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Seo J, Lee H, Hwan Ahn S, Yoon M. Feasibility study of a scintillation sheet-based detector for fluence monitoring during external photon beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2023; 112:102628. [PMID: 37354806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the properties of a scintillation sheet-based dosimetry system for beam monitoring with high spatial resolution, including the effects of this system on the treatment beam. The dosimetric characteristics and feasibility of this system for clinical use were also evaluated. METHODS The effects of the dosimetry system on the beam were evaluated by measuring the percentage depth doses, dose profiles, and transmission factors. Fifteen treatment plans were created, and the influence of the dosimetry system on these clinical treatment plans was evaluated. The performance of the system was assessed by determining signal linearity, dose rate dependence, and reproducibility. The feasibility of the system for clinical use was evaluated by comparing intensity distributions with reference intensity distributions verified by quality assurance. RESULTS The spatial resolution of the dosimetry system was found to be 0.43 mm/pixel when projected to the isocenter plane. The dosimetry system attenuated the intensity of 6 MV beams by about 1.1%, without affecting the percentage depth doses and dose profiles. The response of the dosimetry system was linear, independent of the dose rate used in the clinic, and reproducible. Comparison of intensity distributions of evaluation treatment fields with reference intensity distributions showed that the 1%/1 mm average gamma passing rate was 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS The dosimetry system did not significantly alter the beam characteristics, indicating that the system could be implemented by using only a transmission factor. The dosimetry system is clinically suitable for monitoring treatment beam delivery with higher spatial resolution than other transmission detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeon Seo
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Radioactivity Assessment Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Lee
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myonggeun Yoon
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; FieldCure Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Basiricò L, Fratelli I, Verdi M, Ciavatti A, Barba L, Cesarini O, Bais G, Polentarutti M, Chiari M, Fraboni B. Mixed 3D-2D Perovskite Flexible Films for the Direct Detection of 5 MeV Protons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2204815. [PMID: 36437046 PMCID: PMC9811469 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a novel, flexible, proton beam detector based on mixed 3D-2D perovskite films deposited by solution onto thin plastic foils. The 3D-2D mixture allows to obtain micrometer-thick and highly uniform films that constitute the detector's active layer. The devices demonstrate excellent flexibility with stable electric transport properties down to a bending radius of 3.1 mm. The detector is characterized under a 5 MeV proton beam with fluxes in the range [4.5 × 105 - 1.4 × 109 ] H+ cm-2 s-1 , exhibiting a stable response to repetitive irradiation cycles with sensitivity up to (290 ± 40) nC Gy-1 mm-3 and a limit of detection down to (72±2) µGy s-1 . The detector radiation tolerance is also assessed up to a total of 1.7 × 1012 protons impinging on the beam spot area, with a maximum variation of the detector's response of 14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basiricò
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBologna40127Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of BolognaBologna40127Italy
| | - Ilaria Fratelli
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBologna40127Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of BolognaBologna40127Italy
| | - Matteo Verdi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBologna40127Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of BolognaBologna40127Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavatti
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBologna40127Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of BolognaBologna40127Italy
| | - Luisa Barba
- National Council of ResearchInstitute of CrystallographyTrieste34149Italy
| | - Olivia Cesarini
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFNLaboratori Nazionali di LegnaroLegnaro35020Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Chiari
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of FirenzeSesto Fiorentino50019Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBologna40127Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear PhysicsINFN section of BolognaBologna40127Italy
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Wang M, Samant P, Wang S, Merill J, Chen Y, Ahmad S, Li D, Xiang L. Towards in vivo Dosimetry for Prostate Radiotherapy with a Transperineal Ultrasound Array: A Simulation Study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 5:373-382. [PMID: 33969250 PMCID: PMC8104130 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2020.3015109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) is a promising imaging modality to monitor the position of the radiation beam and the deposited dose during external beam radiotherapy delivery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a transperineal ultrasound transducer array for XACT imaging to guide the prostate radiotherapy. A customized two-dimensional (2D) matrix ultrasound transducer array with 10000 (100×100 elements) ultrasonic sensors with a central frequency of 1 MHz was designed on a 5 cm×5 cm plane to optimize three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging. The CT scan and dose treatment plan for a prostate patient undergoing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were obtained. In-house simulation was developed to model the time varying X-ray induced acoustic (XA) signals detected by the transperineal ultrasound array. A 3D filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm has been used for 3D XACT image reconstruction. Results of this study will greatly enhance the potential of XACT imaging for real time in vivo dosimetry during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Pratik Samant
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jack Merill
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma city, OK, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma city, OK, USA
| | - Dengwang Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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Fratelli I, Ciavatti A, Zanazzi E, Basiricò L, Chiari M, Fabbri L, Anthony JE, Quaranta A, Fraboni B. Direct detection of 5-MeV protons by flexible organic thin-film devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabf4462. [PMID: 33863730 PMCID: PMC8051878 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct detection of 5-MeV protons by flexible organic detectors based on thin films is here demonstrated. The organic devices act as a solid-state detector, in which the energy released by the protons within the active layer of the sensor is converted into an electrical current. These sensors can quantitatively and reliably measure the dose of protons impinging on the sensor both in real time and in integration mode. This study shows how to detect and exploit the energy absorbed both by the organic semiconducting layer and by the plastic substrate, allowing to extrapolate information on the present and past irradiation of the detector. The measured sensitivity, S = (5.15 ± 0.13) pC Gy-1, and limit of detection, LOD = (30 ± 6) cGy s-1, of the here proposed detectors assess their efficacy and their potential as proton dosimeters in several fields of application, such as in medical proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fratelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
- INFN-Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavatti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- INFN-Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Zanazzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Basiricò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- INFN-Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Chiari
- INFN-Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- INFN-Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Alberto Quaranta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- INFN-Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Muenkel J, Xu Z, Traughber BJ, Baig T, Xu K, Langmack C, Harris E, Podder TK. Feasibility of improving patient's safety with in vivo dose tracking in intracavitary and interstitial HDR brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 2020; 20:353-360. [PMID: 33187822 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The in vivo dosimetric monitoring in HDR brachytherapy is important for improving patient safety. However, there are very limited options available for clinical application. In this study, we present a new in vivo dose measurement system with a plastic scintillating detector (PSD) for GYN HDR brachytherapy. METHODS An FDA approved PSD system, called OARtrac (AngioDynamics, Latham, NY), was used with various applicators for in vivo dose measurements for GYN patients. An institutional workflow was established for the clinical implementation of the dosimetric system. Action levels were proposed based on the measurement and system uncertainty for measurement deviations. From October 2018 to September 2019, a total of 75 measurements (48 fractions) were acquired from 14 patients who underwent HDR brachytherapy using either a multichannel cylinder, Venezia applicator, or Syed-Neblett template. The PSDs were placed in predetermined catheters/channels. A planning CT was acquired for treatment planning in Oncentra (Elekta, Version-4.5.2) TPS. The PSDs were contoured on the CT images, and the PSD D90% values were used as the expected doses for comparison with the measured doses. RESULTS The mean difference from patient measurements was -0.22% ± 5.98%, with 26% being the largest deviation from the expected value (Syed case). Large deviations were observed when detectors were placed in the area where dose rates were less than 1 cGy/s. CONCLUSIONS The establishment of clinical workflow for the in vivo dosimetry for both the intracavitary and interstitial GYN HDR brachytherapy will potentially improve the safety of the patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Muenkel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zhengzheng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Bryan J Traughber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tanvir Baig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Keying Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christian Langmack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eleanor Harris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tarun K Podder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Yada R, Maenaka K, Miyamoto S, Okada G, Sasakura A, Ashida M, Adachi M, Sato T, Wang T, Akasaka H, Mukumoto N, Shimizu Y, Sasaki R. Real-time in vivo dosimetry system based on an optical fiber-coupled microsized photostimulable phosphor for stereotactic body radiation therapy. Med Phys 2020; 47:5235-5249. [PMID: 32654194 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an in vivo dosimeter system for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) that can perform accurate and precise real-time measurements, using a microsized amount of a photostimulable phosphor (PSP), BaFBr:Eu2+ . METHODS The sensitive volume of the PSP was 1.26 × 10-5 cm3 . The dosimeter system was designed to apply photostimulation to the PSP after the decay of noise signals, in synchronization with the photon beam pulse of a linear accelerator (LINAC), to eliminate the noise signals completely using a time separation technique. The noise signals included stem signals, and radioluminescence signals generated by the PSP. In addition, the dosimeter system was built on a storage-type dosimeter that could read out a signal after an arbitrary preset number of photon beam pulses were incident. First, the noise and photostimulated luminescence (PSL) signal decay times were measured. Subsequently, we confirmed that the PSL signals could be exclusively read out within the photon beam pulse interval. Finally, using a water phantom, the basic characteristics of the dosimeter system were demonstrated under SBRT conditions, and the feasibility for clinical application was investigated. The reproducibility, dose linearity, dose-rate dependence, temperature dependence, and angular dependence were evaluated. The feasibility was confirmed by measurements at various dose gradients and using a representative treatment plan for a metastatic liver tumor. A clinical plan was created with a two-arc beam volumetric modulated arc therapy using a 10 MV flattening filter-free photon beam. For the water phantom measurements, the clinical plan was compiled into a plan with a fixed gantry angle of 0°. To evaluate the energy dependence during SBRT, the percent depth dose (PDD) was measured and compared with those calculated via Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. RESULTS All the PSL signals could be read out while eliminating the noise signals within the minimum pulse interval of the LINAC. Stable real-time measurements could be performed with a time resolution of 56 ms (i.e., number of pulses = 20). The dose linearity was good in the dose range of 0.01-100 Gy. The measurements agreed within 1% at dose rates of 40-2400 cGy/min. The temperature and angular dependence were also acceptable since these dependencies had only a negligible effect on the measurements in SBRT. At a dose gradient of 2.21 Gy/mm, the measured dose agreed with that calculated using a treatment planning system (TPS) within the measurement uncertainties due to the probe position. For measurements using a representative treatment plan, the measured dose agreed with that calculated using the TPS within 0.5% at the center of the beam axis. The PDD measurements agreed with the MC calculations to within 1% for field sizes <5 × 5 cm2 . CONCLUSION The in vivo dosimeter system developed using BaFBr:Eu2+ is capable of real-time, accurate, and precise measurement under SBRT conditions. The probe is smaller than a conventional dosimeter, has excellent spatial resolution, and can be valuable in SBRT with a steep dose distribution over a small field. The developed PSP dosimeter system appears to be suitable for in vivo SBRT dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazusuke Maenaka
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Kouto, Kamigoricho, Akogun, Hyogo, 678-1205, Japan
| | - Go Okada
- Co-creative Research Center of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 3-1 Yatsukaho, Hakusan, Ishikawa, 924-0838, Japan
| | - Aki Sasakura
- Meisyo Kiko Co., Ltd, 148 Numa, Hikamicho, Tamba, Hyogo, 669-3634, Japan
| | - Motoi Ashida
- Meisyo Kiko Co., Ltd, 148 Numa, Hikamicho, Tamba, Hyogo, 669-3634, Japan
| | - Masashi Adachi
- Meisyo Kiko Co., Ltd, 148 Numa, Hikamicho, Tamba, Hyogo, 669-3634, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akasaka
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naritoshi Mukumoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimizu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuouku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
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Esposito M, Villaggi E, Bresciani S, Cilla S, Falco MD, Garibaldi C, Russo S, Talamonti C, Stasi M, Mancosu P. Estimating dose delivery accuracy in stereotactic body radiation therapy: A review of in-vivo measurement methods. Radiother Oncol 2020; 149:158-167. [PMID: 32416282 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been recognized as a standard treatment option for many anatomical sites. Sophisticated radiation therapy techniques have been developed for carrying out these treatments and new quality assurance (QA) programs are therefore required to guarantee high geometrical and dosimetric accuracy. This paper focuses on recent advances on in-vivo measurements methods (IVM) for SBRT treatment. More specifically, all of the online QA methods for estimating the effective dose delivered to patients were compared. Determining the optimal IVM for performing SBRT treatments would reduce the risk of errors that could jeopardize treatment outcome. A total of 89 papers were included. The papers were subdivided into the following topics: point dosimeters (PD), transmission detectors (TD), log file analysis (LFA), electronic portal imaging device dosimetry (EPID), dose accumulation methods (DAM). The detectability capability of the main IVM detectors/devices were evaluated. All of the systems have some limitations: PD has no spatial data, EPID has limited sensitivity towards set-up errors and intra-fraction motion in some anatomical sites, TD is insensitive towards patient related errors, LFA is not an independent measure, DAMs are not always based on measures. In order to minimize errors in SBRT dose delivery, we recommend using synergic combinations of two or more of the systems described in our review: on-line tumor position and patient information should be combined with MLC position and linac output detection accuracy. In this way the effects of SBRT dose delivery errors will be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Esposito
- S.C. Fisica Sanitaria Firenze-Empoli, Azienda Sanitaria USL Toscana Centro, Italy.
| | | | - Sara Bresciani
- Medical Physics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Savino Cilla
- Medical Physics Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Daniela Falco
- Department of Radiation Oncology "G. D'Annunzio", University of Chieti, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Garibaldi
- Radiation Research Unit, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Serenella Russo
- S.C. Fisica Sanitaria Firenze-Empoli, Azienda Sanitaria USL Toscana Centro, Italy
| | - Cinzia Talamonti
- University of Florence, Dept Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Science, "Mario Serio", Medical Physics Unit, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Stasi
- Medical Physics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Mancosu
- Medical Physics Unit of Radiotherapy Dept., Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
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Belley MD, Craciunescu O, Chang Z, Langloss BW, Stanton IN, Yoshizumi TT, Therien MJ, Chino JP. Real-time dose-rate monitoring with gynecologic brachytherapy: Results of an initial clinical trial. Brachytherapy 2018; 17:1023-1029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Veronese I, Chiodini N, Cialdi S, d’Ippolito E, Fasoli M, Gallo S, La Torre S, Mones E, Vedda A, Loi G. Real-time dosimetry with Yb-doped silica optical fibres. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4218-4236. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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