Effects of auditory feedback deprivation length on the vowel /epsilon/ produced by pediatric cochlear-implant users

Discrimination and sensorimotor adaptation of self-produced vowels in cochlear implant users

Humans rely on auditory feedback to monitor and adjust their speech for clarity. Cochlear implants (CIs) have helped over a million people restore access to auditory feedback, which significantly improves speech production. However, there is substantial variability in outcomes. This study investigates the extent to which CI users can use their auditory feedback to detect self-produced sensory errors and make adjustments to their speech, given the coarse spectral resolution provided by their implants. First, we used an auditory discrimination task to assess the sensitivity of CI users to small differences in formant frequencies of their self-produced vowels. Then, CI users produced words with altered auditory feedback in order to assess sensorimotor adaptation to auditory error. Almost half of the CI users tested can detect small, within-channel differences in their self-produced vowels, and they can utilize this auditory feedback towards speech adaptation. An acoustic hearing control group showed better sensitivity to the shifts in vowels, even in CI-simulated speech, and elicited more robust speech adaptation behavior than the CI users. Nevertheless, this study confirms that CI users can compensate for sensory errors in their speech and supports the idea that sensitivity to these errors may relate to variability in production.

Processing of Acoustic Information in Lexical Tone Production and Perception by Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients

Purpose: This study examined the utilization of multiple types of acoustic information in lexical tone production and perception by pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients who are native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Methods: Lexical tones were recorded from CI recipients and their peers with normal hearing (NH). Each participant was asked to produce a disyllabic word, yan jing, with which the first syllable was pronounced as Tone 3 (a low dipping tone) while the second syllable was pronounced as Tone 1 (a high level tone, meaning "eyes") or as Tone 4 (a high falling tone, meaning "eyeglasses"). In addition, a parametric manipulation in fundamental frequency (F0) and duration of Tones 1 and 4 used in a lexical tone recognition task in Peng et al. (2017) was adopted to evaluate the perceptual reliance on each dimension. Results: Mixed-effect analyses of duration, intensity, and F0 cues revealed that NH children focused exclusively on marking distinct F0 contours, while CI participants shortened Tone 4 or prolonged Tone 1 to enhance their contrast. In line with these production strategies, NH children relied primarily on F0 cues to identify the two tones, whereas CI children showed greater reliance on duration cues. Moreover, CI participants who placed greater perceptual weight on duration cues also tended to exhibit smaller changes in their F0 production. Conclusion: Pediatric CI recipients appear to contrast the secondary acoustic dimension (duration) in addition to F0 contours for both lexical tone production and perception. These findings suggest that perception and production strategies of lexical tones are well coupled in this pediatric CI population.

Vowel intelligibility in children with cochlear implants: An acoustic and articulatory study

In child cochlear implant (CI) users, early implantation generally results in highly intelligible speech. However, for some children developing a high level of speech intelligibility may be problematic. Studies of speech production in CI users have principally been based on perceptual judgment and acoustic measures. Articulatory measures, such as those collected using ultrasound provide the opportunity to more precisely evaluate what makes child CI users more intelligible. This study investigates speech production and intelligibility in children with CI using acoustic and articulatory measures. Ten children with unilateral or bilateral CIs and 13 children with normal hearing (NH) participated in the study. Participants repeated five English vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) with and without auditory feedback. Ultrasound was used to capture tongue positions and acoustic signals were recorded simultaneously. The results showed that, despite quite similar acoustic results, the two speaker groups made different use of the tongue to implement vowel contrasts. Indeed, the tongue position was lower in the feedback OFF condition than the feedback ON condition for all participants, but the magnitude of this difference was larger for CI users than for their NH peers. This difference led to diminished intelligibility scores for CI users. This study shows the limitation of acoustic measurements alone and demonstrates how the use of articulatory measurements can explain intelligibility patterns. Moreover, our results show that when cochlear implantation occurs early in life and auditory feedback is available, CI users' intelligibility is comparable to that of their NH peers.