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Kerboua K, Hamdaoui O. Void fraction, number density of acoustic cavitation bubbles, and acoustic frequency: A numerical investigation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:2240. [PMID: 31671994 DOI: 10.1121/1.5126865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present paper consists of a numerical study attempting to characterize the bubble population within a sonochemical reactor through modeling and simulating the number density of bubbles and the void fraction. In a first step, both previous parameters were estimated under 1.52 bar and various acoustic frequencies ranging from 20 to 1000 kHz in function of normalized time. The results showed that the average number density of bubbles, varying within the interval 2.8104-1.4 × 1012 bubbles dm-3, follows a clear monotonous evolving trend as the frequency increases, while the average void fraction, comprised between 9.05 × 10-5 and 1.95 × 10-4, demonstrates no dependency of acoustic conditions. In a second step, an energy analysis was performed at microscopic and macroscopic scales, which led the authors to figure out that the evolution of the number density of bubbles in function of acoustic frequency is mainly governed by the energy required to maintain oscillating the single cavitation bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Kerboua
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologies Industrielles, Department of Second Cycle, P.O. Box 218, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Burgess MT, Porter TM. Control of Acoustic Cavitation for Efficient Sonoporation with Phase-Shift Nanoemulsions. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:846-858. [PMID: 30638968 PMCID: PMC8859868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation can be used to temporarily disrupt cell membranes for intracellular delivery of large biomolecules. Termed sonoporation, the ability of this technique for efficient intracellular delivery (i.e., >50% of initial cell population showing uptake) while maintaining cell viability (i.e., >50% of initial cell population viable) has proven to be very difficult. Here, we report that phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNEs) function as inertial cavitation nuclei for improvement of sonoporation efficiency. The interplay between ultrasound frequency, resultant microbubble dynamics and sonoporation efficiency was investigated experimentally. Acoustic emissions from individual microbubbles nucleated from PSNEs were captured using a broadband passive cavitation detector during and after acoustic droplet vaporization with short pulses of ultrasound at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz. Time domain features of the passive cavitation detector signals were analyzed to estimate the maximum size (Rmax) of the microbubbles using the Rayleigh collapse model. These results were then applied to sonoporation experiments to test if uptake efficiency is dependent on maximum microbubble size before inertial collapse. Results indicated that at the acoustic droplet vaporization threshold, Rmax was approximately 61.7 ± 5.2, 24.9 ± 2.8, and 12.4 ± 2.1 μm at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz, respectively. Sonoporation efficiency increased at higher frequencies, with efficiencies of 39.5 ± 13.7%, 46.6 ± 3.28% and 66.8 ± 5.5% at 1, 2.5 and 5 MHz, respectively. Excessive cellular damage was seen at lower frequencies because of the erosive effects of highly energetic inertial cavitation. These results highlight the importance of acoustic cavitation control in determining the outcome of sonoporation experiments. In addition, PSNEs may serve as tailorable inertial cavitation nuclei for other therapeutic ultrasound applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Burgess
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyrone M Porter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Pishchalnikov YA, Behnke-Parks W, Maeda K, Colonius T, Mellema M, Hopcroft M, Luong A, Wiener S, Stoller ML, Kenny T, Laser DJ. Experimental observations and numerical modeling of lipid-shell microbubbles with calcium-adhering moieties for minimally-invasive treatment of urinary stones. PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS ON ACOUSTICS. ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 35:020008. [PMID: 32440311 PMCID: PMC7241592 DOI: 10.1121/2.0000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel treatment modality incorporating calcium-adhering microbubbles has recently entered human clinical trials as a new minimally-invasive approach to treat urinary stones. In this treatment method, lipid-shell gas-core microbubbles can be introduced into the urinary tract through a catheter. Lipid moities with calcium-adherance properties incorporated into the lipid shell facilitate binding to stones. The microbubbles can be excited by an extracorporeal source of quasi-collimated ultrasound. Alternatively, the microbubbles can be excited by an intraluminal source, such as a fiber-optic laser. With either excitation technique, calcium-adhering microbubbles can significantly increase rates of erosion, pitting, and fragmentation of stones. We report here on new experiments using high-speed photography to characterize microbubble expansion and collapse. The bubble geometry observed in the experiments was used as one of the initial shapes for the numerical modeling. The modeling showed that the bubble dynamics strongly depends on bubble shape and stand-off distance. For the experimentally observed shape of microbubbles, the numerical modeling showed that the collapse of the microbubbles was associated with pressure increases of some two-to-three orders of magnitude compared to the excitation source pressures. This in-vitro study provides key insights into the use of microbubbles with calcium-adhering moieties in treatment of urinary stones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuki Maeda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105
| | - Tim Colonius
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125
| | | | | | - Alice Luong
- Applaud Medical, Inc., San Francisco,CA, 94107
| | - Scott Wiener
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Marshall L Stoller
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Thomas Kenny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Khokhlova T, Rosnitskiy P, Hunter C, Maxwell A, Kreider W, Ter Haar G, Costa M, Sapozhnikov O, Khokhlova V. Dependence of inertial cavitation induced by high intensity focused ultrasound on transducer F-number and nonlinear waveform distortion. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:1160. [PMID: 30424663 PMCID: PMC6125138 DOI: 10.1121/1.5052260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound was shown to enhance chemotherapeutic drug uptake in tumor tissue through inertial cavitation, which is commonly assumed to require peak rarefactional pressures to exceed a certain threshold. However, recent studies have indicated that inertial cavitation activity also correlates with the presence of shocks at the focus. The shock front amplitude and corresponding peak negative pressure (p -) in the focal waveform are primarily determined by the transducer F-number: less focused transducers produce shocks at lower p -. Here, the dependence of inertial cavitation activity on the transducer F-number was investigated in agarose gel by monitoring broadband noise emissions with a coaxial passive cavitation detector (PCD) during pulsed exposures (pulse duration 1 ms, pulse repetition frequency 1 Hz) with p- varying within 1-15 MPa. Three 1.5 MHz transducers with the same aperture, but different focal distances (F-numbers 0.77, 1.02, 1.52) were used. PCD signals were processed to extract cavitation probability, persistence, and mean noise level. At the same p -, all metrics indicated enhanced cavitation activity at higher F-numbers; specifically, cavitation probability reached 100% when shocks formed at the focus. These results provide further evidence supporting the excitation of inertial cavitation at reduced p - by waveforms with nonlinear distortion and shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Khokhlova
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98125, USA
| | - Pavel Rosnitskiy
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Christopher Hunter
- Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Adam Maxwell
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Wayne Kreider
- Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Gail Ter Haar
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia Costa
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Sapozhnikov
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera Khokhlova
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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López-Marín LM, Rivera AL, Fernández F, Loske AM. Shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:1-38. [PMID: 29685859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled permeabilization of mammalian cell membranes is fundamental to develop gene and cell therapies based on macromolecular cargo delivery, a process that emerged against an increasing number of health afflictions, including genetic disorders, cancer and infections. Viral vectors have been successfully used for macromolecular delivery; however, they may have unpredictable side effects and have been limited to life-threatening cases. Thus, several chemical and physical methods have been explored to introduce drugs, vaccines, and nucleic acids into cells. One of the most appealing physical methods to deliver genes into cells is shock wave-induced poration. High-speed microjets of fluid, emitted due to the collapse of microbubbles after shock wave passage, represent the most significant mechanism that contributes to cell membrane poration by this technique. Herein, progress in shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells is presented. After covering the main concepts related to molecular strategies whose applications depend on safer drug delivery methods, the physics behind shock wave phenomena is described. Insights into the use of shock waves for cell membrane permeation are discussed, along with an overview of the two major biomedical applications thereof-i.e., genetic modification and anti-cancer shock wave-assisted chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to summarize 30 years of data showing underwater shock waves as a safe, noninvasive method for macromolecular delivery into mammalian cells, encouraging the development of further research, which is still required before the introduction of this promising tool into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M López-Marín
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Ana Leonor Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares & Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Fernández
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Achim M Loske
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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Sugita N, Ando K, Sugiura T. Experiment and modeling of translational dynamics of an oscillating bubble cluster in a stationary sound field. ULTRASONICS 2017; 77:160-167. [PMID: 28237825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Translational motion of an oscillating bubble cluster under sound irradiation is studied experimentally and is modeled in the framework of the classical approach of Bjerknes. An experimental technique is proposed to observe bubble cluster formation and its translational dynamics interacting with wall boundaries due to the secondary Bjerknes force. The translational motion observed in the experiment is modeled by extending the classical theory of Bjerknes on a single bubble; a bubble cluster is treated as a single bubble. The extended Bjerknes theory is shown to allow us to predict the overall trajectory of the cluster translating toward a wall of finite acoustic impedance by tuning acoustic energy loss at the wall. The drag force turns out to be unimportant for the translation of a millimeter-sized cluster that we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Sugita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 2238522, Japan.
| | - Keita Ando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 2238522, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 2238522, Japan
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Gregorcic P, Jezersek M, Mozina J. Optodynamic energy-conversion efficiency during an Er:YAG-laser-pulse delivery into a liquid through different fiber-tip geometries. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:075006. [PMID: 22894478 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.075006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When an erbium-laser pulse is directed into water through a small-diameter fiber tip (FT), the absorption of the laser energy superheats the water and its boiling induces a vapor bubble. We present the influence of different FT geometries and pulse parameters on the vapor-bubble dynamics. In our investigation, we use a free-running erbium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) (λ=2.94 μm) laser that was designed for laser dentistry. Its pulse is directed into the water through FTs with a flat and conical geometry. Our results show that in the case of the conical FT, a spherical bubble is induced, while a channel-like bubble develops for the flat FT. The ratio between the mechanical energy of the liquid medium and the pulse energy, which we call the optodynamic energy-conversion efficiency, is examined using shadow photography. The results indicate that this efficiency is significantly larger when a conical FT is used and it increases with increasing pulse energy and decreasing pulse duration. The spherical bubbles are compared with the Rayleigh model in order to present the influence of the pulse duration on the dynamics of the bubble's expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gregorcic
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kreider W, Crum LA, Bailey MR, Sapozhnikov OA. A reduced-order, single-bubble cavitation model with applications to therapeutic ultrasound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:3511-30. [PMID: 22088026 PMCID: PMC3259669 DOI: 10.1121/1.3626158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation often occurs in therapeutic applications of medical ultrasound such as shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Because cavitation bubbles can affect an intended treatment, it is important to understand the dynamics of bubbles in this context. The relevant context includes very high acoustic pressures and frequencies as well as elevated temperatures. Relative to much of the prior research on cavitation and bubble dynamics, such conditions are unique. To address the relevant physics, a reduced-order model of a single, spherical bubble is proposed that incorporates phase change at the liquid-gas interface as well as heat and mass transport in both phases. Based on the energy lost during the inertial collapse and rebound of a millimeter-sized bubble, experimental observations were used to tune and test model predictions. In addition, benchmarks from the published literature were used to assess various aspects of model performance. Benchmark comparisons demonstrate that the model captures the basic physics of phase change and diffusive transport, while it is quantitatively sensitive to specific model assumptions and implementation details. Given its performance and numerical stability, the model can be used to explore bubble behaviors across a broad parameter space relevant to therapeutic ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Kreider
- Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 Northeast 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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