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Zhang S, Chen L. Acoustic information masking effects of natural sounds on traffic noise based on psychological health in open urban spaces. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1031501. [PMID: 36935713 PMCID: PMC10022823 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1031501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of existing resources, such as natural sounds, to promote the mental health of citizens is an area of research that is receiving increasing attention. This research contributes to existing knowledge by combining a field psychological walk method and an experimental acoustic control method to compare the acoustic information masking effects of water and birdsong sounds on traffic noise based on the psychological health responses of 30 participants to such effects. The influence of traffic noise and contextual sounds on the psychological health of participants identified the potential of natural sounds in the acoustic information masking of traffic noise. Furthermore, it was found that 65.0 dBA water sounds did not mask 60.0 dBA traffic noises. However, 45.0 dBA birdsong sounds did mask it, but this effect was not significant. Additionally, contextual factors with and without crowd activity sounds were not significant in influencing psychological health through birdsong. This study contributes to public health cost savings. It may also guide the development of new ideas and methods for configuring open urban spaces according to public health needs.
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Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Noise Monitoring Networks-A Literature Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082256. [PMID: 32316202 PMCID: PMC7218845 DOI: 10.3390/s20082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Noise pollution reduction in the environment is a major challenge from a societal and health point of view. To implement strategies to improve sound environments, experts need information on existing noise. The first source of information is based on the elaboration of noise maps using software, but with limitations on the realism of the maps obtained, due to numerous calculation assumptions. The second is based on the use of measured data, in particular through professional measurement observatories, but in limited numbers for practical and financial reasons. More recently, numerous technical developments, such as the miniaturization of electronic components, the accessibility of low-cost computing processors and the improved performance of electric batteries, have opened up new prospects for the deployment of low-cost sensor networks for the assessment of sound environments. Over the past fifteen years, the literature has presented numerous experiments in this field, ranging from proof of concept to operational implementation. The purpose of this article is firstly to review the literature, and secondly, to identify the expected technical characteristics of the sensors to address the problem of noise pollution assessment. Lastly, the article will also put forward the challenges that are needed to respond to a massive deployment of low-cost noise sensors.
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Hong JY, Ong ZT, Lam B, Ooi K, Gan WS, Kang J, Feng J, Tan ST. Effects of adding natural sounds to urban noises on the perceived loudness of noise and soundscape quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134571. [PMID: 32000311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introducing pleasant natural sounds to mask urban noises is an important soundscape design strategy to improve acoustic comfort. This study investigates the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between natural sounds (signal) and the target noises (noise) and their temporal characteristics on the perceived loudness of noise (PLN) and overall soundscape quality (OSQ) through a laboratory experiment. Two types of urban noise sources (hydraulic breaker and traffic noises) were set to A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels (SPL) of 55, 65, and 75 dB and then augmented with two types of natural sounds (birdsong and stream), across a range of SNRs. Each acoustic stimulus was a combination of noise and natural sound at SNRs from -6 to 6 dB. Averaged across all cases, the subjective assessment of PLN showed that augmenting urban noise separately with the two natural sounds reduced the PLN by 17.9%, with no significant differences found between the birdsong and stream sounds. Adding natural sounds increased the OSQ by on average 18.3% across the cases, but their effects gradually decreased as the noise level increased. The OSQ of the birdsong and stream sounds were similar for traffic noise, whereas the stream sound was rated higher than the birdsong for the breaker noise. The results suggest that increasing the dissimilarity in temporal structure between the target noise and natural sounds could enhance the soundscape quality. Appropriate SNRs were explored considering both PLN and OSQ. The results showed that the SNR of -6 dB was desirable when the A-weighted SPL of the noise rose to 75 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Hong
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zhen-Ting Ong
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bhan Lam
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Ooi
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Woon-Seng Gan
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Kang
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett, University College London, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Feng
- Building & Research Institute, Housing & Development Board, 738973, Singapore
| | - Sze-Tiong Tan
- Building & Research Institute, Housing & Development Board, 738973, Singapore
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Fu D, Weber C, Yang G, Kerzel M, Nan W, Barros P, Wu H, Liu X, Wermter S. What Can Computational Models Learn From Human Selective Attention? A Review From an Audiovisual Unimodal and Crossmodal Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:10. [PMID: 32174816 PMCID: PMC7056875 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention plays an essential role in information acquisition and utilization from the environment. In the past 50 years, research on selective attention has been a central topic in cognitive science. Compared with unimodal studies, crossmodal studies are more complex but necessary to solve real-world challenges in both human experiments and computational modeling. Although an increasing number of findings on crossmodal selective attention have shed light on humans' behavioral patterns and neural underpinnings, a much better understanding is still necessary to yield the same benefit for intelligent computational agents. This article reviews studies of selective attention in unimodal visual and auditory and crossmodal audiovisual setups from the multidisciplinary perspectives of psychology and cognitive neuroscience, and evaluates different ways to simulate analogous mechanisms in computational models and robotics. We discuss the gaps between these fields in this interdisciplinary review and provide insights about how to use psychological findings and theories in artificial intelligence from different perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weber
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guochun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Kerzel
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weizhi Nan
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pablo Barros
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Wermter
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Devos P, Aletta F, Thomas P, Petrovic M, Vander Mynsbrugge T, Van de Velde D, De Vriendt P, Botteldooren D. Designing Supportive Soundscapes for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244904. [PMID: 31817300 PMCID: PMC6950055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sound and its resulting soundscape is a major appraisal component of the living environment. Where environmental sounds (e.g., outdoor traffic sounds) are often perceived as negative, a soundscape (e.g., containing natural sounds) can also have a positive effect on health and well-being. This supportive effect of a soundscape is getting increasing attention for use in practice. This paper addresses the design of a supportive sonic environment for persons with dementia in nursing homes. Starting from a review of key mechanisms related to sonic perception, cognitive deficits and related behavior, a framework is derived for the composition of a sonic environment for persons with dementia. The proposed framework is centered around using acoustic stimuli for influencing mood, stimulating the feeling of safety and triggering a response in a person. These stimuli are intended to be deployed as added sounds in a nursing home to improve the well-being and behavior of the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Devos
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Aletta
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London WC1H0NN, UK
| | - Pieter Thomas
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Mirko Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tara Vander Mynsbrugge
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Artevelde University College, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.M.); (D.V.d.V.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Dominique Van de Velde
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Artevelde University College, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.M.); (D.V.d.V.); (P.D.V.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia De Vriendt
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Artevelde University College, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.M.); (D.V.d.V.); (P.D.V.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dick Botteldooren
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.); (P.T.); (D.B.)
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Lugten M, Karacaoglu M, White K, Kang J, Steemers K. Improving the soundscape quality of urban areas exposed to aircraft noise by adding moving water and vegetation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:2906. [PMID: 30522313 DOI: 10.1121/1.5079310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that the sight of trees and the sound of moving water improve the soundscape quality of outdoor spaces exposed to road traffic noise. Effects are attributed to non-energetic masking, visual attentional distortion, and congruence between sight and hearing. However, there is no literature on such effects for aircraft noise. Aircraft noise varies from other traffic sources, i.e., in terms temporal variability, duration, and spectral composition, complicating the application of findings without further research. In a virtual reality experiment reported in this article, participants were asked to rate scenarios with different sound levels of flyovers, urban typologies, vegetation, and/ or water features. The results showed a significant improvement of the soundscape quality when (1) vegetation and (2) moving water were present, and especially when (3) vegetation and moving water were presented simultaneously, especially for residential areas in terms of the relative change. Moving water also reduced the saliency of aircraft flyovers significantly, changing the constellation of fore- and background sounds. Moving water raised the perceived audibility of the most dominant sound source too, which could be attributed to non-energetic masking effects. The findings of this study indicate that soundscape strategies can complement noise abatement in areas prone to aircraft noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Lugten
- Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX, United Kingdom
| | - Merve Karacaoglu
- Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NLR), Anthony Fokkerweg 9, Amsterdam 1059 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Kim White
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorstraat 1, Amsterdam 1081BT, the Netherlands
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Koen Steemers
- Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX, United Kingdom
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Bockstael A, Samyn L, Corthals P, Botteldooren D. Presenting and processing information in background noise: A combined speaker-listener perspective. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:210. [PMID: 29390759 DOI: 10.1121/1.5020799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transferring information orally in background noise is challenging, for both speaker and listener. Successful transfer depends on complex interaction between characteristics related to listener, speaker, task, background noise, and context. To fully assess the underlying real-life mechanisms, experimental design has to mimic this complex reality. In the current study, the effects of different types of background noise have been studied in an ecologically valid test design. Documentary-style information had to be presented by the speaker and simultaneously acquired by the listener in four conditions: quiet, unintelligible multitalker babble, fluctuating city street noise, and little varying highway noise. For both speaker and listener, the primary task was to focus on the content that had to be transferred. In addition, for the speakers, the occurrence of hesitation phenomena was assessed. The listener had to perform an additional secondary task to address listening effort. For the listener the condition with the most eventful background noise, i.e., fluctuating city street noise, appeared to be the most difficult with markedly longer duration of the secondary task. In the same fluctuating background noise, speech appeared to be less disfluent, suggesting a higher level of concentration from the speaker's side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Bockstael
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3N 1X7, Canada
| | - Laurie Samyn
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Corthals
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dick Botteldooren
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium
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Aletta F, Axelsson Ö, Kang J. Dimensions Underlying the Perceived Similarity of Acoustic Environments. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1162. [PMID: 28747894 PMCID: PMC5506192 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research on how people perceive or experience and/or understand the acoustic environment as a whole (i.e., soundscape) is still in development. In order to predict how people would perceive an acoustic environment, it is central to identify its underlying acoustic properties. This was the purpose of the present study. Three successive experiments were conducted. With the aid of 30 university students, the first experiment mapped the underlying dimensions of perceived similarity among 50 acoustic environments, using a visual sorting task of their spectrograms. Three dimensions were identified: (1) Distinguishable–Indistinguishable sound sources, (2) Background–Foreground sounds, and (3) Intrusive–Smooth sound sources. The second experiment was aimed to validate the results from Experiment 1 by a listening experiment. However, a majority of the 10 expert listeners involved in Experiment 2 used a qualitatively different approach than the 30 university students in Experiment 1. A third experiment was conducted in which 10 more expert listeners performed the same task as per Experiment 2, with spliced audio signals. Nevertheless, Experiment 3 provided a statistically significantly worse result than Experiment 2. These results suggest that information about the meaning of the recorded sounds could be retrieved in the spectrograms, and that the meaning of the sounds may be captured with the aid of holistic features of the acoustic environment, but such features are still unexplored and further in-depth research is needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Aletta
- Acoustics Group, School of Architecture, University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom.,WAVES Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Östen Axelsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Kang
- Acoustics Group, School of Architecture, University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom
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The Personal Viewpoint on the Meaning of Tranquility Affects the Appraisal of the Urban Park Soundscape. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szabó BT, Denham SL, Winkler I. Computational Models of Auditory Scene Analysis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:524. [PMID: 27895552 PMCID: PMC5108797 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory scene analysis (ASA) refers to the process (es) of parsing the complex acoustic input into auditory perceptual objects representing either physical sources or temporal sound patterns, such as melodies, which contributed to the sound waves reaching the ears. A number of new computational models accounting for some of the perceptual phenomena of ASA have been published recently. Here we provide a theoretically motivated review of these computational models, aiming to relate their guiding principles to the central issues of the theoretical framework of ASA. Specifically, we ask how they achieve the grouping and separation of sound elements and whether they implement some form of competition between alternative interpretations of the sound input. We consider the extent to which they include predictive processes, as important current theories suggest that perception is inherently predictive, and also how they have been evaluated. We conclude that current computational models of ASA are fragmentary in the sense that rather than providing general competing interpretations of ASA, they focus on assessing the utility of specific processes (or algorithms) for finding the causes of the complex acoustic signal. This leaves open the possibility for integrating complementary aspects of the models into a more comprehensive theory of ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta T Szabó
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
| | - Susan L Denham
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth Plymouth, UK
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
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Preis A, Kociński J, Hafke-Dys H, Wrzosek M. Audio-visual interactions in environment assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:191-200. [PMID: 25863510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine how visual and audio information influences audio-visual environment assessment. Original audio-visual recordings were made at seven different places in the city of Poznań. Participants of the psychophysical experiments were asked to rate, on a numerical standardized scale, the degree of comfort they would feel if they were in such an environment. The assessments of audio-visual comfort were carried out in a laboratory in four different conditions: (a) audio samples only, (b) original audio-visual samples, (c) video samples only, and (d) mixed audio-visual samples. The general results of this experiment showed a significant difference between the investigated conditions, but not for all the investigated samples. There was a significant improvement in comfort assessment when visual information was added (in only three out of 7 cases), when conditions (a) and (b) were compared. On the other hand, the results show that the comfort assessment of audio-visual samples could be changed by manipulating the audio rather than the video part of the audio-visual sample. Finally, it seems, that people could differentiate audio-visual representations of a given place in the environment based rather of on the sound sources' compositions than on the sound level. Object identification is responsible for both landscape and soundscape grouping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Preis
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Kociński
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Honorata Hafke-Dys
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Szamarzewskiego 89, 60-568 Poznań, Poland
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Can A, Gauvreau B. Describing and classifying urban sound environments with a relevant set of physical indicators. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:208-18. [PMID: 25618052 DOI: 10.1121/1.4904555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Categorization is a powerful method for describing urban sound environments. However, it has only been applied, until now, to discrete noise data collection, whereas sound environments vary continuously both in space and time. Therefore, a procedure is developed in this paper for describing the variations of urban sound environments. The procedure consists of mobile measurements, followed by a statistical clustering analysis that selects relevant noise indicators and classifies sound environments. Analysis are based on a 3 days + 1 night survey where geo-referenced noise measurements were collected over 19 1-h soundwalk periods in a district of Marseille, France. The clustering analysis showed that a limited subset of indicators is sufficient to discriminate sound environments. The three indicators that emerged from the clustering, namely, the Leq, A, the standard deviation σL eq, A, and the sound gravity spectrum SGC[50 Hz-10 kHz], are consistent with previous studies on sound environment classification. Moreover, the procedure proposed enables the description of the sound environment, which is classified into homogenous sound environment classes by means of the selected indicators. Thus, the procedure can be adapted to any urban environment, and can, for instance, favorably enhance perceptive studies by delimiting precisely the spatial extent of each typical sound environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Can
- l'Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, Département Aménagement-Mobilité-Environnement, Laboratoire d'Acoustique Environnementale, F-44341 Bouguenais, France
| | - B Gauvreau
- l'Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, Département Aménagement-Mobilité-Environnement, Laboratoire d'Acoustique Environnementale, F-44341 Bouguenais, France
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13
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