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D'Souza M, Sarfehnia A. Suitability of novel 3D-printed and coated vessels for water calorimetry. Med Phys 2024; 51:5654-5662. [PMID: 38656695 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In water calorimetry, absolute dose to water is determined by measuring radiation-induced temperature rises. In conventional water calorimeters, temperature detectors are housed in handmade glass vessels that are filled with high-purity water, thus mitigating radiation-induced exo/endothermic chemical reactions of impurities that would otherwise introduce additional heat gain/loss, known as heat defect. Being hand-crafted, these glass vessels may suffer from imperfections, have shape and design constraints, are often backordered, and can be prohibitively expensive. PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to determine suitability of 3D-printed plastic vessels that are further coated for use in water calorimetry applications, and to study their stability and characterize their associated heat defect correction factor (k hd ) ${k_{{\mathrm{hd}}}})$ . This novel vessel production technique would allow for cost-effective rapid construction of vessels that can be produced with high accuracy and designs that are simply not practical with current glass vessel construction techniques. This in turn enables water calorimetry applications in many novel radiation delivery modalities, which may include spherical vessels in GammaKnife ICON water calorimetry as an example. METHODS Eight vessels were 3D-printed using Accura ClearVue in an SLA 3D-printer. Two vessels were coated with Parylene C and four were coated with Parylene N. The water calorimetry preparation procedures followed for these vessels was identical to that of our traditional glass-vessels (i.e., same cleaning procedures, same high purity water, and same saturation procedures with high purity hydrogen gas). The performance of each vessel was characterized using our in-house built water calorimeter in an Elekta Versa using both 6 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) and 18 MV beams. The stability of the coating as function of time and accumulated dose was evaluated through repeated measurements.k hd ${k_{{\mathrm{hd}}}}\;$ of each vessel was determined through cross-comparisons against an Exradin A1SL ionization chamber with direction calibration link to Canada's primary standard laboratory. RESULTS k HD ${k_{{\mathrm{HD}}}}\;$ of the two uncoated vessels differed by 2.8% under a 6 MV FFF beam. Vessels coated with Parylenes resulted in a stable and reproducible heat defect for both energies. An overallk hd ${k_{{\mathrm{hd}}}}$ of 1.001 ± 0.010 and 1.005 ± 0.010 were obtained for Parylene N and Parylene C coated vessels respectively. All Parylene coated vessels showed agreement, within the established uncertainties, to the zero-heat defect observed in a hydrogen-saturated glass vessel system. An additional long-term study (17 days) of a Parylene N vessel showed no change in response with accumulated dose and time. Electron microscopy images of a Parylene N coated vessel showed a uniform intact coating after repeated irradiations. CONCLUSIONS An uncoated 3D-printed vessel is not viable for water calorimetry because it exhibits an unstable vessel-dependent heat defect. However, applying a Parylene coating stabilizes the heat defect, suggesting that coated 3D-printed vessels may be suitable for use in water calorimetry. This method facilitates the creation of intricate vessel shapes, which can be efficiently manufactured using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D'Souza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arman Sarfehnia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Muir B, Davis S, Dhanesar S, Hillman Y, Iakovenko V, Kim GGY, Alves VGL, Lei Y, Lowenstein J, Renaud J, Sarfehnia A, Siebers J, Tantôt L. AAPM WGTG51 Report 385: Addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy electron beams. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38980220 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An Addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for the determination of absorbed dose to water is presented for electron beams with energies between 4 MeV and 22 MeV (1.70 cm ≤ R 50 ≤ 8.70 cm $1.70\nobreakspace {\rm cm} \le R_{\text{50}} \le 8.70\nobreakspace {\rm cm}$ ). This updated formalism allows simplified calibration procedures, including the use of calibrated cylindrical ionization chambers in all electron beams without the use of a gradient correction. Newk Q $k_{Q}$ data are provided for electron beams based on Monte Carlo simulations. Implementation guidance is provided. Components of the uncertainty budget in determining absorbed dose to water at the reference depth are discussed. Specifications for a reference-class chamber in electron beams include chamber stability, settling, ion recombination behavior, and polarity dependence. Progress in electron beam reference dosimetry is reviewed. Although this report introduces some major changes (e.g., gradient corrections are implicitly included in the electron beam quality conversion factors), they serve to simplify the calibration procedure. Results for absorbed dose per linac monitor unit are expected to be up to approximately 2 % higher using this Addendum compared to using the original TG-51 protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Muir
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandeep Dhanesar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texa, USA
| | - Yair Hillman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Grace Gwe-Ya Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Yu Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jessica Lowenstein
- Department of Radiation Physics, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texa, USA
| | - James Renaud
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arman Sarfehnia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Siebers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Laurent Tantôt
- Département de radio-oncologie, CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal - Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Urago Y, Sakama M, Sakata D, Fukuda S, Katayose T, Chang W. Monte Carlo-calculated beam quality and perturbation correction factors validated against experiments for Farmer and Markus type ionization chambers in therapeutic carbon-ion beams. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:185013. [PMID: 37579752 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acf024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective. In current dosimetry protocols, the estimated uncertainty of the measured absorbed dose to waterDwin carbon-ion beams is approximately 3%. This large uncertainty is mainly contributed by the standard uncertainty of the beam quality correction factorkQ. In this study, thekQvalues in four cylindrical chambers and two plane-parallel chambers were calculated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in the plateau region. The chamber-specific perturbation correction factorPof each chamber was also determined through MC simulations.Approach.kQfor each chamber was calculated using MC code Geant4. The simulatedkQratios in subjected chambers and reference chambers were validated through comparisons against our measured values. In the measurements in Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba,kQratios were obtained fromDwvalues of60Co, 290- and 400 MeV u-1carbon-ion beams that were measured with the subjected ionization chamber and the reference chamber. In the simulations,fQ(the product of the water-to-air stopping power ratio andP) was acquired fromDwand the absorbed dose to air calculated in the sensitive volume of each chamber.kQvalues were then calculated from the simulatedfQand the literature-extractedWairand compared with previous publications.Main results. The calculatedkQratios in the subjected chambers to the reference chamber agreed well with the measuredkQratios. ThekQuncertainty was reduced from the current recommendation of approximately 3% to 1.7%. ThePvalues were close to unity in the cylindrical chambers and nearly 1% above unity in the plane-parallel chambers.Significance. ThekQvalues of carbon-ion beams were accurately calculated in MC simulations and thekQratios were validated through ionization chamber measurements. The results indicate a need for updating the current recommendations, which assume a constantPof unity in carbon-ion beams, to recommendations that consider chamber-induced differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Urago
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakama
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shigekazu Fukuda
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Weishan Chang
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ding GX. Stopping-power ratios for electron beams used in total skin electron therapy. Med Phys 2021; 48:5472-5478. [PMID: 34287969 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The electron beams for total skin electron therapy (TSET) are often degraded by a scatter plate in addition to extended distances. For electron dosimetry, both the AAPM TG-51 and IAEA TRS-398 recommend the use of two formulas developed by Burns et al [Med. Phys. 23, 489-501 (1996)] to estimate the water-to-air stopping-power ratios (SPRs). Both formulas are based on a fit to SPRs calculated for standard electron beams. This study aims to find: (1) if the formulas are applicable to beams used in TSET and (2) the impact of the ICRU report 90 recommendations on the SPRs for these beams. METHODS The EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system is used to generate 6 MeV high dose rate total skin electron (HDTSe) beams used in TSET. The simulated beams are used to calculate dose distributions and SPRs as a function of depth in a water phantom. The fitted SPRs using the empirical formulas are compared with MC-calculated SPRs. RESULTS The electron beam quality specifier, the depth in water at which the absorbed dose falls to 50% of its maximum value, R50 , decreases approximately 1 mm for each additional 100-cm extended distance ranging from 2.24 cm at SSD = 100 to 1.72 cm at SSD = 700 cm. For beams passing through a scatter plate, R50 is 1.76 cm (1.14) at SSD = 300 and 1.48 cm (0.85 cm) at SSD = 600 cm with an Acrylic plate thickness of 3 mm (9 mm), respectively. The discrepancy between fitted and MC-calculated SPRs at dref as a function of R50 is <0.8%, and in many cases <0.4%. The difference between fitted and MC-calculated SPRs as a function of depth and R50 is within 1% at depths <0.8R50 for beams with R50 ≥ 1.14 cm. The ICRU-90 recommendations decrease SPRs by 0.3%-0.4% compared to the use of data recommended in ICRU-37. CONCLUSION The formulas used by the major protocols are accurate enough for clinical beams used in TSET and the error caused using the formulas is <1% to estimate SPRs as a function of depth and R50 for depths <0.8R50 for beams used in TSET with R50 ≥ 1.14 cm. The impact of the ICRU-90 recommendations shows a decrease of SPRs by a fraction of a percent for beams used in TSET.
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Affiliation(s)
- George X Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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D'Souza M, Nusrat H, Iakovenko V, Keller B, Sahgal A, Renaud J, Sarfehnia A. Water calorimetry in MR‐linac: Direct measurement of absorbed dose and determination of chamber. Med Phys 2020; 47:6458-6469. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D'Souza
- Department of Physics Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ONM5B 2K3Canada
| | - Humza Nusrat
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto 2075 Bayview Ave. Toronto ONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Viktor Iakovenko
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto 2075 Bayview Ave. Toronto ONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Brian Keller
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto 2075 Bayview Ave. Toronto ONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Arjun Sahgal
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto 2075 Bayview Ave. Toronto ONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - James Renaud
- Meterology Research Centre National Research Council Canada Montreal Rd. Ottawa ONK1A OR6Canada
- Medical Physics Unit McGill University 1001 Decarie Blvd. Montreal QCH4A 3J1Canada
| | - Arman Sarfehnia
- Department of Physics Ryerson University 350 Victoria St. Toronto ONM5B 2K3Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto 2075 Bayview Ave. Toronto ONM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology McGill University 1001 Decarie Blvd. Montreal QCH4A 3J1Canada
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D'Souza M, Nusrat H, Renaud J, Peterson G, Sarfehnia A. First-stage validation of a portable imageable MR-compatible water calorimeter. Med Phys 2020; 47:5312-5323. [PMID: 32786081 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to design a water calorimeter with three goals in mind: (a) To be fully magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible; (b) To be imaged using kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), MV portal imaging or MRI for accurate positioning; (c) To accommodate both vertical and horizontal beam incidence, as well as volumetric deliveries or Gamma Knife®. Following this, the calorimeter performance will be measured using an accelerator-based high-energy photon beam. METHODS A portable 4°C cooled stagnant water calorimeter was built using MR-compatible materials. The walls consist of layers of acrylic plastic, aerogel-based material acting as thermal insulation, as well as tubing for coolant to flow to keep the calorimeter temperature stable at 4°C. The lid contains additional pathways for coolant to flow through as well as two hydraulically driven stirrers. The water calorimeter was positioned in an Elekta Versa using kV CBCT imaging as well as orthogonal MV image pairs. Absolute absorbed dose to water was then determined under a 6 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) beam. This was compared against reference dosimetry results that were measured under identical conditions with an Exradin A1SL ionization chamber with a calibration coefficient directly traceable to the National Research Council Canada. RESULTS The dose to water determined with the calorimeter (n = 30) agreed with the A1SL ionization chamber reference dose measurements (n = 15) to within 0.25%. The uncertainty associated with the water calorimeter absorbed dose measurement was estimated to be 0.54% (k = 1). CONCLUSIONS An MR-compatible water calorimeter was successfully built and absolute absorbed dose to water under a conventional 6 MV FFF beam was determined successfully as a first-stage validation of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D'Souza
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Humza Nusrat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - James Renaud
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.,Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gerard Peterson
- Department of Medical Physics, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Arman Sarfehnia
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
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Renaud J, Palmans H, Sarfehnia A, Seuntjens J. Absorbed dose calorimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:05TR02. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab4f29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Muir BR. A modified formalism for electron beam reference dosimetry to improve the accuracy of linac output calibration. Med Phys 2020; 47:2267-2276. [PMID: 31985833 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present and demonstrate the accuracy of a modified formalism for electron beam reference dosimetry using updated Monte Carlo calculated beam quality conversion factors. METHODS The proposed, simplified formalism allows the use of cylindrical ionization chambers in all electron beams (even those with low beam energies) and does not require a measured gradient correction factor. Data from a previous publication are used for beam quality conversion factors. The formalism is tested and compared to the present formalism in the AAPM TG-51 protocol with measurements made in Elekta Precise electron beams with energies between 4 MeV and 22 MeV and with fields shaped with a 10 × 10 cm2 clinical applicator as well as a 20 × 20 cm2 clinical applicator for the 18 MeV and 22 MeV beams. A set of six ionization chambers are used for measurements (two cylindical reference-class chambers, two scanning-type chambers and two parallel-plate chambers). Dose per monitor unit is derived using the data and formalism provided in the TG-51 protocol and with the proposed formalism and data and compared to that obtained using ionization chambers calibrated directly against primary standards for absorbed dose in electron beams. RESULTS The standard deviation of results using different chambers when TG-51 is followed strictly is on the order of 0.4% when parallel-plate chambers are cross-calibrated against cylindrical chambers. However, if parallel-plate chambers are directly calibrated in a cobalt-60 beam, the difference between results for these chambers is up to 2.2%. Using the proposed formalism and either directly calibrated or cross-calibrated parallel-plate chambers gives a standard deviation using different chambers of 0.4%. The difference between results that use TG-51 and the primary standard measurements are on the order of 0.6% with a maximum difference in the 4 MeV beam of 2.8%. Comparing the results obtained with the proposed formalism and the primary standard measurements are on the order of 0.4% with a maximum difference of 1.0% in the 4 MeV beam. CONCLUSIONS The proposed formalism and the use of updated data for beam quality conversion factors improves the consistency of results obtained with different chamber types and improves the accuracy of reference dosimetry measurements. Moreover, it is simpler than the present formalism and will be straightforward to implement clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Muir
- NRC Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Krauss A, Kapsch RP. Direct determination ofkQfactors for cylindrical and plane-parallel ionization chambers in high-energy electron beams from 6 MeV to 20 MeV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:035041. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaa71e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Renaud J, Sarfehnia A, Bancheri J, Seuntjens J. Aerrow: A probe-format graphite calorimeter for absolute dosimetry of high-energy photon beams in the clinical environment. Med Phys 2017; 45:414-428. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Renaud
- Medical Physics Unit; McGill University; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Arman Sarfehnia
- Medical Physics Unit; McGill University; Montréal QC Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit; McGill University; Montréal QC Canada
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Muir BR, Cojocaru CD, McEwen MR, Ross CK. Electron beam water calorimetry measurements to obtain beam quality conversion factors. Med Phys 2017; 44:5433-5444. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Muir
- Measurement Science and Standards; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Claudiu D. Cojocaru
- Measurement Science and Standards; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Malcolm R. McEwen
- Measurement Science and Standards; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Carl K. Ross
- Measurement Science and Standards; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
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Osinga-Blättermann JM, Brons S, Greilich S, Jäkel O, Krauss A. Direct determination of k Q for Farmer-type ionization chambers in a clinical scanned carbon ion beam using water calorimetry. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:2033-2054. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5bac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Renaud J, Rossomme S, Sarfehnia A, Vynckier S, Palmans H, Kacperek A, Seuntjens J. Development and application of a water calorimeter for the absolute dosimetry of short-range particle beams. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:6602-6619. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/18/6602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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de Prez L, de Pooter J, Jansen B, Aalbers T. A water calorimeter for on-site absorbed dose to water calibrations in60Co and MV-photon beams including MRI incorporated treatment equipment. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5051-76. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/13/5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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