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Richard G, Mathias D, Collin J, Chauvaud L, Bonnel J. Three-dimensional anthropogenic underwater noise modeling in an Arctic fjord for acoustic risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114487. [PMID: 36584437 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea-ice covering is drastically declining in the Arctic, opening new maritime routes and thus introducing underwater noise pollution in nearly pristine acoustic environments. Evaluating underwater noise pollution requires good acoustic propagation modeling to predict sound exposure levels. However, underwater noise modeling for acoustic risk assessments has often been carried out using simplistic propagation models, which approximate a 3D propagation in several planes (Nx2D), instead of using full 3D propagation models. However, Nx2D propagation models are impractical for winding geography and steep bathymetry as found in Arctic fjords. The purpose of this study is to estimate disturbance and masking effects on Arctic animal species from shipping noises, modeled through a traditional Nx2D BELLHOP model and a full 3D BELLHOP model. Classical Nx2D propagation modeling largely underestimates the anthropogenic noise footprint in Arctic fjords compared to using a full 3D propagation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Richard
- Société d'Observation Multi-Modale de l'Environnement, 38 rue Jim Sevellec, 29200 Brest, France; Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Delphine Mathias
- Société d'Observation Multi-Modale de l'Environnement, 38 rue Jim Sevellec, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Jérémy Collin
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julien Bonnel
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA
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Reeder DB, Joseph JE, Rago TA, Bullard JM, Honegger D, Haller MC. Acoustic spectrometry of bubbles in an estuarine front: Sound speed dispersion, void fraction, and bubble density. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2429. [PMID: 35461491 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries constitute a unique waveguide for acoustic propagation. The spatiotemporally varying three-dimensional front between the seawater and the outflowing freshwater during both flood and ebb constitutes an interfacial sound speed gradient capable of supporting significant vertical and horizontal acoustic refraction. The collision of these two water masses often produces breaking waves, injecting air bubbles into the water column; the negative vertical velocities of the denser saltwater often subduct bubbles to the bottom of these shallow waveguides, filling the water column with a bubbly mixture possessing a significantly lower effective sound speed. A field experiment was carried out in the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama in June 2021 to characterize estuarine bubble clouds in terms of their depth-dependent plume structure, frequency-dependent sound speed and attenuation, bubble size distribution, bubble number density, and void fraction. Results demonstrate that sound speed in the bubbly liquid consistently falls below the intrinsic sound speed of bubble-free water; specifically, the bubbly liquid 1.3 m below the surface in a front in this environment possesses effective sound speeds, void fractions, and bubble number densities of approximately 750 m/s, 0.001%, and 2 × 106 bubbles/m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Benjamin Reeder
- Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, 1 University Circle, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - John E Joseph
- Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, 1 University Circle, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - Thomas A Rago
- Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, 1 University Circle, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - Jeremy M Bullard
- Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, 1 University Circle, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - David Honegger
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 1491 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Merrick C Haller
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 1491 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Lin YT, Porter MB, Sturm F, Isakson MJ, Chiu CS. Introduction to the special issue on three-dimensional underwater acoustics. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:1855. [PMID: 31590534 DOI: 10.1121/1.5126013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsong Lin
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Michael B Porter
- Heat, Light, and Sound Research, Inc., San Diego, California 92130, USA
| | - Frédéric Sturm
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique (LMFA), Centre Acoustique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Écully 69134, France
| | - Marcia J Isakson
- Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78713, USA
| | - Ching-Sang Chiu
- Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA
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