloaded using Japanese society of radiological technology (JSRT) image set. This image set includes 233 images (140 nodule x-ray images and 93 normal x-ray images). A mean size for a nodule is 17.8 mm and it is validated with computed tomography (CT) image. Thirty percent (42/140) abnormal represents subtle nodules and it is split into five stages (tremendously subtle, very subtle, subtle, observable, relatively observable) by radiologists. RESULT A proposed CAD scheme without soft tissue technique attained 66.42% (93/140) sensitivity and 66.76% accuracy having 2.5 false positives per image. Utilizing soft tissue technique, many nodules superimposed by ribs as well as clavicles have identified (sensitivity is 72.85% (102/140) and accuracy is 72.96% at one false positive rate). CONCLUSION In particular, a proposed CAD system determine sensitivity and accuracy in support of subtle nodules (sensitivity is 14/42 = 33.33% and accuracy is 33.66%) is statistically higher than CAD (sensitivity is 13/42 = 30.95% and accuracy is 30.97%) scheme without soft tissue technique. A proposed CAD scheme attained tremendously minimum false positive rate and it is a promising technique in support of cancerous recognition due to improved sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Rajagopalan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Kamaraj college of engineering and technology (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, India
| | - Suresh Babu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Kamaraj college of engineering and technology (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, India
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Chen S, Han Y, Lin J, Zhao X, Kong P. Pulmonary nodule detection on chest radiographs using balanced convolutional neural network and classic candidate detection. Artif Intell Med 2020; 107:101881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mendoza J, Pedrini H. Detection and classification of lung nodules in chest X‐ray images using deep convolutional neural networks. Comput Intell 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/coin.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Mendoza
- Institute of ComputingUniversity of Campinas Campinas‐SP Brazil
| | - Helio Pedrini
- Institute of ComputingUniversity of Campinas Campinas‐SP Brazil
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15
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Li X, Shen L, Xie X, Huang S, Xie Z, Hong X, Yu J. Multi-resolution convolutional networks for chest X-ray radiograph based lung nodule detection. Artif Intell Med 2019; 103:101744. [PMID: 31732411 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2019.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Early detection of lung cancer is helpful to provide the best possible clinical treatment for patients. Due to the limited number of radiologist and the huge number of chest x-ray radiographs (CXR) available for observation, a computer-aided detection scheme should be developed to assist radiologists in decision-making. While deep learning showed state-of-the-art performance in several computer vision applications, it has not been used for lung nodule detection on CXR. In this paper, a deep learning-based lung nodule detection method was proposed. We employed patch-based multi-resolution convolutional networks to extract the features and employed four different fusion methods for classification. The proposed method shows much better performance and is much more robust than those previously reported researches. For publicly available Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JSRT) database, more than 99% of lung nodules can be detected when the false positives per image (FPs/image) was 0.2. The FAUC and R-CPM of the proposed method were 0.982 and 0.987, respectively. The proposed approach has the potential of applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Itelligent Information Processing, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, PR China
| | - Linlin Shen
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Itelligent Information Processing, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, PR China.
| | - Xinpeng Xie
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, PR China
| | - Shiyun Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Public Health Insititue, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China.
| | - Zhien Xie
- GuangzhHou Thoracic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China.
| | - Xian Hong
- GuangzhHou Thoracic Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
| | - Juan Yu
- Imaging Department of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China.
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16
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Deep Learning Models for Medical Image Analysis: Challenges and Future Directions. BIG DATA ANALYTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37188-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Mao C, Pan Y, Zeng Z, Yao L, Luo Y. Deep Generative Classifiers for Thoracic Disease Diagnosis with Chest X-ray Images. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE 2018; 2018:1209-1214. [PMID: 31341701 PMCID: PMC6651749 DOI: 10.1109/bibm.2018.8621107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic diseases are very serious health problems that plague a large number of people. Chest X-ray is currently one of the most popular methods to diagnose thoracic diseases, playing an important role in the healthcare workflow. However, reading the chest X-ray images and giving an accurate diagnosis remain challenging tasks for expert radiologists. With the success of deep learning in computer vision, a growing number of deep neural network architectures were applied to chest X-ray image classification. However, most of the previous deep neural network classifiers were based on deterministic architectures which are usually very noise-sensitive and are likely to aggravate the overfitting issue. In this paper, to make a deep architecture more robust to noise and to reduce overfitting, we propose using deep generative classifiers to automatically diagnose thorax diseases from the chest X-ray images. Unlike the traditional deterministic classifier, a deep generative classifier has a distribution middle layer in the deep neural network. A sampling layer then draws a random sample from the distribution layer and input it to the following layer for classification. The classifier is generative because the class label is generated from samples of a related distribution. Through training the model with a certain amount of randomness, the deep generative classifiers are expected to be robust to noise and can reduce overfitting and then achieve good performances. We implemented our deep generative classifiers based on a number of well-known deterministic neural network architectures, and tested our models on the chest X-ray14 dataset. The results demonstrated the superiority of deep generative classifiers compared with the corresponding deep deterministic classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsheng Mao
- Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yiheng Pan
- Dept. of EECS, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Yao
- Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Review: On Segmentation of Nodules from Posterior and Anterior Chest Radiographs. Int J Biomed Imaging 2018; 2018:9752638. [PMID: 30498510 PMCID: PMC6220737 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9752638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the major types of cancer in the world. Survival rate can be increased if the disease can be identified early. Posterior and anterior chest radiography and computerized tomography scans are the most used diagnosis techniques for detecting tumor from lungs. Posterior and anterior chest radiography requires less radiation dose and is available in most of the diagnostic centers and it costs less compared to the remaining diagnosis techniques. So PA chest radiography became the most commonly used technique for lung cancer detection. Because of superimposed anatomical structures present in the image, sometimes radiologists cannot find abnormalities from the image. To help radiologists in diagnosing tumor from PA chest radiographic images range of CAD scheme has been developed for the past three decades. These computerized tools may be used by radiologists as a second opinion in detecting tumor. Literature survey on detecting tumors from chest graphs is presented in this paper.
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19
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Qin C, Yao D, Shi Y, Song Z. Computer-aided detection in chest radiography based on artificial intelligence: a survey. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:113. [PMID: 30134902 PMCID: PMC6103992 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common examination tool in medical practice, chest radiography has important clinical value in the diagnosis of disease. Thus, the automatic detection of chest disease based on chest radiography has become one of the hot topics in medical imaging research. Based on the clinical applications, the study conducts a comprehensive survey on computer-aided detection (CAD) systems, and especially focuses on the artificial intelligence technology applied in chest radiography. The paper presents several common chest X-ray datasets and briefly introduces general image preprocessing procedures, such as contrast enhancement and segmentation, and bone suppression techniques that are applied to chest radiography. Then, the CAD system in the detection of specific disease (pulmonary nodules, tuberculosis, and interstitial lung diseases) and multiple diseases is described, focusing on the basic principles of the algorithm, the data used in the study, the evaluation measures, and the results. Finally, the paper summarizes the CAD system in chest radiography based on artificial intelligence and discusses the existing problems and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
| | - Demin Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
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20
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Artificial intelligence as a medical device in radiology: ethical and regulatory issues in Europe and the United States. Insights Imaging 2018; 9:745-753. [PMID: 30112675 PMCID: PMC6206380 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-018-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Worldwide interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications is growing rapidly. In medicine, devices based on machine/deep learning have proliferated, especially for image analysis, presaging new significant challenges for the utility of AI in healthcare. This inevitably raises numerous legal and ethical questions. In this paper we analyse the state of AI regulation in the context of medical device development, and strategies to make AI applications safe and useful in the future. We analyse the legal framework regulating medical devices and data protection in Europe and in the United States, assessing developments that are currently taking place. The European Union (EU) is reforming these fields with new legislation (General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR], Cybersecurity Directive, Medical Devices Regulation, In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Regulation). This reform is gradual, but it has now made its first impact, with the GDPR and the Cybersecurity Directive having taken effect in May, 2018. As regards the United States (U.S.), the regulatory scene is predominantly controlled by the Food and Drug Administration. This paper considers issues of accountability, both legal and ethical. The processes of medical device decision-making are largely unpredictable, therefore holding the creators accountable for it clearly raises concerns. There is a lot that can be done in order to regulate AI applications. If this is done properly and timely, the potentiality of AI based technology, in radiology as well as in other fields, will be invaluable. Teaching Points • AI applications are medical devices supporting detection/diagnosis, work-flow, cost-effectiveness. • Regulations for safety, privacy protection, and ethical use of sensitive information are needed. • EU and U.S. have different approaches for approving and regulating new medical devices. • EU laws consider cyberattacks, incidents (notification and minimisation), and service continuity. • U.S. laws ask for opt-in data processing and use as well as for clear consumer consent.
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21
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Nawrocki T, Maldjian PD, Slasky SE, Contractor SG. Artificial Intelligence and Radiology: Have Rumors of the Radiologist's Demise Been Greatly Exaggerated? Acad Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Li X, Shen L, Luo S. A Solitary Feature-Based Lung Nodule Detection Approach for Chest X-Ray Radiographs. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 22:516-524. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2661805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Suzuki K. Overview of deep learning in medical imaging. Radiol Phys Technol 2017; 10:257-273. [PMID: 28689314 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-017-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of machine learning (ML) has been increasing rapidly in the medical imaging field, including computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), radiomics, and medical image analysis. Recently, an ML area called deep learning emerged in the computer vision field and became very popular in many fields. It started from an event in late 2012, when a deep-learning approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) won an overwhelming victory in the best-known worldwide computer vision competition, ImageNet Classification. Since then, researchers in virtually all fields, including medical imaging, have started actively participating in the explosively growing field of deep learning. In this paper, the area of deep learning in medical imaging is overviewed, including (1) what was changed in machine learning before and after the introduction of deep learning, (2) what is the source of the power of deep learning, (3) two major deep-learning models: a massive-training artificial neural network (MTANN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN), (4) similarities and differences between the two models, and (5) their applications to medical imaging. This review shows that ML with feature input (or feature-based ML) was dominant before the introduction of deep learning, and that the major and essential difference between ML before and after deep learning is the learning of image data directly without object segmentation or feature extraction; thus, it is the source of the power of deep learning, although the depth of the model is an important attribute. The class of ML with image input (or image-based ML) including deep learning has a long history, but recently gained popularity due to the use of the new terminology, deep learning. There are two major models in this class of ML in medical imaging, MTANN and CNN, which have similarities as well as several differences. In our experience, MTANNs were substantially more efficient in their development, had a higher performance, and required a lesser number of training cases than did CNNs. "Deep learning", or ML with image input, in medical imaging is an explosively growing, promising field. It is expected that ML with image input will be the mainstream area in the field of medical imaging in the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suzuki
- Medical Imaging Research Center and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3440 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA. .,World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Wang C, Elazab A, Wu J, Hu Q. Lung nodule classification using deep feature fusion in chest radiography. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2017; 57:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Binary coordinate ascent: An efficient optimization technique for feature subset selection for machine learning. Knowl Based Syst 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Fuzzy Clustering Applied to ROI Detection in Helical Thoracic CT Scans with a New Proposal and Variants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8058245. [PMID: 27517049 PMCID: PMC4967987 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8058245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The detection of pulmonary nodules is one of the most studied problems in the field of medical image analysis due to the great difficulty in the early detection of such nodules and their social impact. The traditional approach involves the development of a multistage CAD system capable of informing the radiologist of the presence or absence of nodules. One stage in such systems is the detection of ROI (regions of interest) that may be nodules in order to reduce the space of the problem. This paper evaluates fuzzy clustering algorithms that employ different classification strategies to achieve this goal. After characterising these algorithms, the authors propose a new algorithm and different variations to improve the results obtained initially. Finally it is shown as the most recent developments in fuzzy clustering are able to detect regions that may be nodules in CT studies. The algorithms were evaluated using helical thoracic CT scans obtained from the database of the LIDC (Lung Image Database Consortium).
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27
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Chen S, Yao L, Chen B. A parameterized logarithmic image processing method with Laplacian of Gaussian filtering for lung nodule enhancement in chest radiographs. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 54:1793-1806. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Zuluaga MA, Burgos N, Mendelson AF, Taylor AM, Ourselin S. Voxelwise atlas rating for computer assisted diagnosis: Application to congenital heart diseases of the great arteries. Med Image Anal 2015; 26:185-94. [PMID: 26433929 PMCID: PMC4686005 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atlas-based analysis methods rely on the morphological similarity between the atlas and target images, and on the availability of labelled images. Problems can arise when the deformations introduced by pathologies affect the similarity between the atlas and a patient's image. The aim of this work is to exploit the morphological dissimilarities between atlas databases and pathological images to diagnose the underlying clinical condition, while avoiding the dependence on labelled images. We propose a voxelwise atlas rating approach (VoxAR) relying on multiple atlas databases, each representing a particular condition. Using a local image similarity measure to assess the morphological similarity between the atlas and target images, a rating map displaying for each voxel the condition of the atlases most similar to the target is defined. The final diagnosis is established by assigning the condition of the database the most represented in the rating map. We applied the method to diagnose three different conditions associated with dextro-transposition of the great arteries, a congenital heart disease. The proposed approach outperforms other state-of-the-art methods using annotated images, with an accuracy of 97.3% when evaluated on a set of 60 whole heart MR images containing healthy and pathological subjects using cross validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zuluaga
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK.
| | - Ninon Burgos
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - Alex F Mendelson
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew M Taylor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK; Cardiorespiratory Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Sébastien Ourselin
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
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29
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Suzuki K. Separation of bones from chest radiographs by means of anatomically specific multiple massive-training ANNs combined with total variation minimization smoothing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:246-257. [PMID: 24132005 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2013.2284016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most lung nodules that are missed by radiologists as well as computer-aided detection (CADe) schemes overlap with ribs or clavicles in chest radiographs (CXRs). The purpose of this study was to separate bony structures such as ribs and clavicles from soft tissue in CXRs. To achieve this, we developed anatomically specific multiple massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) combined with total variation (TV) minimization smoothing and a histogram-matching-based consistency improvement method. The anatomically specific multiple MTANNs were designed to separate bones from soft tissue in different anatomic segments of the lungs. Each of the MTANNs was trained with the corresponding anatomic segment in the teaching bone images. The output segmental images from the multiple MTANNs were merged to produce an entire bone image. TV minimization smoothing was applied to the bone image for reduction of noise while preserving edges. This bone image was then subtracted from the original CXR to produce a soft-tissue image where bones were separated out. This new method was compared with conventional MTANNs with a database of 110 CXRs with nodules. Our new anatomically specific MTANNs separated rib edges, ribs close to the lung wall, and the clavicles from soft tissue in CXRs to a substantially higher level than did the conventional MTANNs, while the conspicuity of lung nodules and vessels was maintained. Thus, our technique for bone-soft-tissue separation by means of our new MTANNs would be potentially useful for radiologists as well as CADe schemes in detection of lung nodules on CXRs.
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30
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Suzuki K. Machine Learning in Computer-aided Diagnosis of the Thorax and Colon in CT: A Survey. IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2013; E96-D:772-783. [PMID: 24174708 PMCID: PMC3810349 DOI: 10.1587/transinf.e96.d.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided detection (CADe) and diagnosis (CAD) has been a rapidly growing, active area of research in medical imaging. Machine leaning (ML) plays an essential role in CAD, because objects such as lesions and organs may not be represented accurately by a simple equation; thus, medical pattern recognition essentially require "learning from examples." One of the most popular uses of ML is the classification of objects such as lesion candidates into certain classes (e.g., abnormal or normal, and lesions or non-lesions) based on input features (e.g., contrast and area) obtained from segmented lesion candidates. The task of ML is to determine "optimal" boundaries for separating classes in the multidimensional feature space which is formed by the input features. ML algorithms for classification include linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), multilayer perceptrons, and support vector machines (SVM). Recently, pixel/voxel-based ML (PML) emerged in medical image processing/analysis, which uses pixel/voxel values in images directly, instead of features calculated from segmented lesions, as input information; thus, feature calculation or segmentation is not required. In this paper, ML techniques used in CAD schemes for detection and diagnosis of lung nodules in thoracic CT and for detection of polyps in CT colonography (CTC) are surveyed and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin 132012, China.
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Suzuki K. A review of computer-aided diagnosis in thoracic and colonic imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2012; 2:163-76. [PMID: 23256078 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2012.09.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Medical imaging has been indispensable in medicine since the discovery of x-rays. Medical imaging offers useful information on patients' medical conditions and on the causes of their symptoms and diseases. As imaging technologies advance, a large number of medical images are produced which physicians/radiologists must interpret. Thus, computer aids are demanded and become indispensable in physicians' decision making based on medical images. Consequently, computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) has been investigated and has been an active research area in medical imaging. CAD is defined as detection and/or diagnosis made by a radiologist/physician who takes into account the computer output as a "second opinion". In CAD research, detection and diagnosis of lung and colorectal cancer in thoracic and colonic imaging constitute major areas, because lung and colorectal cancers are the leading and second leading causes, respectively, of cancer deaths in the U.S. and also in other countries. In this review, CAD of the thorax and colon, including CAD for detection and diagnosis of lung nodules in thoracic CT, and that for detection of polyps in CT colonography, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Matsunaga T, Suzuki K, Hattori A, Fukui M, Kitamura Y, Miyasaka Y, Takamochi K, Oh S. Lung cancer with scattered consolidation: detection of new independent radiological category of peripheral lung cancer on thin-section computed tomography. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 16:445-9. [PMID: 23248167 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ground glass opacity (GGO) on thin-section computed tomography (CT) has been reported to be a favourable prognostic marker in lung cancer, and the size or area of GGO is commonly used for preoperative evaluation. However, it can sometimes be difficult to evaluate the status of GGO. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 572 consecutive patients with resected lung cancer of clinical stage IA between 2004 and 2011. All patients underwent preoperative CT and their radiological findings were reviewed. The areas of consolidation and GGO were evaluated for all lung cancers. Lung cancers were divided into three categories on the basis of the status of GGO: GGO, part solid and pure solid. Lung cancers in which it was difficult to measure GGO were selected and their clinicopathological features were investigated. RESULTS Seventy-one (12.4%) patients had lung cancer in whom it was difficult to measure GGO. In all these cases, consolidation and GGO were not easily measured because of their scattered distribution. In this cohort, nodal metastases were not observed at all. The frequency of other pathological factors, such as lymphatic and/or vascular invasion, was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This new category of lung cancer with scattered consolidation on thin-section CT scan tended to be pathologically less invasive. When lung cancer has GGO and is difficult to measure because of a scattered distribution, its prognosis could be favourable regardless of the area of GGO. This new category could be useful for the preoperative evaluation of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsunaga
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Chen S, Suzuki K. Computerized detection of lung nodules by means of "virtual dual-energy" radiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2012. [PMID: 23193306 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2226583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Major challenges in current computer-aided detection (CADe) schemes for nodule detection in chest radiographs (CXRs) are to detect nodules that overlap with ribs and/or clavicles and to reduce the frequent false positives (FPs) caused by ribs. Detection of such nodules by a CADe scheme is very important, because radiologists are likely to miss such subtle nodules. Our purpose in this study was to develop a CADe scheme with improved sensitivity and specificity by use of "virtual dual-energy" (VDE) CXRs where ribs and clavicles are suppressed with massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs). To reduce rib-induced FPs and detect nodules overlapping with ribs, we incorporated the VDE technology in our CADe scheme. The VDE technology suppressed rib and clavicle opacities in CXRs while maintaining soft-tissue opacity by use of the MTANN technique that had been trained with real dual-energy imaging. Our scheme detected nodule candidates on VDE images by use of a morphologic filtering technique. Sixty morphologic and gray-level-based features were extracted from each candidate from both original and VDE CXRs. A nonlinear support vector classifier was employed for classification of the nodule candidates. A publicly available database containing 140 nodules in 140 CXRs and 93 normal CXRs was used for testing our CADe scheme. All nodules were confirmed by computed tomography examinations, and the average size of the nodules was 17.8 mm. Thirty percent (42/140) of the nodules were rated "extremely subtle" or "very subtle" by a radiologist. The original scheme without VDE technology achieved a sensitivity of 78.6% (110/140) with 5 (1165/233) FPs per image. By use of the VDE technology, more nodules overlapping with ribs or clavicles were detected and the sensitivity was improved substantially to 85.0% (119/140) at the same FP rate in a leave-one-out cross-validation test, whereas the FP rate was reduced to 2.5 (583/233) per image at the same sensitivity level as the original CADe scheme obtained (Difference between the specificities of the original and the VDE-based CADe schemes was statistically significant). In particular, the sensitivity of our VDE-based CADe scheme for subtle nodules (66.7% = 28/42) was statistically significantly higher than that of the original CADe scheme (57.1% = 24/42). Therefore, by use of VDE technology, the sensitivity and specificity of our CADe scheme for detection of nodules, especially subtle nodules, in CXRs were improved substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Guo W, Li Q, Boyce SJ, McAdams HP, Shiraishi J, Doi K, Samei E. A computerized scheme for lung nodule detection in multiprojection chest radiography. Med Phys 2012; 39:2001-12. [PMID: 22482621 DOI: 10.1118/1.3694096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study indicated that multiprojection chest radiography could significantly improve radiologists' performance for lung nodule detection in clinical practice. In this study, the authors further verify that multiprojection chest radiography can greatly improve the performance of a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme. METHODS Our database consisted of 59 subjects, including 43 subjects with 45 nodules and 16 subjects without nodules. The 45 nodules included 7 real and 38 simulated ones. The authors developed a conventional CAD scheme and a new fusion CAD scheme to detect lung nodules. The conventional CAD scheme consisted of four steps for (1) identification of initial nodule candidates inside lungs, (2) nodule candidate segmentation based on dynamic programming, (3) extraction of 33 features from nodule candidates, and (4) false positive reduction using a piecewise linear classifier. The conventional CAD scheme processed each of the three projection images of a subject independently and discarded the correlation information between the three images. The fusion CAD scheme included the four steps in the conventional CAD scheme and two additional steps for (5) registration of all candidates in the three images of a subject, and (6) integration of correlation information between the registered candidates in the three images. The integration step retained all candidates detected at least twice in the three images of a subject and removed those detected only once in the three images as false positives. A leave-one-subject-out testing method was used for evaluation of the performance levels of the two CAD schemes. RESULTS At the sensitivities of 70%, 65%, and 60%, our conventional CAD scheme reported 14.7, 11.3, and 8.6 false positives per image, respectively, whereas our fusion CAD scheme reported 3.9, 1.9, and 1.2 false positives per image, and 5.5, 2.8, and 1.7 false positives per patient, respectively. The low performance of the conventional CAD scheme may be attributed to the high noise level in chest radiography, and the small size and low contrast of most nodules. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the fusion of correlation information in multiprojection chest radiography can markedly improve the performance of CAD scheme for lung nodule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Pixel-based machine learning in medical imaging. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012; 2012:792079. [PMID: 22481907 PMCID: PMC3299341 DOI: 10.1155/2012/792079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) plays an important role in the medical imaging field, including medical image analysis and computer-aided diagnosis, because objects such as lesions and organs may not be represented accurately by a simple equation; thus, medical pattern recognition essentially require “learning from examples.” One of the most popular uses of ML is classification of objects such as lesions into certain classes (e.g., abnormal or normal, or lesions or nonlesions) based on input features (e.g., contrast and circularity) obtained from segmented object candidates. Recently, pixel/voxel-based ML (PML) emerged in medical image processing/analysis, which use pixel/voxel values in images directly instead of features calculated from segmented objects as input information; thus, feature calculation or segmentation is not required. Because the PML can avoid errors caused by inaccurate feature calculation and segmentation which often occur for subtle or complex objects, the performance of the PML can potentially be higher for such objects than that of common classifiers (i.e., feature-based MLs). In this paper, PMLs are surveyed to make clear (a) classes of PMLs, (b) similarities and differences within (among) different PMLs and those between PMLs and feature-based MLs, (c) advantages and limitations of PMLs, and (d) their applications in medical imaging.
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Kao EF, Lin WC, Hsu JS, Chou MC, Jaw TS, Liu GC. A computerized method for automated identification of erect posteroanterior and supine anteroposterior chest radiographs. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:7737-53. [PMID: 22094308 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/24/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A computerized scheme was developed for automated identification of erect posteroanterior (PA) and supine anteroposterior (AP) chest radiographs. The method was based on three features, the tilt angle of the scapula superior border, the tilt angle of the clavicle and the extent of radiolucence in lung fields, to identify the view of a chest radiograph. The three indices A(scapula), A(clavicle) and C(lung) were determined from a chest image for the three features. Linear discriminant analysis was used to classify PA and AP chest images based on the three indices. The performance of the method was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The proposed method was evaluated using a database of 600 PA and 600 AP chest radiographs. The discriminant performances Az of A(scapula), A(clavicle) and C(lung) were 0.878 ± 0.010, 0.683 ± 0.015 and 0.962 ± 0.006, respectively. The combination of the three indices obtained an Az value of 0.979 ± 0.004. The results indicate that the combination of the three indices could yield high discriminant performance. The proposed method could provide radiologists with information about the view of chest radiographs for interpretation or could be used as a preprocessing step for analyzing chest images.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Fong Kao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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