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Ayala Alvarez DS, Watson PGF, Popovic M, Heng VJ, Evans MDC, Panet-Raymond V, Seuntjens J. Evaluation of Dosimetry Formalisms in Intraoperative Radiation Therapy of Glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:763-773. [PMID: 37150259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intraoperative radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (INTRAGO) clinical trial assesses survival in patients with glioblastoma treated with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) using the INTRABEAM. Treatment planning for INTRABEAM relies on vendor-provided in-water depth dose curves obtained according to the TARGeted Intraoperative radioTherapy (TARGIT) dosimetry protocol. However, recent studies have shown discrepancies between the estimated TARGIT and delivered doses. This work evaluates the effect of the choice of dosimetry formalism on organs at risk (OAR) doses. METHODS AND MATERIALS A treatment planning framework for INTRABEAM was developed to retrospectively calculate the IORT dose in 8 INTRAGO patients. These patients received an IORT prescription dose of 20 to 30 Gy in addition to external beam radiation therapy. The IORT dose was obtained using (1) the TARGIT method; (2) the manufacturer's V4.0 method; (3) the CQ method, which uses an ionization chamber Monte Carlo (MC) calculated factor; (4) MC dose-to-water; and (5) MC dose-to-tissue. The IORT dose was converted to 2 Gy fractions equivalent dose. RESULTS According to the TARGIT method, the OAR dose constraints were respected in all cases. However, the other formalisms estimated a higher mean dose to OARs and revealed 1 case where the constraint for the brain stem was exceeded. The addition of the external beam radiation therapy and TARGIT IORT doses resulted in 10 cases of OARs exceeding the dose constraints. The more accurate MC calculation of dose-to-tissue led to the highest dosimetric differences, with 3, 3, 2, and 2 cases (out of 8) exceeding the dose constraint to the brain stem, optic chiasm, optic nerves, and lenses, respectively. Moreover, the mean cumulative dose to brain stem exceeded its constraint of 66 Gy with the MC dose-to-tissue method, which was not evident with the current INTRAGO clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS The current clinical approach of calculating the IORT dose with the TARGIT method may considerably underestimate doses to nearby OARs. In practice, OAR dose constraints may have been exceeded, as revealed by more accurate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veng Jean Heng
- Department of Physics and Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Valerie Panet-Raymond
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit and; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ayala Alvarez DS, Watson PGF, Popovic M, Heng VJ, Evans MDC, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo calculation of the TG-43 dosimetry parameters for the INTRABEAM source with spherical applicators. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34663769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac309f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relative TG-43 dosimetry parameters of the INTRABEAM (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) bare probe were recently reported by Ayala Alvarezet al(2020Phys. Med. Biol.65245041). The current study focuses on the dosimetry characterization of the INTRABEAM source with the eight available spherical applicators according to the TG-43 formalism using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. APPROACH This report includes the calculated dose-rate conversion coefficients that determine the absolute dose rate to water at a reference point of 10 mm from the applicator surface, based on calibration air-kerma rate measurements at 50 cm from the source on its transverse plane. Since the air-kerma rate measurements are not yet provided from a standards laboratory for the INTRABEAM, the values in the present study were calculated with MC. This approach is aligned with other works in the search for standardization of the dosimetry of electronic brachytherapy sources. As a validation of the MC model, depth dose calculations along the source axis were compared with calibration data from the source manufacturer. MAIN RESULTS The calculated dose-rate conversion coefficients were 434.0 for the bare probe, and 683.5, 548.3, 449.9, 376.5, 251.0, 225.6, 202.8, and 182.6 for the source with applicators of increasing diameter from 15 to 50 mm, respectively. The radial dose and the 2D anisotropy functions of the TG-43 formalism were also obtained and tabulated in this document. SIGNIFICANCE This work presents the data required by a treatment planning system for the characterization of the INTRABEAM system in the context of intraoperative radiotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter G F Watson
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marija Popovic
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Veng Jean Heng
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael D C Evans
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
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Ayala Alvarez DS, G F Watson P, Popovic M, Jean Heng V, Evans MDC, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo calculation of the relative TG-43 dosimetry parameters for the INTRABEAM electronic brachytherapy source. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245041. [PMID: 33137796 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc6f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The INTRABEAM system (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) is an electronic brachytherapy (eBT) device designed for intraoperative radiotherapy applications. To date, the INTRABEAM x-ray source has not been characterized according to the AAPM TG-43 specifications for brachytherapy sources. This restricts its modelling in commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs), with the consequence that the doses to organs at risk are unknown. The aim of this work is to characterize the INTRABEAM source according to the TG-43 brachytherapy dosimetry protocol. The dose distribution in water around the source was determined with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. For the validation of the MC model, depth dose calculations along the source longitudinal axis were compared with measurements using a soft x-ray ionization chamber (PTW 34013) and two synthetic diamond detectors (microDiamond PTW TN60019). In our results, the measurements in water agreed with the MC model calculations within uncertainties. The use of the microDiamond detector yielded better agreement with MC calculations, within estimated uncertainties, compared to the ionization chamber at points of steeper dose gradients. The radial dose function showed a steep fall-off close to the INTRABEAM source ([Formula: see text]10 mm) with a gradient higher than that of commonly used brachytherapy radionuclides (192Ir, 125I and 103Pd), with values of 2.510, 1.645 and 1.232 at 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. The radial dose function partially flattens at larger distances with a fall-off comparable to that of the Xoft Axxent® (iCAD, Inc., Nashua, NH) eBT system. The simulated 2D polar anisotropy close to the bare probe walls showed deviations from unity of up to 55% at 10 mm and 155°. This work presents the MC calculated TG-43 parameters for the INTRABEAM, which constitute the necessary data for the characterization of the source as required by a TPS used in clinical dose calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter G F Watson
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marija Popovic
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Veng Jean Heng
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael D C Evans
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University and Cedars Cancer Center, Montreal, Canada
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Giménez-Alventosa V, Giménez V, Ballester F, Vijande J, Andreo P. Monte Carlo calculation of beam quality correction factors for PTW cylindrical ionization chambers in photon beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:205005. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Culberson WS, Davis SD, Gwe‐Ya Kim G, Lowenstein JR, Ouhib Z, Popovic M, Waldron TJ, Safigholi H, Simiele SJ, Rivard MJ. Dose‐rate considerations for the INTRABEAM electronic brachytherapy system: Report from the American association of physicists in medicine task group no. 292. Med Phys 2020; 47:e913-e919. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley S. Culberson
- Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53705 USA
| | - Stephen D. Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology Miami Cancer Institute Baptist Health South Florida Miami FL 33176 USA
| | - Grace Gwe‐Ya Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Science University of California – San Diego La Jolla CA 92093‐5004 USA
| | - Jessica R. Lowenstein
- Department of Radiation Physics University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Zoubir Ouhib
- Department of Radiation Oncology Lynn Regional Cancer Center Delray Beach FL 33484 USA
| | - Marija Popovic
- Department of Medical Physics McGill University Health Center Montreal QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Timothy J. Waldron
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Iowa Hospital & Clinics Iowa City IA 52242‐1009 USA
| | - Habib Safigholi
- Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics Physics Department Carleton University Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Samantha J. Simiele
- Department of Radiation Physics University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Mark J. Rivard
- Department of Radiation Oncology Rhode Island Hospital Brown University Providence RI 02903 USA
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Valdes-Cortez C, Niatsetski Y, Ballester F, Vijande J, Candela-Juan C, Perez-Calatayud J. On the use of the absorbed depth-dose measurements in the beam calibration of a surface electronic high-dose-rate brachytherapy unit, a Monte Carlo-based study. Med Phys 2019; 47:693-702. [PMID: 31722113 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of the absorbed depth-dose as a surrogate of the half-value layer in the calibration of a high-dose-rate electronic brachytherapy (eBT) equipment. The effect of the manufacturing tolerances and the absorbed depth-dose measurement uncertainties in the calibration process are also addressed. METHODS The eBT system Esteya® (Elekta Brachytherapy, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) has been chosen as a proof-of-concept to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method, using its 10 mm diameter applicator. Two calibration protocols recommended by the AAPM (TG-61) and the IAEA (TRS-398) for low-energy photon beams were evaluated. The required Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were carried out using PENELOPE2014. Several MC simulations were performed modifying the flattening filter thickness and the x-ray tube potential, generating one absorbed depth-dose curve and a complete set of parameters required in the beam calibration (i.e., HVL, backscatter factor (Bw ), and mass energy-absorption coefficient ratios (µen /ρ)water,air ), for each configuration. Fits between each parameter and some absorbed dose-ratios calculated from the absorbed depth-dose curves were established. The effect of the manufacturing tolerances and the absorbed dose-ratio uncertainties over the calibration process were evaluated by propagating their values over the fitting function, comparing the overall calibration uncertainties against reference values. We proposed four scenarios of uncertainty (from 0% to 10%) in the dose-ratio determination to evaluate its effect in the calibration process. RESULTS The manufacturing tolerance of the flattening filter (±0.035 mm) produces a change of 1.4% in the calculated HVL and a negligible effect over the Bw , (µen /ρ)water,air , and the overall calibration uncertainty. A potential variation of 14% of the electron energies due to manufacturing tolerances in the x-ray tube (69.5 ± ~10 keV) generates a variation of 10% in the HVL. However, this change has a negligible effect over the Bw and (µen /ρ)water,air , adding 0.1% to the overall calibration uncertainty. The fitting functions reproduce the data with an uncertainty (k = 2) below 1%, 0.5%, and 0.4% for the HVL, Bw , and (µen /ρ)water,air , respectively. The four studied absorbed dose-ratio uncertainty scenarios add, in the worst-case scenario, 0.2% to the overall uncertainty of the calibration process. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the feasibility of using the absorbed depth-dose curve in the calibration of an eBT system with minimal loss of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valdes-Cortez
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,Radiotherapy Department, Centro Oncológico del Norte, Antofagasta, 1240000, Chile
| | - Yury Niatsetski
- R&D Elekta Brachytherapy, Waardgelder 1, 3905 TH, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Facundo Ballester
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Vijande
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, 46100, Spain.,IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian Candela-Juan
- Centro Nacional de Dosimetría (CND), Instituto Nacional de Gestión Sanitaria, Valencia, 46009, Spain
| | - Jose Perez-Calatayud
- IRIMED Joint Research Unit (IIS La Fe - UV), Valencia, Spain.,Radiotherapy Department, La Fe Hospital, Valencia, 46026, Spain
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Bazalova‐Carter M, Esplen N. On the capabilities of conventional x‐ray tubes to deliver ultra‐high (FLASH) dose rates. Med Phys 2019; 46:5690-5695. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nolan Esplen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
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Valdes-Cortez C, Niatsetski Y, Perez-Calatayud J, Ballester F, Vijande J. A Monte Carlo-based dosimetric characterization of Esteya®
, an electronic surface brachytherapy unit. Med Phys 2018; 46:356-369. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valdes-Cortez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Radiotherapy Department; Centro Oncológico de Antofagasta; Los Pumas 10255 Antofagasta Chile
| | - Yury Niatsetski
- R&D Elekta Brachytherapy; Waardgelder 1 3905 TH Veenendaal The Netherlands
| | - Jose Perez-Calatayud
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); E-46026 Valencia Spain
- Radiotherapy Department; La Fe Hospital; E-46026 Valencia Spain
| | - Facundo Ballester
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); Burjassot 46100 Spain
| | - Javier Vijande
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics; University of Valencia; Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Radiofísica e Instrumentación Nuclear en Medicina (IRIMED); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe)-Universitat de Valencia (UV); Burjassot 46100 Spain
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Watson PGF, Bekerat H, Papaconstadopoulos P, Davis S, Seuntjens J. An investigation into the INTRABEAM miniature x-ray source dosimetry using ionization chamber and radiochromic film measurements. Med Phys 2018; 45:4274-4286. [PMID: 29935088 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraoperative radiotherapy using The INTRABEAM System (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), a miniature low-energy x-ray source, has proven to be an effective modality in the treatment of breast cancer. However, some uncertainties remain in its dosimetry. In this work, we investigated the INTRABEAM system dosimetry by performing ionization chamber and radiochromic film measurements of absorbed dose in a water phantom. METHODS Ionization chamber measurements were performed with a PTW 34013 parallel-plate soft x-ray chamber at source to detector distances of 5 to 30 mm calculated using (a) the dose formula consistent with the TARGIT breast protocol (TARGIT), (b) the formula recommended by the manufacturer (Zeiss), and (c) the recently proposed CQ formalism of Watson et al. (Physics in Medicine & Biology, 2018;63:015016) EBT3 Gafchromic film measurements were made at the same depths in water. To account for the energy dependence of EBT3 film, multiple dose response calibration curves were employed across a range of photon beam qualities relevant to the INTRABEAM spectrum in water. RESULTS At all depths investigated, the TARGIT dose was significantly lower than that measured by the Zeiss and CQ methods, as well as film. These dose differences ranged from 14% to as large as 80%. In general, the doses measured by film, and the Zeiss and CQ methods were in good agreement to within measurement uncertainties (5-6%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the TARGIT dose underestimates the physical dose to water from the INTRABEAM source. Understanding the correlation between the TARGIT and physical dose is important for any studies wishing to make dosimetric comparisons between the INTRABEAM and other radiation emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Bekerat
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pavlos Papaconstadopoulos
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen Davis
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Watson PGF, Popovic M, Seuntjens J. Determination of absorbed dose to water from a miniature kilovoltage x-ray source using a parallel-plate ionization chamber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:015016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martinov MP, Thomson RM. Heterogeneous multiscale Monte Carlo simulations for gold nanoparticle radiosensitization. Med Phys 2017; 44:644-653. [PMID: 28001308 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce the heterogeneous multiscale (HetMS) model for Monte Carlo simulations of gold nanoparticle dose-enhanced radiation therapy (GNPT), a model characterized by its varying levels of detail on different length scales within a single phantom; to apply the HetMS model in two different scenarios relevant for GNPT and to compare computed results with others published. METHODS The HetMS model is implemented using an extended version of the EGSnrc user-code egs_chamber; the extended code is tested and verified via comparisons with recently published data from independent GNP simulations. Two distinct scenarios for the HetMS model are then considered: (a) monoenergetic photon beams (20 keV to 1 MeV) incident on a cylinder (1 cm radius, 3 cm length); (b) isotropic point source (brachytherapy source spectra) at the center of a 2.5 cm radius sphere with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) diffusing outwards from the center. Dose enhancement factors (DEFs) are compared for different source energies, depths in phantom, gold concentrations, GNP sizes, and modeling assumptions, as well as with independently published values. Simulation efficiencies are investigated. RESULTS The HetMS MC simulations account for the competing effects of photon fluence perturbation (due to gold in the scatter media) coupled with enhanced local energy deposition (due to modeling discrete GNPs within subvolumes). DEFs are most sensitive to these effects for the lower source energies, varying with distance from the source; DEFs below unity (i.e., dose decreases, not enhancements) can occur at energies relevant for brachytherapy. For example, in the cylinder scenario, the 20 keV photon source has a DEF of 3.1 near the phantom's surface, decreasing to less than unity by 0.7 cm depth (for 20 mg/g). Compared to discrete modeling of GNPs throughout the gold-containing (treatment) volume, efficiencies are enhanced by up to a factor of 122 with the HetMS approach. For the spherical phantom, DEFs vary with time for diffusion, radionuclide, and radius; DEFs differ considerably from those computed using a widely applied analytic approach. CONCLUSIONS By combining geometric models of varying complexity on different length scales within a single simulation, the HetMS model can effectively account for both macroscopic and microscopic effects which must both be considered for accurate computation of energy deposition and DEFs for GNPT. Efficiency gains with the HetMS approach enable diverse calculations which would otherwise be prohibitively long. The HetMS model may be extended to diverse scenarios relevant for GNPT, providing further avenues for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Martinov
- Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics, Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rowan M Thomson
- Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics, Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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