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Branstetter BK, Nease K, Accomando AW, Davenport J, Felice M, Peters K, Robeck T. Temporal integration of tone signals by a killer whale (Orcinus orca). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:3906-3915. [PMID: 38117126 DOI: 10.1121/10.0023956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A psychophysical procedure was used to measure pure-tone detection thresholds for a killer whale (Orcinus orca) as a function of both signal frequency and signal duration. Frequencies ranged between 1 and 100 kHz and signal durations ranged from 50 μs to 2 s, depending on the frequency. Detection thresholds decreased with an increase in signal duration up to a critical duration, which represents the auditory integration time. Integration times ranged from 4 ms at 100 kHz and increased up to 241 ms at 1 kHz. The killer whale data are similar to other odontocete species that have participated in similar experiments. The results have implications for noise impact predictions for signals with durations less than the auditory integration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Branstetter
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #204, San Diego, California 92106, USA
- Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Pacific, 528 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100, Honolulu, Hawaii 96860, USA
| | - Kayla Nease
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #204, San Diego, California 92106, USA
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA
| | - Alyssa W Accomando
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #204, San Diego, California 92106, USA
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152, USA
| | - Jennifer Davenport
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA
| | - Michael Felice
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA
| | - Ken Peters
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA
| | - Todd Robeck
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 7007 SeaWorld Drive, Orlando, Florida 21821, USA
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Moss CF, Ortiz ST, Wahlberg M. Adaptive echolocation behavior of bats and toothed whales in dynamic soundscapes. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245450. [PMID: 37161774 PMCID: PMC10184770 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Journal of Experimental Biology has a long history of reporting research discoveries on animal echolocation, the subject of this Centenary Review. Echolocating animals emit intense sound pulses and process echoes to localize objects in dynamic soundscapes. More than 1100 species of bats and 70 species of toothed whales rely on echolocation to operate in aerial and aquatic environments, respectively. The need to mitigate acoustic clutter and ambient noise is common to both aerial and aquatic echolocating animals, resulting in convergence of many echolocation features, such as directional sound emission and hearing, and decreased pulse intervals and sound intensity during target approach. The physics of sound transmission in air and underwater constrains the production, detection and localization of sonar signals, resulting in differences in response times to initiate prey interception by aerial and aquatic echolocating animals. Anti-predator behavioral responses of prey pursued by echolocating animals affect behavioral foraging strategies in air and underwater. For example, many insect prey can detect and react to bat echolocation sounds, whereas most fish and squid are unresponsive to toothed whale signals, but can instead sense water movements generated by an approaching predator. These differences have implications for how bats and toothed whales hunt using echolocation. Here, we consider the behaviors used by echolocating mammals to (1) track and intercept moving prey equipped with predator detectors, (2) interrogate dynamic sonar scenes and (3) exploit visual and passive acoustic stimuli. Similarities and differences in animal sonar behaviors underwater and in air point to open research questions that are ripe for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia F. Moss
- Johns Hopkins University, Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Mechanical Engineering, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sara Torres Ortiz
- Marine Biological Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmvej 11, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Magnus Wahlberg
- Marine Biological Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmvej 11, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
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