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Vachon P, Merugu S, Sharma J, Lal A, Ng EJ, Koh Y, Lee JEY, Lee C. Microfabricated acoustofluidic membrane acoustic waveguide actuator for highly localized in-droplet dynamic particle manipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1865-1878. [PMID: 36852544 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precision manipulation techniques in microfluidics often rely on ultrasonic actuators to generate displacement and pressure fields in a liquid. However, strategies to enhance and confine the acoustofluidic forces often work against miniaturization and reproducibility in fabrication. This study presents microfabricated piezoelectric thin film membranes made via silicon diffusion for guided flexural wave generation as promising acoustofluidic actuators with low frequency, voltage, and power requirements. The guided wave propagation can be dynamically controlled to tune and confine the induced acoustofluidic radiation force and streaming. This provides for highly localized dynamic particle manipulation functionalities such as multidirectional transport, patterning, and trapping. The device combines the advantages of microfabrication and advanced acoustofluidic capabilities into a miniature "drop-and-actuate" chip that is mechanically robust and features a high degree of reproducibility for large-scale production. The membrane acoustic waveguide actuators offer a promising pathway for acoustofluidic applications such as biosensing, organoid production, and in situ analyte transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vachon
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | - Amit Lal
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Eldwin J Ng
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Yul Koh
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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ugli Malikov AK, Cho Y, Kim YH, Kim J, Kim HK. A novel ultrasonic inspection method of the heat exchangers based on circumferential waves and deep neural networks. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504221146081. [PMID: 36727198 PMCID: PMC10450277 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221146081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The heat exchanger (HE) is an important component of almost every energy generation system. Periodic inspection of the HEs is particularly important to keep high efficiency of the entire system. In this paper, a novel ultrasonic water immersion inspection method is presented based on circumferential wave (CW) propagation to detect defective HE. Thin patch-type piezoelectric elements with multiple resonance frequencies were adopted for the ultrasonic inspection of narrow-spaced HE in an immersion test. Water-filled HE was used to simulate defective HE because water is the most reliable indicator of the defect. The HE will leak water no matter what the defect pattern is. Furthermore, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was used to investigate the received CW, and inverse CWT was applied to separate frequency bands corresponding to the thickness and lateral resonance modes of the piezoelectric element. Different arrangements of intact and leaky HE were tested with several pairs of thin piezoelectric patch probes in various instrumental setups. Also, direct waveforms in the water without HE were used as reference signals, to indicate instrumental gain and probe sensitivity. Moreover, all filtered CW corresponding to resonance modes together with the direct waveforms in the water were used to train the deep neural networks (DNNs). As a result, an automatic HE state classification method was obtained, and the accuracy of the applied DNN was estimated as 99.99%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Younho Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young H. Kim
- Institute of Nuclear Safety and Management, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeongnam Kim
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Kim
- Nuclear Fuel Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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Lickert F, Bruus H, Rossi M. Constant-Power versus Constant-Voltage Actuation in Frequency Sweeps for Acoustofluidic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1886. [PMID: 36363908 PMCID: PMC9695504 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Supplying a piezoelectric transducer with constant voltage or constant power during a frequency sweep can lead to different results in the determination of the acoustofluidic resonance frequencies, which are observed when studying the acoustophoretic displacements and velocities of particles suspended in a liquid-filled microchannel. In this work, three cases are considered: (1) Constant input voltage into the power amplifier, (2) constant voltage across the piezoelectric transducer, and (3) constant average power dissipation in the transducer. For each case, the measured and the simulated responses are compared, and good agreement is obtained. It is shown that Case 1, the simplest and most frequently used approach, is largely affected by the impedance of the used amplifier and wiring, so it is therefore not suitable for a reproducible characterization of the intrinsic properties of the acoustofluidic device. Case 2 strongly favors resonances at frequencies yielding the lowest impedance of the piezoelectric transducer, so small details in the acoustic response at frequencies far from the transducer resonance can easily be missed. Case 3 provides the most reliable approach, revealing both the resonant frequency, where the power-efficiency is the highest, as well as other secondary resonances across the spectrum.
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Harshbarger CL, Gerlt MS, Ghadamian JA, Bernardoni DC, Snedeker JG, Dual J. Optical feedback control loop for the precise and robust acoustic focusing of cells, micro- and nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2810-2819. [PMID: 35843222 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00376g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite a long history and the vast number of applications demonstrated, very few market products incorporate acoustophoresis. Because a human operator must run and control a device during an experiment, most devices are limited to proof of concepts. On top of a possible detuning due to temperature changes, the human operator introduces a bias which reduces the reproducibility, performance and reliability of devices. To mitigate some of these problems, we propose an optical feedback control loop that optimizes the excitation frequency. We investigate the improvements that can be expected when a human operator is replaced for acoustic micro- and nanometer particle focusing experiments. Three experiments previously conducted in our group were taken as a benchmark. In addition to being automatic, this resulted in the feedback control loop displaying a superior performance compared to an experienced scientist in 1) improving the particle focusing by at least a factor of two for 5 μm diameter PS particles, 2) increasing the range of flow rates in which 1 μm diameter PS particles could be focused and 3) was even capable of focusing 600 nm diameter PS particles at a frequency of 1.72075 MHz. Furthermore, the feedback control loop is capable of focusing biological cells in one and two pressure nodes. The requirements for the feedback control loop are: an optical setup, a run-of-the-mill computer and a computer controllable function generator. Thus resulting in a cost-effective, high-throughput and automated method to rapidly increase the efficiency of established systems. The code for the feedback control loop is openly accessible and the authors explicitly wish that the community uses and modifies the feedback control loop to their own needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper L Harshbarger
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Gerlt
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan A Ghadamian
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide C Bernardoni
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Dual
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tahmasebipour A, Begley M, Meinhart C. Acoustophoresis of a resonant elastic microparticle in a viscous fluid medium. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:3083. [PMID: 35649929 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work presents three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis of acoustic radiation force on an elastic microsphere suspended in a viscous fluid. Acoustophoresis of finite-sized, neutrally buoyant, nearly incompressible soft particles may improve by orders of magnitude and change directions when going through resonant vibrations. These findings offer the potential to manipulate and separate microparticles based on their resonance frequency. This concept has profound implications in cell and microparticle handling, 3D printing, and enrichment in lab-on-chip applications. The existing analytical body of work can predict spheroidal harmonics of an elastic sphere and acoustic radiation force based on monopole and dipole scatter in an ideal fluid. However, little attention is given to the complex interplay of resonant fluid and solid bodies that generate acoustic radiation. The finite element method is used to find resonant modes, damping factors, and acoustic forces of an elastic sphere subject to a standing acoustic wave. Under fundamental spheroidal modes, the radiation force fluctuates significantly around analytical values due to constructive or destructive scatter-incident wave interference. This suggests that for certain materials, relevant to acoustofluidic applications, particle resonances are an important scattering mechanism and design parameter. The 3D model may be applied to any number of particles regardless of geometry or background acoustic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tahmasebipour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew Begley
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Carl Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Friend J, Thompson C, Chitale K, Denis M. Introduction to the special issue on the theory and applications of acoustofluidics. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:4558. [PMID: 34972297 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics is a burgeoning field that applies ultrasound to micro-scale to nano-scale fluidic systems. The discovery of the ability to effectively manipulate fluids and particles at small scales has yielded results that are superior to other approaches and has been built into a diverse range of research. Recasting the fundamentals of acoustics from the past to include new phenomena observed in recent years has allowed acoustical systems to impact new areas, such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and enhanced chemical processes. The contributions in this special issue address a diverse range of research topics in acoustofluidics. Topics include acoustic streaming, flows induced by bubbles, manipulation of particles using acoustic radiation forces, fluid and structural interactions, and contributions suggesting a natural limit to the particle velocity, the ability to deliver molecules to human immune T cells, and microdroplet generation via nozzle-based acoustic atomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0411, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Charles Thompson
- Center for Advanced Computation and Telecommunications, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
| | - Kedar Chitale
- Vertex Cell and Gene Therapies, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 225A Carolina Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
| | - Max Denis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
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