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Verga L, Kotz SA, Ravignani A. The evolution of social timing. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:131-151. [PMID: 37419011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Sociality and timing are tightly interrelated in human interaction as seen in turn-taking or synchronised dance movements. Sociality and timing also show in communicative acts of other species that might be pleasurable, but also necessary for survival. Sociality and timing often co-occur, but their shared phylogenetic trajectory is unknown: How, when, and why did they become so tightly linked? Answering these questions is complicated by several constraints; these include the use of divergent operational definitions across fields and species, the focus on diverse mechanistic explanations (e.g., physiological, neural, or cognitive), and the frequent adoption of anthropocentric theories and methodologies in comparative research. These limitations hinder the development of an integrative framework on the evolutionary trajectory of social timing and make comparative studies not as fruitful as they could be. Here, we outline a theoretical and empirical framework to test contrasting hypotheses on the evolution of social timing with species-appropriate paradigms and consistent definitions. To facilitate future research, we introduce an initial set of representative species and empirical hypotheses. The proposed framework aims at building and contrasting evolutionary trees of social timing toward and beyond the crucial branch represented by our own lineage. Given the integration of cross-species and quantitative approaches, this research line might lead to an integrated empirical-theoretical paradigm and, as a long-term goal, explain why humans are such socially coordinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verga
- Comparative Bioacoustic Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ravignani
- Comparative Bioacoustic Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Mulsow J, Finneran JJ, Strahan MG, Houser DS, Burkard RF. Input compensation of dolphin and sea lion auditory brainstem responses using frequency-modulated up-chirps. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:739-750. [PMID: 37556567 DOI: 10.1121/10.0020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-modulated "chirp" stimuli that offset cochlear dispersion (i.e., input compensation) have shown promise for increasing auditory brainstem response (ABR) amplitudes relative to traditional sound stimuli. To enhance ABR methods with marine mammal species known or suspected to have low ABR signal-to-noise ratios, the present study examined the effects of broadband chirp sweep rate and level on ABR amplitude in bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions. "Optimal" chirps were designed based on previous estimates of cochlear traveling wave speeds (using high-pass subtractive masking methods) in these species. Optimal chirps increased ABR peak amplitudes by compensating for cochlear dispersion; however, chirps with similar (or higher) frequency-modulation rates produced comparable results. The optimal chirps generally increased ABR amplitudes relative to noisebursts as threshold was approached, although this was more obvious when sound pressure level was used to equate stimulus levels (as opposed to total energy). Chirps provided progressively less ABR amplitude gain (relative to noisebursts) as stimulus level increased and produced smaller ABRs at the highest levels tested in dolphins. Although it was previously hypothesized that chirps would provide larger gains in sea lions than dolphins-due to the lower traveling wave speed in the former-no such pattern was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - James J Finneran
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Code 56710, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152, USA
| | - Madelyn G Strahan
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Dorian S Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Robert F Burkard
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, 626 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Schalles MD, Houser DS, Finneran JJ, Tyack P, Shinn-Cunningham B, Mulsow J. Measuring auditory cortical responses in Tursiops truncatus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:629-640. [PMID: 34327551 PMCID: PMC8408064 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Auditory neuroscience in dolphins has largely focused on auditory brainstem responses; however, such measures reveal little about the cognitive processes dolphins employ during echolocation and acoustic communication. The few previous studies of mid- and long-latency auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) in dolphins report different latencies, polarities, and magnitudes. These inconsistencies may be due to any number of differences in methodology, but these studies do not make it clear which methodological differences may account for the disparities. The present study evaluates how electrode placement and pre-processing methods affect mid- and long-latency AEPs in (Tursiops truncatus). AEPs were measured when reference electrodes were placed on the skin surface over the forehead, the external auditory meatus, or the dorsal surface anterior to the dorsal fin. Data were pre-processed with or without a digital 50-Hz low-pass filter, and the use of independent component analysis to isolate signal components related to neural processes from other signals. Results suggest that a meatus reference electrode provides the highest quality AEP signals for analyses in sensor space, whereas a dorsal reference yielded nominal improvements in component space. These results provide guidance for measuring cortical AEPs in dolphins, supporting future studies of their cognitive auditory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Schalles
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Dorian S Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - James J Finneran
- US Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Peter Tyack
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Barbara Shinn-Cunningham
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
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Morell M, Raverty SA, Mulsow J, Haulena M, Barrett-Lennard L, Nordstrom CA, Venail F, Shadwick RE. Combining Cochlear Analysis and Auditory Evoked Potentials in a Beluga Whale With High-Frequency Hearing Loss. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:534917. [PMID: 33330679 PMCID: PMC7672125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.534917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations between inner ear morphology and auditory sensitivity in the same individual are extremely difficult to obtain for stranded cetaceans. Animals in captivity and rehabilitation offer the opportunity to combine several techniques to study the auditory system and cases of hearing impairment in a controlled environment. Morphologic and auditory findings from two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in managed care are presented. Cochlear analysis of a 21-year-old beluga whale showed bilateral high-frequency hearing loss. Specifically, scanning electron microscopy of the left ear revealed sensory cell death in the first 4.9 mm of the base of the cochlea with scar formation. Immunofluorescence microscopy of the right ear confirmed the absence of hair cells and type I afferent innervation in the first 6.6 mm of the base of the cochlea, most likely due to an ischemia. Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) measured 1.5 years prior this beluga's death showed a generalized hearing loss, being more pronounced in the high frequencies. This individual might have had a mixed hearing loss that would explain the generalized hearing impairment. Conversely, based on AEP evaluation, her mother had normal hearing and subsequent cochlear analysis did not feature any apparent sensorineural pathology. This is believed to be the first study to compare two cochlear analysis techniques and hearing sensitivity measurements from AEPs in cetaceans. The ability to combine morphological and auditory data is crucial to validate predictions of cochlear frequency maps based on morphological features. In addition, our study shows that these three complementary analysis techniques lead to comparable results, thus improving our understanding of how hearing impairment can be detected in stranding cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morell
- Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,INSERM Unit 1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büsum, Germany
| | - Stephen A Raverty
- Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Animal Health Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Martin Haulena
- Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Chad A Nordstrom
- Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Frederic Venail
- INSERM Unit 1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert E Shadwick
- Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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