1
|
Ge X, Yang P, Wu Z, Luo C, Jin P, Wang Z, Wang S, Huang Y, Niu T. Virtual differential phase-contrast and dark-field imaging of x-ray absorption images via deep learning. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10494. [PMID: 38023711 PMCID: PMC10658538 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak absorption contrast in biological tissues has hindered x-ray computed tomography from accessing biological structures. Recently, grating-based imaging has emerged as a promising solution to biological low-contrast imaging, providing complementary and previously unavailable structural information of the specimen. Although it has been successfully applied to work with conventional x-ray sources, grating-based imaging is time-consuming and requires a sophisticated experimental setup. In this work, we demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network trained with a generative adversarial network can directly convert x-ray absorption images into differential phase-contrast and dark-field images that are comparable to those obtained at both a synchrotron beamline and a laboratory facility. By smearing back all of the virtual projections, high-quality tomographic images of biological test specimens deliver the differential phase-contrast- and dark-field-like contrast and quantitative information, broadening the horizon of x-ray image contrast generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Pengfei Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Jin
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhili Wang
- Department of Optical EngineeringSchool of Physics, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Shengxiang Wang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science CenterDongguanGuangdongChina
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongsheng Huang
- School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Tianye Niu
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin Q, Wu Z, Zan G, Huang M, Dang Z, Tian L, Guan Y, Liu G, Lu Y, Tian Y. High energy x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer employing a microarray anode-structured target source to extend the field of view. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:21NT01. [PMID: 37813100 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. High energy and large field of view (FOV) phase contrast imaging is crucial for biological and even medical applications. Although some works have devoted to achieving a large FOV at high energy through bending gratings and so on, which would be extremely challenging in medical high energy imaging.Approach.We analyze the angular shadowing effect of planar gratings in high-energy x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer (XTLI). Then we design and develop an inverse XTLI coupled with a microarray anode-structured target source to extend the FOV at high energy.Main results.Our experimental results demonstrate the benefit of the source in the inverse XTLI and a large FOV of 106.6 mm in the horizontal direction is achieved at 40 keV. Based on this system, experiments of a mouse demonstrate the potential advantage of phase contrast mode in imaging lung tissue.Significance.We extend the FOV in a compact XTLI using a microarray anode-structured target source coupled with an inverse geometry, which eliminates grating G0 and relaxes the fabrication difficulty of G2. We believe the established design idea and imaging system would facilitate the wide applications of XTLI in high energy phase contrast imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisi Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Zan
- Sigray Inc., CA, United States of America
| | - Meng Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Ultrasonic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijiao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Massimi L, Clark SJ, Marussi S, Doherty A, Shah SM, Schulz J, Marathe S, Rau C, Endrizzi M, Lee PD, Olivo A. Time resolved in-situ multi-contrast X-ray imaging of melting in metals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12136. [PMID: 35840749 PMCID: PMC9287332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the application of a time resolved multi-contrast beam tracking technique to the investigation of the melting and solidification process in metals is presented. The use of such a technique allows retrieval of three contrast channels, transmission, refraction and dark-field, with millisecond time resolution. We investigated different melting conditions to characterize, at a proof-of-concept level, the features visible in each of the contrast channels. We found that the phase contrast channel provides a superior visibility of the density variations, allowing the liquid metal pool to be clearly distinguished. Refraction and dark-field were found to highlight surface roughness formed during solidification. This work demonstrates that the availability of the additional contrast channels provided by multi-contrast X-ray imaging delivers additional information, also when imaging high atomic number specimens with a significant absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Samuel J Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Marussi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adam Doherty
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Saurabh M Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joachim Schulz
- MicroWorks GmbH, Schnetzlerstraße 9, 76137, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Oxford Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, UK
| | - Marco Endrizzi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Z, Gao K, Wang Z, Wang S, Zhu P, Ren Y, Tian Y. Generalized reverse projection method for grating-based phase tomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:854-863. [PMID: 33949993 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reverse projection protocol results in fast phase-contrast imaging thanks to its compatibility with conventional computed-tomography scanning. Many researchers have proposed variants. However, all these reverse projection methods in grating-based phase-contrast imaging are built on the hypothesis of the synchronous phase of reference shifting curves in the whole field of view. The hypothesis imposes uniformity and alignment requirements on the gratings, thus the field of view is generally limited. In this paper, a generalized reverse projection method is presented analytically for the case of non-uniform reference in grating-based phase tomography. The method is demonstrated by theoretical derivation, numerical simulations and synchrotron radiation experiments. The influence of imaging position to sensitivity, and the phase-wrapping phenomenon are also discussed. The proposed method combines the advantages of the high efficiency of the reverse projection method and the universal applicability of the phase-stepping method. The authors believe that the method would be used widely in fast and dose-constrained imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Wang
- Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiping Zhu
- Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Shi X, Ren K, Chen H, Ren Y, Gao K, Wu Z. Transmission, refraction and dark-field retrieval in hard X-ray grating interferometry. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:494-502. [PMID: 32153290 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519017223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A three-image algorithm is proposed to retrieve the sample's transmission, refraction and dark-field information in hard X-ray grating interferometry. Analytical formulae of the three-image algorithm are theoretically derived and presented, and evaluated by proof-of-principle synchrotron radiation experiments. The results confirm the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is that it allows versatile and tunable multimodal X-ray imaging by substantially relaxing the existing limitations on the lateral grating position. Furthermore, this algorithm can also be adapted for samples with negligible refraction, reducing the number of required sample measurements to two. Furthermore, the noise properties of the retrieved images are investigated in terms of the standard deviations. Theoretical models are presented and verified by synchrotron radiation measurements. It is shown that the noise standard deviations exhibit strong dependence on the lateral grating position, especially in the case of refraction and dark-field images. Further noise reduction and dose reduction can thus be possible by optimizing the lateral grating position for a selected region of interest. Those results can serve as general guidelines to optimize the data acquisition scheme for specific applications and problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Ren
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fast X-ray Differential Phase Contrast Imaging with One Exposure and without Movements. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1113. [PMID: 30718674 PMCID: PMC6361880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Grating interferometry X-ray differential phase contrast imaging (GI-XDPCI) has provided enhanced imaging contrast and attracted more and more interests. Currently the low imaging efficiency and increased dose remain to be the bottlenecks in the engineering applications of GI-XDPCI. Different from the widely-used X-ray absorption contrast imaging (XACI) found in hospitals and factories, GI-XDPCI involves a grating stepping procedure that is time-consuming and leads to a significantly increased X-ray exposure time. In this paper, we report a fast GI-XDPCI method without movements by designing a new absorption grating. There is no grating stepping in this approach, and all components remain stationary during the imaging. Three kinds of imaging contrasts are provided with greatly reduced time. This work is comprised of a numerical study of the method and its verification using a sub-set of the dataset measured with a standard GI-XDPCI system at the beam line BL13W1 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). These results have validated the presented method.
Collapse
|
7
|
Preliminary research on body composition measurement using X-ray phase contrast imaging. Phys Med 2018; 52:1-8. [PMID: 30139597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition measurement is of cardinal significance for medical and clinical applications. Currently, the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) technique is widely applied for this measurement. In this study, we present a novel measurement method using the absorption and phase information obtained simultaneously from the X-ray grating-based interferometer (XGI). Rather than requiring two projection data sets with different X-ray energy spectra, with the proposed method, both the areal densities of the bone and the surrounding soft tissue can be acquired utilizing one projection data set. By using a human body phantom constructed to validate the proposed method, experimental results have shown that the compositions can be calculated with an improved accuracy comparing to the dual energy method, especially for the soft tissue measurement. Since the proposed method can be easily implemented on current XGI setup, it will greatly extend the applications of the XGI, and meanwhile has the potential to be an alternative to DEXA for human body composition measurement.
Collapse
|
8
|
Han H, Hu R, Wali F, Wu Z, Gao K, Wang S, Gu Y, Jin Y, Zhai C. Phase-contrast imaging for body composition measurement. Phys Med 2017; 43:25-33. [PMID: 29195559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this paper, we propose a novel method for human body composition measurement, especially for the bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. The proposed method, using the absorption and differential phase information retrieved from X-ray grating-based interferometer (XGBI) to measure the BMD, has potential to replace dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which is currently widely used for body composition measurement. METHODS The DEXA method employs two absorption images acquired at two different X-ray spectra (high energy and low energy) to calculate the human body composition. In this paper, a new method to calculate BMD using a single X-ray measurement is proposed. XGBI is a relatively new X-ray technique that provides absorption, phase and scattering information simultaneously using a single X-ray spectrum. With the absorption and differential phase information retrieved from XGBI, BMD can be measured using only one single X-ray spectrum. Numerical simulations are performed with a body phantom of bone (Cortical, ICRU-44) surrounded by soft tissue (Soft, ICRU-44). BMD is calculated with both the DEXA method and the proposed method. RESULTS Results show that BMD can be measured accurately with the proposed method; moreover, better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained compared to DEXA. CONCLUSION With the proposed method, BMD can be measured with XGBI setup. Further, the proposed method can be realized using current X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) apparatus without any hardware modification, suggesting that this technique can be a promising supplementary function to current XPCI equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Han
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Renfang Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Faiz Wali
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yonggang Gu
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marschner M, Birnbacher L, Willner M, Chabior M, Herzen J, Noël PB, Pfeiffer F. Revising the lower statistical limit of x-ray grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184217. [PMID: 28877253 PMCID: PMC5587302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography (PCCT) is currently investigated as an interesting extension of conventional CT, providing high soft-tissue contrast even if examining weakly absorbing specimen. Until now, the potential for dose reduction was thought to be limited compared to attenuation CT, since meaningful phase retrieval fails for scans with very low photon counts when using the conventional phase retrieval method via phase stepping. In this work, we examine the statistical behaviour of the reverse projection method, an alternative phase retrieval approach and compare the results to the conventional phase retrieval technique. We investigate the noise levels in the projections as well as the image quality and quantitative accuracy of the reconstructed tomographic volumes. The results of our study show that this method performs better in a low-dose scenario than the conventional phase retrieval approach, resulting in lower noise levels, enhanced image quality and more accurate quantitative values. Overall, we demonstrate that the lower statistical limit of the phase stepping procedure as proposed by recent literature does not apply to this alternative phase retrieval technique. However, further development is necessary to overcome experimental challenges posed by this method which would enable mainstream or even clinical application of PCCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Marschner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenz Birnbacher
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marian Willner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Michael Chabior
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Peter B. Noël
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bao Y, Wang Y, Li P, Wu Z, Shao Q, Gao K, Wang Z, Ju Z, Zhang K, Yuan Q, Huang W, Zhu P, Wu Z. A novel crystal-analyzer phase retrieval algorithm and its noise property. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:786-795. [PMID: 25931098 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A description of the rocking curve in diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) is presented in terms of the angular signal response function and a simple multi-information retrieval algorithm based on the cosine function fitting. A comprehensive analysis of noise properties of DEI is also given considering the noise transfer characteristic of the X-ray source. The validation has been performed with synchrotron radiation experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations based on the Geant4 toolkit combined with the refractive process of X-rays, which show good agreement with each other. Moreover, results indicate that the signal-to-noise ratios of the refraction and scattering images are about one order of magnitude better than that of the absorption image at the edges of low-Z samples. The noise penalty is drastically reduced with the increasing photon flux and visibility. Finally, this work demonstrates that the analytical method can build an interesting connection between DEI and GDPCI (grating-based differential phase contrast imaging) and is widely suitable for a variety of measurement noise in the angular signal response imaging prototype. The analysis significantly contributes to the understanding of noise characteristics of DEI images and may allow improvements to the signal-to-noise ratio in biomedical and material science imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Panyun Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigang Shao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiqiang Ju
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxi Yuan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiping Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|