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Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Ren L. A review on 4D cone-beam CT (4D-CBCT) in radiation therapy: Technical advances and clinical applications. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38922912 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is the most commonly used onboard imaging technique for target localization in radiation therapy. Conventional 3D CBCT acquires x-ray cone-beam projections at multiple angles around the patient to reconstruct 3D images of the patient in the treatment room. However, despite its wide usage, 3D CBCT is limited in imaging disease sites affected by respiratory motions or other dynamic changes within the body, as it lacks time-resolved information. To overcome this limitation, 4D-CBCT was developed to incorporate a time dimension in the imaging to account for the patient's motion during the acquisitions. For example, respiration-correlated 4D-CBCT divides the breathing cycles into different phase bins and reconstructs 3D images for each phase bin, ultimately generating a complete set of 4D images. 4D-CBCT is valuable for localizing tumors in the thoracic and abdominal regions where the localization accuracy is affected by respiratory motions. This is especially important for hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which delivers much higher fractional doses in fewer fractions than conventional fractionated treatments. Nonetheless, 4D-CBCT does face certain limitations, including long scanning times, high imaging doses, and compromised image quality due to the necessity of acquiring sufficient x-ray projections for each respiratory phase. In order to address these challenges, numerous methods have been developed to achieve fast, low-dose, and high-quality 4D-CBCT. This paper aims to review the technical developments surrounding 4D-CBCT comprehensively. It will explore conventional algorithms and recent deep learning-based approaches, delving into their capabilities and limitations. Additionally, the paper will discuss the potential clinical applications of 4D-CBCT and outline a future roadmap, highlighting areas for further research and development. Through this exploration, the readers will better understand 4D-CBCT's capabilities and potential to enhance radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - You Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Matkovic L, Lei Y, Fu Y, Wang T, Kesarwala AH, Axente M, Roper J, Higgins K, Bradley JD, Liu T, Yang X. Deformable lung 4DCT image registration via landmark-driven cycle network. Med Phys 2024; 51:1974-1984. [PMID: 37708440 PMCID: PMC10937322 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An automated, accurate, and efficient lung four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) image registration method is clinically important to quantify respiratory motion for optimal motion management. PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to develop a weakly supervised deep learning method for 4DCT lung deformable image registration (DIR). METHODS The landmark-driven cycle network is proposed as a deep learning platform that performs DIR of individual phase datasets in a simulation 4DCT. This proposed network comprises a generator and a discriminator. The generator accepts moving and target CTs as input and outputs the deformation vector fields (DVFs) to match the two CTs. It is optimized during both forward and backward paths to enhance the bi-directionality of DVF generation. Further, the landmarks are used to weakly supervise the generator network. Landmark-driven loss is used to guide the generator's training. The discriminator then judges the realism of the deformed CT to provide extra DVF regularization. RESULTS We performed four-fold cross-validation on 10 4DCT datasets from the public DIR-Lab dataset and a hold-out test on our clinic dataset, which included 50 4DCT datasets. The DIR-Lab dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against other methods in the literature by calculating the DIR-Lab Target Registration Error (TRE). The proposed method outperformed other deep learning-based methods on the DIR-Lab datasets in terms of TRE. Bi-directional and landmark-driven loss were shown to be effective for obtaining high registration accuracy. The mean and standard deviation of TRE for the DIR-Lab datasets was 1.20 ± 0.72 mm and the mean absolute error (MAE) and structural similarity index (SSIM) for our datasets were 32.1 ± 11.6 HU and 0.979 ± 0.011, respectively. CONCLUSION The landmark-driven cycle network has been validated and tested for automatic deformable image registration of patients' lung 4DCTs with results comparable to or better than competing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Matkovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yang Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yabo Fu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tonghe Wang
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marian Axente
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin Roper
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristin Higgins
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yang P, Shan J, Ge X, Zhou Q, Ding M, Niu T, Du J. Prediction of SBRT response in liver cancer by combining original and delta cone-beam CT radiomics: a pilot study. Phys Eng Sci Med 2024; 47:295-307. [PMID: 38165634 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the feasibility of utilizing a combination of original and delta cone-beam CT (CBCT) radiomics for predicting treatment response in liver tumors undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). A total of 49 patients are included in this study, with 36 receiving 5-fraction SBRT, 3 receiving 4-fraction SBRT, and 10 receiving 3-fraction SBRT. The CBCT and planning CT images from liver cancer patients who underwent SBRT are collected to extract overall 547 radiomics features. The CBCT features which are reproducible and interchangeable with pCT are selected for modeling analysis. The delta features between fractions are calculated to depict tumor change. The patients with 4-fraction SBRT are only used for screening robust features. In patients receiving 5-fraction SBRT, the predictive ability of both original and delta CBCT features for two-level treatment response (local efficacy vs. local non-efficacy; complete response (CR) vs. partial response (PR)) is assessed by utilizing multivariable logistic regression with leave-one-out cross-validation. Additionally, univariate analysis is conducted to validate the capability of CBCT features in identifying local efficacy in patients receiving 3-fraction SBRT. In patients receiving 5-fraction SBRT, the combined models incorporating original and delta CBCT radiomics features demonstrate higher area under the curve (AUC) values compared to models using either original or delta features alone for both classification tasks. The AUC values for predicting local efficacy vs. local non-efficacy are 0.58 for original features, 0.82 for delta features, and 0.90 for combined features. For distinguishing PR from CR, the respective AUC values for original, delta and combined features are 0.79, 0.80, and 0.89. In patients receiving 3-fraction SBRT, eight valuable CBCT radiomics features are identified for predicting local efficacy. The combination of original and delta radiomics derived from fractionated CBCT images in liver cancer patients undergoing SBRT shows promise in providing comprehensive information for predicting treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinxuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingchao Ding
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianye Niu
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jichen Du
- Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Santoso AP, Vinogradskiy Y, Robin TP, Goodman KA, Schefter TE, Miften M, Jones BL. Clinical and Dosimetric Impact of 2D kV Motion Monitoring and Intervention in Liver Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101409. [PMID: 38298328 PMCID: PMC10828584 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Positional errors resulting from motion are a principal challenge across all disease sites in radiation therapy. This is particularly pertinent when treating lesions in the liver with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). To achieve dose escalation and margin reduction for liver SBRT, kV real-time imaging interventions may serve as a potential solution. In this study, we report results of a retrospective cohort of liver patients treated using real-time 2D kV-image guidance SBRT with emphasis on the impact of (1) clinical workflow, (2) treatment accuracy, and (3) tumor dose. Methods and Materials Data from 33 patients treated with 41 courses of liver SBRT were analyzed. During treatment, planar kV images orthogonal to the treatment beam were acquired to determine treatment interventions, namely treatment pauses (ie, adequacy of gating thresholds) or treatment shifts. Patients were shifted if internal markers were >3 mm, corresponding to the PTV margin used, from the expected reference condition. The frequency, duration, and nature of treatment interventions (ie, pause vs shift) were recorded, and the dosimetric impact associated with treatment shifts was estimated using a machine learning dosimetric model. Results Of all fractions delivered, 39% required intervention, which took on average 1.9 ± 1.6 minutes and occurred more frequently in treatments lasting longer than 7 minutes. The median realignment shift was 5.7 mm in size, and the effect of these shifts on minimum tumor dose in simulated clinical scenarios ranged from 0% to 50% of prescription dose per fraction. Conclusion Real-time kV-based imaging interventions for liver SBRT minimally affect clinical workflow and dosimetrically benefit patients. This potential solution for addressing positional errors from motion addresses concerns about target accuracy and may enable safe dose escalation and margin reduction in the context of liver SBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Santoso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yevgeniy Vinogradskiy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler P. Robin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karyn A. Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tracey E. Schefter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Moyed Miften
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bernard L. Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Yu YH, Yen TY, Hung SK, Chen SH, Wang KY. A 3D-printed phantom for stereotactic body radiation therapy simulation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:025034. [PMID: 38350115 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad28cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In modern radiation therapy for lung cancer, examining the uncertainty between tumor motion and beam delivery is vitally important. To lower the radiation dose delivery to the patient's normal tissue, narrowing the irradiation field margin to hit the tumor accurately is critical. Thus we proposed a phantom that simulates the thorax and lung tumor's motions by employing a 3D printing technique. The lung tumor is controlled by a linear miniature Delta robot arm, with a maximum displacement of 20 mm in each direction. When we simulated the thoracic breathing movements at 12 mm in A-P (Anterior-Posterior), the control errors were within 10%. The average tracking errors of the prosthetic tumor were within 1.1 mm. Therefore, the 3D-printed phantom with a robot arm can provide a reliable simulation for training and dosimetry measurement before lung radiotherapy, especially SBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and AIM-HI, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Yen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Hung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shi-He Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and AIM-HI, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ying Wang
- Department of Nursing, Chang-Jung Christian University, Taiwan
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Adachi T, Kato Y, Kiyotomo D, Kawamukai K, Takazawa S, Suzuki T, Machida Y. Accuracy Verification of Four-Dimensional CT Analysis of Knee Joint Movements: A Pilot Study Using a Knee Joint Model and Motion-Capture System. Cureus 2023; 15:e35616. [PMID: 37007305 PMCID: PMC10065360 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to use the optical motion-capture method to verify the accuracy of four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) analysis of knee joint movement. Methods One static CT and three 4D-CT examinations of the knee joint model were obtained. The knee joint model was passively moved in the CT gantry during 4D-CT acquisitions. 4D-CT and static CT examinations were matched to perform 3D-3D registration. An optical-motion capture system recorded the position-posture of the knee joint model simultaneously with the 4D-CT acquisitions. Reference axes (X, Y, and Z directions) were defined based on static CT and applied to 4D-CT and the optical-motion capture system. Using the position-posture of the motion capture system as a reference standard, the position-posture measurements using 4D-CT were compared to these values, and the accuracy of the 4D-CT analysis of knee joint movements was quantitatively assessed. Results The position-posture measurements obtained from 4D-CT showed a similar tendency to those obtained from the motion-capture system. In the femorotibial joint, the difference in the spatial orientation between the two measurements was 0.7 mm in the X direction, 0.9 mm in the Y direction, and 2.8 mm in the Z direction. The difference in angle was 1.9° in the varus/valgus direction, 1.1° in the internal/external rotation, and 1.8° in extension/flexion. In the patellofemoral joint, the difference between the two measurements was 0.9 mm in the X direction, 1.3 mm in the Y direction, and 1.2 mm in the Z direction. The difference in angle was 0.9° for varus/valgus, 1.1° for internal/external rotation, and 1.3° for extension/flexion. Conclusions 4D-CT with 3D-3D registration could record the position-posture of knee joint movements with an error of less than 3 mm and less than 2° when compared with the highly accurate optical-motion capture system. Knee joint movement analysis using 4D-CT with 3D-3D registration showed excellent accuracy for in vivo applications.
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ma C, Liu B, Kong Q, Yue N, Xu Z, Nie K. Reproducibility and Repeatability of CBCT-Derived Radiomics Features. Front Oncol 2021; 11:773512. [PMID: 34869015 PMCID: PMC8637922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.773512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted in order to determine the reproducibility and repeatability of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiomics features. Methods The first-, second-, and fifth-day CBCT images from 10 head and neck (H&N) cancer patients and 10 pelvic cancer patients were retrospectively collected for this study. Eighteen common radiomics features were extracted from the longitudinal CBCT images using two radiomics packages. The reproducibility of CBCT-derived radiomics features was assessed using the first-day image as input and compared across the two software packages. The site-specific intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to quantitatively assess the agreement between packages. The repeatability of CBCT-based radiomics features was evaluated by comparing the following days of CBCT to the first-day image and quantified using site-specific concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Furthermore, the correlation with volume for all the features was assessed with linear regression and R2 as correlation parameters. Results The first-order histogram-based features such as skewness and entropy showed good agreement computed in either software package (ICCs ≥ 0.80), while the kurtosis measurements were consistent in H&N patients between the two software tools but not in pelvic cases. The ICCs for GLCM-based features showed good agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.80) between packages in both H&N and pelvic groups except for the GLCM-correction. The GLRLM-based texture features were overall less consistent as calculated by the two different software packages compared with the GLCM-based features. The CCC values of all first-order and second-order GLCM features (except GLCM-energy) were all above 0.80 from the 2-day part test–retest set, while the CCC values all dropped below the cutoff after 5-day treatment scans. All first-order histogram-based and GLCM-texture-based features were not highly correlated with volume, while two GLRLM features, in both H&N and pelvic cohorts, showed R2 ≥0.8, meaning a high correlation with volume. Conclusion The reproducibility and repeatability of CBCT-based radiomics features were assessed and compared for the first time on both H&N and pelvic sites. There were overlaps of stable features in both disease sites, yet the overall stability of radiomics features may be disease-/protocol-specific and a function of time between scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Qing Kong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Reynolds T, Lim P, Keall PJ, O'Brien R. Minimizing 4DCBCT imaging dose and scan time with Respiratory Motion Guided 4DCBCT: a pre-clinical investigation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 33455950 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abdc82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current conventional 4D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (4DCBCT) imaging is hampered by inconsistent patient breathing that leads to long scan times, reduced image quality and high imaging dose. To address these limitations, Respiratory Motion Guided 4D cone beam computed tomography (RMG-4DCBCT) uses mathematical optimization to adapt the gantry rotation speed and projection acquisition rate in real-time in response to changes in the patient's breathing rate. Here, RMG-4DCBCT is implemented on an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator to determine the minimum achievable imaging dose. 8 patient-measured breathing traces were programmed into a 1D motion stage supporting a 3D-printed anthropomorphic thorax phantom. The respiratory phase and current gantry position were calculated in real-time with the RMG-4DCBCT software, which in turn modulated the gantry rotation speed and suppressed projection acquisition. Specifically, the effect of acquiring 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 projections/respiratory phase bin RMG scans on scan time and image quality was assessed. Reconstructed image quality was assessed via the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the Edge Response Width (ERW) metrics. The performance of the system in terms of gantry control accuracy was also assessed via an analysis of the angular separation between adjacent projections. The median CNR increased linearly from 5.90 (20 projections/bin) to 8.39 (40 projections/bin). The ERW did not significantly change from 1.08 mm (20 projections/bin) to 1.07 mm (40 projections/bin), indicating the sharpness is not dependent on the total number of projections acquired. Scan times increased with increasing total projections and slower breathing rates. Across all 40 RMG-4DCBCT scans performed, the average difference in the acquired and desired angular separation between projections was 0.64°. RMG-4DCBCT provides the opportunity to enable fast low-dose 4DCBCT (∼70 s, 200 projections), without compromising on current clinical image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Reynolds
- ACRF Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Praise Lim
- ACRF Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul J Keall
- ACRF Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ricky O'Brien
- ACRF Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Kuo YF, Chen MH, Huang KH, Chang HH, Yeh CL, Lin CP. Comparing image qualities of dental cone-beam computed tomography with different scanning parameters for detecting root canals. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:991-996. [PMID: 32900578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a useful device in creating 3-dimensional images in the examining area of dentistry and is one of the most common clinical methods in detecting second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals in maxillary molars. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the image quality of the small field of view (FOV) CBCT with different rotation arcs and scanning speeds in the use of detecting root canals. METHODS A dentate human skull was scanned in Morita 3D Accuitomo 170 with 4 × 4 cm FOV under 5 mA and 90 kVp. Two different rotation arcs (360° and 180°) and three different scanning modes (slow-speed mode, standard mode and high-speed mode) combined into six different groups. Five different levels of axial sections were selected from each group. Five endodontic specialists rated the image quality by focusing on the sharpness of the MB2 canal of the upper right first molar and the surrounding structures. RESULTS Despite the rotation arcs, all the observers gave excellent ratings to images taken with slow-speed mode. The high-speed mode taken with 360° and 180° got the second lowest and the lowest ratings, respectively. Under the same scanning speed, the rotation arc did not have a significant difference in image quality. CONCLUSION Slow-speed mode is inevitable in maintaining adequate image quality during taking CBCT. However, endodontists can use the half rotation mode to significantly reduce radiation dose, exposure time, and still maintain sufficient image quality for root canal anatomy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Kuo
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hao Huang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hueng Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Vergalasova I, Cai J. A modern review of the uncertainties in volumetric imaging of respiratory-induced target motion in lung radiotherapy. Med Phys 2020; 47:e988-e1008. [PMID: 32506452 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has become a critical component for the treatment of all stages and types of lung cancer, often times being the primary gateway to a cure. However, given that radiation can cause harmful side effects depending on how much surrounding healthy tissue is exposed, treatment of the lung can be particularly challenging due to the presence of moving targets. Careful implementation of every step in the radiotherapy process is absolutely integral for attaining optimal clinical outcomes. With the advent and now widespread use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), where extremely large doses are delivered, accurate, and precise dose targeting is especially vital to achieve an optimal risk to benefit ratio. This has largely become possible due to the rapid development of image-guided technology. Although imaging is critical to the success of radiotherapy, it can often be plagued with uncertainties due to respiratory-induced target motion. There has and continues to be an immense research effort aimed at acknowledging and addressing these uncertainties to further our abilities to more precisely target radiation treatment. Thus, the goal of this article is to provide a detailed review of the prevailing uncertainties that remain to be investigated across the different imaging modalities, as well as to highlight the more modern solutions to imaging motion and their role in addressing the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Vergalasova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Kadoya N, Nemoto H, Kajikawa T, Nakajima Y, Kanai T, Ieko Y, Ikeda R, Sato K, Dobashi S, Takeda K, Jingu K. Evaluation of four-dimensional cone beam computed tomography ventilation images acquired with two different linear accelerators at various gantry speeds using a deformable lung phantom. Phys Med 2020; 77:75-83. [PMID: 32795891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated four-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) ventilation images (VICBCT) acquired with two different linear accelerator systems at various gantry speeds using a deformable lung phantom. The 4D-CT and 4D-CBCT scans were performed using a computed tomography (CT) scanner, an X-ray volume imaging system (Elekta XVI) mounted in Versa HD, and an On-Board Imager (OBI) system mounted in TrueBeam. Intensity-based deformable image registration (DIR) was performed between peak-exhale and peak-inhale images. VICBCT- and 4D-CT-based ventilation images (VICT) were derived by DIR using two metrics: one based on the Jacobian determinant and one on changes in the Hounsfield unit (HU). Three different DIR regularization values (λ) were used for VICBCT. Correlations between the VICBCT and VICT values were evaluated using voxel-wise Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r). In case of both metrics, the Jacobian-based VICBCT with a gantry speed of 0.6 deg/sec in Versa HD showed the highest correlation for all the gantry speeds (e.g., λ = 0.05 and r = 0.68). Thus, the r value of the Jacobian-based VICBCT was greater or equal to that of the HU-based VICBCT. In addition, the ventilation accuracy of VICBCT increased at low gantry speeds. Thus, the image quality of VICBCT was affected by the change in gantry speed in both the imaging systems. Additionally, DIR regularization considerably influenced VICBCT in both the imaging systems. Our results have the potential to assist in designing CBCT protocols, incorporating VICBCT imaging into the functional avoidance planning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kadoya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nemoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Radiotherapy, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kajikawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yujiro Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Radiotherapy, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ieko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Ikeda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Radiology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Sato
- Radiation Technology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suguru Dobashi
- Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Sakata M, Matsumoto K, Kubo K, Matsuda T, Ienaga A, Nagahata T, Ichida T. [Effect of Gantry Speed on Image Quality of Four-dimensional Cone-beam Computed Tomography Using a Dynamic Phantom of Lung]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2020; 76:1009-1016. [PMID: 33087646 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2020_jsrt_76.10.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper was to determine the optimal imaging conditions for four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) using an X-ray tube and a flat-panel detector mounted on a radiotherapy device. METHODS The optimal imaging conditions were examined by changing the gantry speed (GS) parameter that affected the exposure time. Exposed dose during imaging and image quality of moving phantom were compared between examined conditions. RESULTS The weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIW) decreased linearly with increasing GS. However, when GS was 180°/min or faster, the image quality degraded, and errors of 1 mm or more were observed regarding the size of mock tumor in the moving phantom. The accuracy of automatic image matching was within 0.1 mm when GS of 120°/min or slower was chosen. CONCLUSION From the results of this study, we concluded that GS of 120°/min is the optimum imaging condition. Under this imaging condition, the exposure time and CTDIW can be reduced by about 50% without compromising the accuracy of image registration, compared to the conventional GS of 70°/min. In addition, it has been clarified that there is an event that image reconstruction is not performed correctly due to the influence of phantom artifacts without depending on GS.
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Quantitative evaluation of 4D Cone beam CT scans with reduced scan time in lung cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2019; 136:64-70. [PMID: 31015131 PMCID: PMC6598855 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fast (2 min) 4D CBCT can be simulated accurately from long (4 min) scans. Registration was accurate for 96.6% of simulated 2 min scans. Acquired 2 min scan registration was accurate in 6/8 patients. 2 min 4D CBCT produces sufficient image quality for IGRT in lung cancer patients.
Purpose Image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) based on respiration correlated cone-beam CT (4D-CBCT) provides accurate tumour localisation in lung cancer patients by taking into account respiratory motion when deriving setup correction. However, 4D-CBCT scan times are typically longer than for acquisition of 3D-CBCT scans, e.g. 4 min. This work aims to quantitatively evaluate the effect of reduced scan times on 4D-CBCT image quality and registration accuracy in lung cancer patients. Methods and materials Scan times down to 1 min were simulated by retaining only projection images corresponding to every second, third or fourth respiratory cycle in forty-four 4D-CBCTs from 15 lung cancer patients. In addition twenty 2-minute scans were acquired for 12 lung cancer patients. Image quality was quantified by assessing registration accuracy in the shorter scan times, comparing to the 4-minute scan registration result where available as reference. Results Use of 2-minute scans had little impact on registration accuracy or ability to detect tumour motion: automatic registration accuracy was within 2 mm in 6/8 scans analysed with 2-minute acquisitions, and 96.6% of registration discrepancies were within 2 mm for the simulated scans. When the scan time simulated was below 2 min, automatic registration results still agreed within 2 mm for 84.7% of scans, however visual image quality was considerably degraded. Conclusion A 4D-CBCT acquisition time of 2 min produces scans of sufficient image quality for IGRT in most lung cancer patients, as demonstrated quantitatively by assessing the impact on automatic registration accuracy in simulated and real acquisitions.
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Shimohigashi Y, Araki F, Maruyama M, Yonemura K, Nakaguchi Y, Kai Y, Toya R. Image quality of four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography obtained at various gantry rotation speeds for liver stereotactic body radiation therapy with fiducial markers. Phys Med 2017; 45:19-24. [PMID: 29472086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, qualities of 4D cone-beam CT (CBCT) images obtained using various gantry rotation speeds (GRSs) for liver stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with fiducial markers were quantitatively evaluated. Abdominal phantom containing a fiducial marker was moved along a sinusoidal waveform, and 4D-CBCT images were acquired with GRSs of 50-200° min-1. We obtained the 4D-CBCT projection data from six patients who underwent liver SBRT and generated 4D-CBCT images at GRSs of 67-200° min-1, by varying the number of projection data points. The image quality was evaluated based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM). The fiducial marker positions with different GRSs were compared with the setup values and a reference position in the phantom and clinical studies, respectively. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) were calculated relative to the reference positions. In the phantom study, the mean SNR, CNR, and SSIM decreased from 37.6 to 10.1, from 39.8 to 10.1, and from 0.9 to 0.7, respectively, as the GRS increased from 50 to 200° min-1. The fiducial marker positions were within 2.0 mm at all GRSs. Similarly, in the clinical study, the mean SNR, CNR, and SSIM decreased from 50.4 to 13.7, from 24.2 to 6.0, and from 0.92 to 0.73, respectively. The mean RMSEs were 2.0, 2.1, and 3.6 mm for the GRSs of 67, 100, and 200° min-1, respectively. We conclude that GRSs of 67 and 85° min-1 yield images of acceptable quality for 4D-CBCT in liver SBRT with fiducial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Shimohigashi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Fujio Araki
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yonemura
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakaguchi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yudai Kai
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Toya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Barrett S. On-Treatment Verification for Lung Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2017; 48:343-345. [PMID: 31047468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barrett
- Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Yuasa Y, Shiinoki T, Fujimoto K, Hanazawa H, Uehara T, Koike M, Shibuya K. Effect of gantry speed on accuracy of extracted target motion trajectories and image quality in 4D-CBCT: phantom study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa8ade] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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van Timmeren JE, Leijenaar RT, van Elmpt W, Reymen B, Oberije C, Monshouwer R, Bussink J, Brink C, Hansen O, Lambin P. Survival prediction of non-small cell lung cancer patients using radiomics analyses of cone-beam CT images. Radiother Oncol 2017; 123:363-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Iramina H, Nakamura M, Iizuka Y, Mitsuyoshi T, Matsuo Y, Mizowaki T, Hiraoka M, Kanno I. The accuracy of extracted target motion trajectories in four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography for lung cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2016; 121:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang SW, Ren J, Yan YL, Xue CF, Tan L, Ma XW. Effect of image-guided hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy on peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4993-5003. [PMID: 27574441 PMCID: PMC4993395 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of image-guided hypofractionated radiotherapy and conventional fractionated radiotherapy on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fifty stage- and age-matched cases with NSCLC were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). There were 23 cases in group A and 27 cases in group B. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) and stereotactic radiotherapy were conjugately applied to the patients in group A. Group A patients underwent hypofractionated radiotherapy (6–8 Gy/time) three times per week, with a total dose of 64–66 Gy; group B received conventional fractionated radiotherapy, with a total dose of 68–70 Gy five times per week. In group A, 1-year and 2-year local failure survival rate and 1-year local failure-free survival rate were significantly higher than in group B (P<0.05). The local failure rate (P<0.05) and distant metastasis rate (P>0.05) were lower in group A than in group B. The overall survival rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B (P=0.03), and the survival rate at 1 year was 87% vs 63%, (P<0.05). The median survival time of group A was longer than that of group B. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with conventional fractionated radiation therapy, image-guided hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in NSCLC received better treatment efficacy and showed good tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University
| | - Yan-Li Yan
- Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Fan Xue
- Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tan
- Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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