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The Distinctive Forehead Cleft of the Risso's Dolphin ( Grampus griseus) Hardly Affects Biosonar Beam Formation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243472. [PMID: 36552392 PMCID: PMC9774579 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) has a distinctive vertical crease (or cleft) along the anterior surface of the forehead. Previous studies have speculated that the cleft may contribute to biosonar beam formation. To explore this, we constructed 2D finite element models based on computer tomography data of the head of a naturally deceased Risso's dolphin. The simulated acoustic near-field signals, far-field signals, and transmission beam patterns were compared to corresponding measurements from a live, echolocating Risso's dolphin. To investigate the effect of the cleft, we filled the cleft with neighboring soft tissues in our model, creating a hypothetical "cleftless" forehead, as found in other odontocetes. We compared the acoustic pressure field and the beam pattern between the clefted and cleftless cases. Our results suggest that the cleft plays an insignificant role in forehead biosonar sound propagation and far-field beam formation. Furthermore, the cleft was not responsible for the bimodal click spectrum recorded and reported from this species.
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Wei C, Au WWL, Ketten DR. Modeling of the near to far acoustic fields of an echolocating bottlenose dolphin and harbor porpoise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:1790. [PMID: 32237856 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echolocation signals emitted by odontocetes can be roughly classified into three broad categories: broadband echolocation signals, narrowband high-frequency echolocation signals, and frequency modulated clicks. Previous measurements of broadband echolocation signal propagation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) did not find any evidence of focusing as the signals travel from the near-field to far-field. Finite element analysis (FEA) of high-resolution computed tomography scan data was used to examine signal propagation of broadband echolocation signals of dolphins and narrowband echolocation signals of porpoises. The FEA results were used to simulate the propagation of clicks from phonic lips, traveling through the forehead, and finally transmission into the water. Biosonar beam formation in the near-field and far-field, including the amplitude contours for the two species, was determined. The finite element model result for the simulated amplitude contour in the horizontal plane was consistent with prior direct measurement results for Tursiops, validating the model. Furthermore, the simulated far-field transmission beam patterns in both the vertical and horizontal planes were also qualitatively consistent with results measured from live animals. This study indicates that there is no evidence of convergence for either Tursiops or Phocoena as the sound propagates from the near-field to the far-field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Frainer G, Moreno IB, Serpa N, Galatius A, Wiedermann D, Huggenberger S. Ontogeny and evolution of the sound-generating structures in the infraorder Delphinida (Odontoceti: Delphinida). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ontogeny of the structures involved in sound generation and modulation in dolphins was investigated through a comparison of the soft nasal structures of foetal, perinatal, neonatal and adult specimens of Pontoporiidae, Phocoenidae and Delphinidae. Foetal samples were sectioned at 10 µm in the saggital and coronal planes, and stained for histological examination. Computed tomography and magentic resonance imaging scan series were combined with new data to represent the ontogenetic stages of the three groups. The images were analysed in 3D-Slicer to characterize the general head topography. The origins of the melon and the vestibular air sac were detected between Carnegie stages C16 and F22. The three groups analysed showed distinct formation of the nasal plug and nasal plug muscles, mainly with regard to the loss of fat pathways (or their maintenance in Pontoporiidae) and the development of the nasal plug muscles on both sides (during perinatal development of Phocoenidae) or just on the left side (during postnatal development in Delphinidae). Broadband vocalizing delphinidans might have evolved under heterochronic events acting on the formation of sound-generating structures such as the rostrum and vestibular air sacs, and on the transformation of the branches of the melon, probably leading to a reduced directionality of the sonar beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Frainer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
- Department II of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ignacio B Moreno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Serpa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
| | - Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
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Feng W, Zhang Y, Wei C. A biosonar model of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) for material composition discrimination of cylinders. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:1362. [PMID: 31472536 DOI: 10.1121/1.5122981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research into the physical mechanism of odontocetes biosonar has made great progress in the past several decades, especially on wave propagation and biosonar beam formation in the foreheads of odontocetes. Although a number of experimental studies have been performed, the physical mechanism of odontocetes underwater target discrimination has not yet been fully understood. Previous research has experimentally studied the finless porpoise's target discrimination using cylinders different in material [Nakahara, Takemura, Koido, and Hiruda (1997). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 13(4), 639-649]. The authors proposed a computed tomography based finite element biosonar model to simulate the detailed process of a finless porpoise click emission and target detection in order to gain a further understanding of the underlying physical mechanism. The numerical solutions of resonance features of both steel and acrylic cylinders in this study are very consistent with the analytic solutions. Furthermore, the simulated outgoing clicks and echoes match the experiment results measured by Nakahara et al. The beam patterns of the scattered field were extracted and the resonance features of cylinders in different materials were analyzed. This method in this study could be used to study some other odontocetes that are inaccessible for experimental work and could also provide physical information for intelligent biomimetic underwater signal processors design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wei
- Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
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Zou ZF, Chen W, Li W, Yuan K. Impact of Vocal Fold Dehydration on Vocal Function and Its Treatment. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:310-316. [PMID: 31016527 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The change of vocal function after vocal fold dehydration due to dryness was discussed along with the treatment effect of different atomizing agents. Forty-eight staffs from The Central Hospital of Wuhan were recruited. All volunteers breathed dry air for vocal fold dehydration. After dry air inhalation, the subjects were randomly divided into four groups, with 12 cases each. Three groups were treatment groups, receiving 0.9% normal saline (IS), 5% hypertonic saline (HS) and double-distilled water (SW) atomizing inhalation therapy, respectively, and the last group was the control group without treatment. Voice data were collected for all subjects before and immediately after dry air inhalation using the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) system. Atomizing inhalation therapy was given 10 min after dry air inhalation, and voice data were collected using MDVP system at the following time points after atomizing inhalation treatment: 5 min, 20 min, 35 min, 50 min, 65 min, 80 min, 95 min, 110 min. In the control group, voice data were collected at the same time points and compared with those of treatment groups. The vocal function parameters collected before and after dry air inhalation as well as after treatment were subjected to test using SPSS 16.0 software. In the four groups, jitter (fundamental frequency perturbation), shimmer (amplitude perturbation), and amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ) were significantly increased after dry air inhalation (P<0.05). In IS, HS and SW groups, after atomizing inhalation treatment, there was an obvious reduction in jitter, shimmer and APQ, showing significant differences as compared with those after dry air inhalation (P<0.05). Moreover, these parameters were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The jitter, shimmer and APQ in the IS group were significantly lower than those in the HS and SW groups (P<0.05). We are led to a conclusion: Vocal fold dehydration induced by dryness can reduce the stability of voice; such decreased voice stability can be improved by atomizing inhalation therapy; without proper treatment, voice stability caused by vocal fold dehydration cannot heal spontaneously; of three atomizing agents namely, IS, HS and SW, IS had the best treatment effect for decreased voice stability caused by vocal fold dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Fei Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
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Feng W, Zhang Y, Wei C. A study on the asymmetric cylinder wall thickness difference discrimination by dolphins. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:1018. [PMID: 30180669 DOI: 10.1121/1.5051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can effectively discriminate between water-filled cylinders with different wall thicknesses. The dolphins' performance may be particularly good when the cylinders are thinner. The dolphins' performance is also asymmetric, in that the discrimination accuracy is not equal when the target thickness increases and decreases by the same amount. Inspired by this, a finite element model is proposed here to mimic a dolphin actively transmitting sound to discriminate between targets using acoustic echoes. The waveforms and frequency spectra of acoustic echoes from a standard cylinder and comparison cylinders with wall thickness differences of ±0.3 mm were compared. The employed model simulations show good agreement with previous experimental measurements by Au and Pawloski [(1992). J. Compar. Physiol. A 170(1), 41-47]. Asymmetric arrival time shifts were found for the echo peaks and troughs with the same sequence numbers when the wall thicknesses were increased and decreased by the same amount. This asymmetry became more significant for echo peaks and troughs with higher sequence numbers. Apart from these asymmetric arrival time shifts of the acoustic echoes, the patterns of echo waveforms, the spatial distributions of sound pressures in the water, and the particle vibratory displacements in the cylinders were also found to vary with cylinder thickness. The physical origin of this asymmetric discrimination by the dolphins was explored using both geometric acoustics and wave acoustics. The asymmetry observed might be caused by the circumferential surface (Lamb) wave in the cylinder wall, which is a wave acoustics phenomenon that cannot be derived from geometric acoustics. The findings in this paper might be valuable not just for understanding the mechanism of the effect described, but also for helping the development of biomimetic intelligence for robust signal processing in underwater target discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wei
- Acoustic Research Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 12A Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119222, Singapore
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Wei C, Au WWL, Ketten DR, Zhang Y. Finite element simulation of broadband biosonar signal propagation in the near- and far-field of an echolocating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:2611. [PMID: 29857761 DOI: 10.1121/1.5034464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bottlenose dolphins project broadband echolocation signals for detecting and locating prey and predators, and for spatial orientation. There are many unknowns concerning the specifics of biosonar signal production and propagation in the head of dolphins and this manuscript represents an effort to address this topic. A two-dimensional finite element model was constructed using high resolution CT scan data. The model simulated the acoustic processes in the vertical plane of the biosonar signal emitted from the phonic lips and propagated into the water through the animal's head. The acoustic field on the animal's forehead and the farfield transmission beam pattern of the echolocating dolphin were determined. The simulation results and prior acoustic measurements were qualitatively extremely consistent. The role of the main structures on the sound propagation pathway such as the air sacs, melon, and connective tissue was investigated. Furthermore, an investigation of the driving force at the phonic lips for dolphins that emit broadband echolocation signals and porpoises that emit narrowband echolocation signals suggested that the driving force is different for the two types of biosonar. Finally, the results provide a visual understanding of the sound transmission in dolphin's biosonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Zengcuoan West Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Qiao G, Qing X, Feng W, Liu S, Nie D, Zhang Y. Elastic feature of cylindrical shells extraction in time-frequency domain using biomimetic dolphin click. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:3787. [PMID: 29289082 DOI: 10.1121/1.5017835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A dolphin's biosonar may effectively discriminate subtle differences among targets. In order to investigate the possible physical mechanism of target discrimination, in this study, a finite element model excited by a biomimetic click pulse was proposed. The acoustic scattering field and stress distribution of a stainless steel shell were simulated. The biomimetic click experiments were then conducted to verify the theoretical predictions in an anechoic tank. The experimental results showed a good agreement with the model simulations. Furthermore, the elastic time-frequency features of three cylindrical shells with different wall thickness were obtained using a fractional Fourier transform filter to eliminate specular reflection and cross-term interference. To compare discrimination capacity of the time-frequency features with and without the specular reflection, a time-frequency correlator was applied to calculate the correlation coefficient between different shells. The results indicated that the time-frequency features can be represented in high resolution with less cross-term interference, and these features without specular reflection showed a good capacity to discriminate the shells with different wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qiao
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qing
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Songzuo Liu
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghu Nie
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Song Z, Zhang Y, Thornton SW, Li S, Dong J. The influence of air-filled structures on wave propagation and beam formation of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) in horizontal and vertical planes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:2443. [PMID: 29092606 DOI: 10.1121/1.5008855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The wave propagation, sound field, and transmission beam pattern of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) were investigated in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Results suggested that the signals obtained at both planes were similarly characterized with a high peak frequency and a relatively narrow bandwidth, close to the ones recorded from live animals. The sound beam measured outside the head in the vertical plane was narrower than that of the horizontal one. Cases with different combinations of air-filled structures in both planes were used to study the respective roles in controlling wave propagation and beam formation. The wave propagations and beam patterns in the horizontal and vertical planes elucidated the important reflection effect of the spermaceti and vocal chambers on sound waves, which was highly significant in forming intensive forward sound beams. The air-filled structures, the forehead soft tissues and skull structures formed wave guides in these two planes for emitted sounds to propagate forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchang Song
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven W Thornton
- Coastwise Consulting, Inc. 173 Virgina Avenue, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA
| | - Songhai Li
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchen Dong
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
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Dong J, Song Z, Li S, Gong Z, Li K, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Acoustic properties of a short-finned pilot whale head with insight into temperature influence on tissues' sound velocity. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:1901. [PMID: 29092562 DOI: 10.1121/1.5005509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic properties of odontocete head tissues, including sound velocity, density, and acoustic impedance, are important parameters to understand dynamics of its echolocation. In this paper, acoustic properties of head tissues from a freshly dead short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) were reconstructed using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. The animal's forehead soft tissues were cut into 188 ordered samples. Sound velocity, density, and acoustic impedance of each sample were either directly measured or calculated by formula, and Hounsfield Unit values (HUs) were obtained from CT scanning. According to relationships between HUs and sound velocity, HUs and density, as well as HUs and acoustic impedance, distributions of acoustic properties in the head were reconstructed. The inner core in the melon with low-sound velocity and low-density is an evidence for its potential function of sound focusing. The increase in acoustic impedance of forehead tissues from inner core to outer layer may be important for the acoustic impedance matching between the outer layer tissue and seawater. In addition, temperature dependence of sound velocity in soft tissues was also examined. The results provide a guide to the simulation of the sound emission of the short-finned pilot whale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchen Dong
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhongchang Song
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Songhai Li
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zining Gong
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Kuan Li
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Radiology Department, People's Hospital of Sanya, Sanya 572000, China
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Wei C, Au WWL, Ketten DR, Song Z, Zhang Y. Biosonar signal propagation in the harbor porpoise's (Phocoena phocoena) head: The role of various structures in the formation of the vertical beam. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:4179. [PMID: 28618799 DOI: 10.1121/1.4983663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) use narrow band echolocation signals for detecting and locating prey and for spatial orientation. In this study, acoustic impedance values of tissues in the porpoise's head were calculated from computer tomography (CT) scan and the corresponding Hounsfield Units. A two-dimensional finite element model of the acoustic impedance was constructed based on CT scan data to simulate the acoustic propagation through the animal's head. The far field transmission beam pattern in the vertical plane and the waveforms of the receiving points around the forehead were compared with prior measurement results, the simulation results were qualitatively consistent with the measurement results. The role of the main structures in the head such as the air sacs, melon and skull in the acoustic propagation was investigated. The results showed that air sacs and skull are the major components to form the vertical beam. Additionally, both beam patterns and sound pressure of the sound waves through four positions deep inside the melon were demonstrated to show the role of the melon in the biosonar sound propagation processes in the vertical plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Zhongchang Song
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiping Building, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Zengcuoan West Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Song Z, Zhang Y, Berggren P, Wei C. Reconstruction of the forehead acoustic properties in an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis), with investigation on the responses of soft tissue sound velocity to temperature. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:681. [PMID: 28253667 DOI: 10.1121/1.4974861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging and ultrasound experimental measurements were combined to reconstruct the acoustic properties (density, velocity, and impedance) of the head from a deceased Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). The authors extracted 42 soft forehead tissue samples to estimate the sound velocity and density properties at room temperature, 25.0 °C. Hounsfield Units (HUs) of the samples were read from CT scans. Linear relationships between the tissues' HUs and velocity, and HUs and density were revealed through regression analyses. The distributions of the head acoustic properties at axial, coronal, and sagittal cross sections were reconstructed, suggesting that the forehead soft tissues were characterized by low-velocity in the melon, high-velocity in the muscle and connective tissues. Further, the sound velocities of melon, muscle, and connective tissue pieces were measured under different temperatures to investigate tissues' velocity response to temperature. The results demonstrated nonlinear relationships between tissues' sound velocity and temperature. This study represents a first attempt to provide general information on acoustic properties of this species. The results could provide meaningful information for understanding the species' bioacoustic characteristics and for further investigation on sound beam formation of the dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchang Song
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Per Berggren
- Dove Marine Laboratory, School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Cullercoats, North Shields NE30 4PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Koblitz JC, Stilz P, Rasmussen MH, Laidre KL. Highly Directional Sonar Beam of Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) Measured with a Vertical 16 Hydrophone Array. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162069. [PMID: 27828956 PMCID: PMC5102362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recordings of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) echolocation signals were made using a linear 16 hydrophone array in the pack ice of Baffin Bay, West Greenland in 2013 at eleven sites. An average -3 dB beam width of 5.0° makes the narwhal click the most directional biosonar signal reported for any species to date. The beam shows a dorsal-ventral asymmetry with a narrower beam above the beam axis. This may be an evolutionary advantage for toothed whales to reduce echoes from the water surface or sea ice surface. Source level measurements show narwhal click intensities of up to 222 dB pp re 1 μPa, with a mean apparent source level of 215 dB pp re 1 μPa. During ascents and descents the narwhals perform scanning in the vertical plane with their sonar beam. This study provides valuable information for reference sonar parameters of narwhals and for the use of acoustic monitoring in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristin L. Laidre
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCK); (KLL)
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Song Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei C, Berggren P. Comparison of acoustic structures between heads of a narrow-ridged finless porpoise fetus and its mother. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) was used to compare the tissue structures involved in sound production and reception in a fetus and its maternal body of a female finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis sunameri) found stranded at Huian, Fujian Province, China, in April 2014. Qualitative assessment of the CT images revealed the physical development of main acoustic tissues including melon, blubber, mandibular fat, muscle, and connective tissue in a 10-month old fetus. Compared to the maternal body, the cranium of the fetus was not enclosed, air sacs and nasal meatus were both absent, and the maxilla was much thinner. Furthermore, Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements from CT scanning were used to quantify the difference between the fetus and its maternal body for melon, blubber, mandibular fat, muscle, and connective tissue. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in HU between all 5 structures melon, blubber, mandibular fat, muscle, and connective tissue (P < 0.001) both in the fetus and maternal body. The median HU values of melon, blubber, mandibular fat, and muscle in the fetus (−61.0, −74.0, −24.0, and 25.0, respectively) were higher than those recorded in the maternal body (−85.0, −85.0, −69.0, and 12.0, respectively). However, the median HU value of connective tissue (50.0) in the fetus was lower than that recorded in the maternal body (60.0). The results show that the acoustic tissue structures were not fully developed in the fetus and depending on the actual age of the fetus the structures may not be fully formed by the time of birth. Further studies are needed to determine at what age finless porpoise calves have fully developed the tissue structures needed to produce and use ultrasound beams for echolocation.
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15
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Wei C, Au WWL, Song Z, Zhang Y. The role of various structures in the head on the formation of the biosonar beam of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:875-880. [PMID: 26936568 DOI: 10.1121/1.4941780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relative role of the various structures in the head of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) is examined. A finite element approach was applied to numerically simulate the acoustic propagation through a dolphin's head to examine the relative role of the skull, air sacs, and melon in the formation of the biosonar beam in the vertical plane. The beam pattern obtained with the whole head in place is compared with the beam pattern when the air sac is removed and the other structures (skull and melon) are in place, with only the skull removed, and finally with only the melon removed. The beam pattern with the air sacs and skull intact and the melon removed closely resembled the beam pattern for the complete head, suggesting that the melon has a minor role in the formation of the beam. The beam pattern for the other two cases had very little resemblance to the beam pattern for the whole head. The air sacs seem to have a role of directing propagation of the signal toward the front and the skull prevents the sound propagating below the rostrum. The beam patterns along with a correlation analysis showed that the melon had only a slight influence on the shape and direction of the beam. The resultant beam exiting the head of the dolphin is the result of complex reflection processes within the head of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Zhongchang Song
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiping Building, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen 361005, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Peoples Republic of China
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16
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Song Z, Zhang Y, Wei C, Wang X. Inducing rostrum interfacial waves by fluid-solid coupling in a Chinese river dolphin (Lipotesvexillifer). Phys Rev E 2016; 93:012411. [PMID: 26871105 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.012411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Through numerically solving the appropriate wave equations, propagation of biosonar signals in a Chinese river dolphin (baiji) was studied. The interfacial waves along the rostrum-tissue interfaces, including both compressional (longitudinal) and shear (transverse) waves in the solid rostrum through fluid-solid coupling were examined. The baiji's rostrum was found to effect acoustic beam formation not only as an interfacial wave generator but also as a sound reflector. The wave propagation patterns in the solid rostrum were found to significantly change the wave movement through the bone. Vibrations in the rostrum, expressed in solid displacement, initially increased but eventually decreased from posterior to anterior sides, indicating a complex physical process. Furthermore, the comparisons among seven cases, including the combination of (1) the rostrum, melon, and air sacs; (2) rostrum-air sacs; (3) rostrum-melon; (4) only rostrum; (5) air sacs-melon; (6) only air sacs; and (7) only melon revealed that the cases including the rostrum were better able to approach the complete system by inducing rostrum-tissue interfacial waves and reducing the differences in main beam angle and -3 dB beam width. The interfacial waves in the rostrum were considered complementary with reflection to determine the obbligato role of the rostrum in the baiji's biosonar emission. The far-field beams formed from complete fluid-solid models and non-fluid-solid models were compared to reveal the effects brought by the consideration of shear waves of the solid structures of the baiji. The results may provide useful information for further understanding the role of the rostrum in this odontocete species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchang Song
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Xianyan Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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17
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Song Z, Xu X, Dong J, Xing L, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li S, Berggren P. Acoustic property reconstruction of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) forehead based on computed tomography imaging. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:3129-3137. [PMID: 26627786 DOI: 10.1121/1.4935135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging and sound experimental measurements were used to reconstruct the acoustic properties (density, velocity, and impedance) of the forehead tissues of a deceased pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). The forehead was segmented along the body axis and sectioned into cross section slices, which were further cut into sample pieces for measurements. Hounsfield units (HUs) of the corresponding measured pieces were obtained from CT scans, and regression analyses were conducted to investigate the linear relationships between the tissues' HUs and velocity, and HUs and density. The distributions of the acoustic properties of the head at axial, coronal, and sagittal cross sections were reconstructed, revealing that the nasal passage system was asymmetric and the cornucopia-shaped spermaceti organ was in the right nasal passage, surrounded by tissues and airsacs. A distinct dense theca was discovered in the posterior-dorsal area of the melon, which was characterized by low velocity in the inner core and high velocity in the outer region. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in density, velocity, and acoustic impedance between all four structures, melon, spermaceti organ, muscle, and connective tissue (p < 0.001). The obtained acoustic properties of the forehead tissues provide important information for understanding the species' bioacoustic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchang Song
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchen Dong
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Luru Xing
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Radiology Department, People's Hospital of Sanya, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiping Building, Xiangan South Road, Xiangan District, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhai Li
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Per Berggren
- Dove Marine Laboratory, School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Cullercoats, North Shields NE30 4PZ, United Kingdom
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Kuroda M, Sasaki M, Yamada K, Miki N, Matsuishi T. Tissue physical property of the harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena for investigation of the sound emission process. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:1451-1456. [PMID: 26428782 DOI: 10.1121/1.4928608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The process by which sound is propagated in the head of a toothed whale is still a subject of discussion. Investigating the distribution of acoustic impedance calculated by density and Young's modulus is effective for quantitative comprehension because acoustic impedance determines the reflection coefficient of a sound wave. However, the sound propagation process of the toothed whale has been mainly examined by either anatomical techniques or the measurement of density or sound velocity. In the current study, the acoustic impedance of head tissue of harbor porpoise was measured. Results of this study should be a helpful information for further discussion about the relationship between the structure of sound-producing organ and clicks property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kuroda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Miki
- School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, 116-2, Kamedanakano-cho Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
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Wei C, Wang Z, Song Z, Wang K, Wang D, Au WWL, Zhang Y. Acoustic property reconstruction of a neonate Yangtze finless porpoise's (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) head based on CT imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121442. [PMID: 25856588 PMCID: PMC4391851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of the acoustic properties of a neonate finless porpoise’s head was performed using X-ray computed tomography (CT). The head of the deceased neonate porpoise was also segmented across the body axis and cut into slices. The averaged sound velocity and density were measured, and the Hounsfield units (HU) of the corresponding slices were obtained from computed tomography scanning. A regression analysis was employed to show the linear relationships between the Hounsfield unit and both sound velocity and density of samples. Furthermore, the CT imaging data were used to compare the HU value, sound velocity, density and acoustic characteristic impedance of the main tissues in the porpoise’s head. The results showed that the linear relationships between HU and both sound velocity and density were qualitatively consistent with previous studies on Indo-pacific humpback dolphins and Cuvier’s beaked whales. However, there was no significant increase of the sound velocity and acoustic impedance from the inner core to the outer layer in this neonate finless porpoise’s melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46–007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States of America
| | - Zhitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zhongchang Song
- College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiping Building, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Kexiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (DW)
| | - Whitlow W. L. Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46–007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- College of Ocean & Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (DW)
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